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This topic explains and explores the relation between horizontal, vertical and tangential
distances. We knowledge of some basic Trigonometric ratios i.e.
Sin
Cos
Tan
to understand these relations. Let us see what do these mean.
There is a triangle ABC, right-angled at B.
is
the angle between base and hypotenuse.
So in a right angled triangle, for a given acute angle, BAC there are six possible ratios of
sides.
The values of all these ratios are constant.
These ratios are called trigonometric ratios.
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Opposite side
Hypotenuse
P
AB
=
AC
H
Cosine
i.e. cos
Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
B
BC
=
AC
H
Tangent
i.e. tan
Opposite side
Adjacent side
p
AB
=
AC
B
Cosecant
i.e. cosec
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
H
AC
=
AB
P
Secant
i.e. sec
Hypotenuse
Adjacent side
H
AC
=
BC
B
B
BC
=
AC
P
Cotangent
i.e. cot
Adjacent side
Opposite side
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P
H
B
H
Har
Har
p
B
Bolen
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Now let us see some of the values of angles for trigonometric ratios:
These values are used in most of the height and distance questions and are very handy.
Trignometric identities
There are also some trigonometric identities, which are discussed as below:
(i)
sin2 + Cos2 = 1
(ii)
sec2 = 1 + tan2
(iii)
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
In a ABC, where a, b and c are the lengths of the opposite sides of BAC, ABC and ACB.
a
b
c
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(v)
In ABC,1.11
a2
b2 + c2 - 2 bc cos A,
b2
c2 + a2 2 ca cos B,
a2 + b2 2 ab cos C.
c2
This is called cosine rule.
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Angle of Elevation : If a person on a lower level looks up at an object at a higher level, the line
of sight makes an angle with the horizontal called the angle of elevation.
Angle of Depression : If a person standing at a higher level observes an object at a lower level,
the line of sight makes an angle with horizontal called the angle of
depression.
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Example 1
Example 2.
2 2 2 2
4
4
2
From the to of a tower the angle of depression of a car on the ground 150
feet away from the bottom of the tower is 30.
Find the height of the tower ?
C
Let CA be the tower and O be the object.
Here we are given length of base, and we have to find the length of
perpendicular i.e. CA. So we shall use formula for Tan.
Therefore
Tan 30o
=>
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=
1
3
OA
CA
OA
150
OA
150
20
OA
mts.
150
3
3
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Example 4.
is 30o.
The angle of elevation of the top of a building from a point on the ground
On walking 24m towards the building, the angle of elevation becomes 60o.
Find the height of the building? 2.3
Let us draw the figure first.
In ABD,
Tan 60o
So,
DA
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BA
x
DA DA
BA
x
1
x
AC 24
3
3
x
3
o
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x
x
3x
24
3
3
2x
3x x
24
24
3
3
3 x 24
x 12 3mt.
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3mt.
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Example 5. A person on the top of a light-house on the seashore finds that a ship coming
towards the light-house takes 10 minutes for the angle of depression to change from 30o to 60o.
Find the time taken by the ship to reach the shore from this position.
y
Here Tan 60o =
Tan 30o =
3 h
3 y ..(i)
h
1
xy
h
.(ii)
xy
3
3
xy
3y x y
3
x
2 y x or y , So if it takes 10 min to cover x distance, then for y distance it will take 5
2
3y
minutes.
Example 6. There are two houses, one on the each bank of the river, just opposite to each other.
One house is 54m high. From the top of this house, the angles of depression of the top and the
foot of the other house are 30 o and 60 o respectively. Find the width of river and the height of the
other house.
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3BE
54 3BE
54
So,
EA
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=
=
=
BE
=
DC
AB BE
54 18
18mt.
=
36 mt.
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Example 7.
Sin y (1 + cot2y)
Sin y (Cosec2y)
= Siny
=
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1
Sin 2 y
1
cos ecy
Siny
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