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1.
SIC
Value Added
($ billion)
125.2
105.9
373.2
1,432.8
759.1
1,395.7
1,674.2
1,841.3
1,100.1
8,759.9
2.
2.1
Industry
311
Food
312
Beverage and Tobacco Products
313
Textile Mills
314
Textile Products
315
Apparel
316
Leather and Allied Products
321
Wood Products
322
Paper
323
Printing and Related Support Activities
324
Petroleum and Coal Products
325
Chemical
326
Plastic and Rubber Products
327
Nonmetallic Mineral Products
331
Primary Metal
332
Fabricated Metal Products
333
Machinery
334
Computer and Electronic Products
335
Electrical, Appliances, and Components
336
Transportation
337
Furniture and Related Products
339
Miscellaneous
31-33
Manufacturing
Source: Annual Survey of Manufactures
2.2
Value Added
($ billion)
175.4
62.7
24.0
13.4
32.1
4.8
34.7
72.9
61.0
30.7
236.1
85.5
52.9
69.0
139.4
141.0
255.3
59.4
245.1
38.1
65.5
1,899.2
Shipments
($ billion)
431.8
103.0
57.6
31.5
65.5
10.3
92.1
156.3
101.3
137.1
424.2
164.0
92.9
166.3
253.3
280.9
440.3
116.8
612.1
70.4
107.0
3,914.8
Chemical Manufacturing
Most people, when referring to the chemical industry, really have in mind
one specific division of manufacturing which is classified as Chemical
Manufacturing (NAICS 325). Note that it is the fourth largest division of
manufacturing in terms of manufacturers' shipments, which is the usual
dollar amount quoted in the manufacturing sector to estimate division size.
Shipment figures are easier to calculate than value added. The relationship
between shipments and value added is given by the following expression:
value added = (shipments + services rendered) - (cost of materials, supplies,
containers, fuel, purchased electricity, and contract work)
Industry
3251
Basic Chemicals
3252
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, Fibers, Filaments
3253
Pesticide, Fertilizer, Other Agricultural Chemicals
3254
Pharmaceuticals and Medicine
3255
Paints, Coatings, and Adhesives
3256
Soap, Cleaning Compounds, Toilet Preparations
3259
Other Chemical Products
325
Chemical Manufacturing
Source: Annual Survey of Manufactures
Shipments
($ billion)
110.0
63.3
24.3
103.0
27.2
58.5
37.8
424.2
%
25.9
14.9
5.7
24.2
6.4
13.8
9.0
100.0
2.3
Year
All
Manufacturing
($ billion)
Chemical
Manufacturing
($ billion)
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
4,514.3
4,259.5
4,052.2
3,929.4
3,735.4
3,566.9
3,433.8
3,127.6
3,004.7
2,878.2
2,912.2
438.8
413.3
391.8
389.2
372.8
358.5
333.3
314.9
305.4
298.5
292.8
U.S. Over 55,000 chemicals are commercially produced, but only 10% of
these account for over 99.9% of production and are made in excess of 1
million Ib/yr in the U.S. The top chemical companies have a small
percentage of sales compared to other industries like automobiles, airplanes,
tires, and glass, where 80-99% of sales are taken by the top eight companies
or less. Diversity of products in companies has increased in the last few
years. Before 1940 chemical companies sold nothing but chemicals.
Although some are primarily chemical, others have diversified so that it is
possible to have chemicals account for a smaller percentage of the
company's sales. Corporations such as the petroleum companies have
chemical sales with a very low percentage of total sales.
3.
4.
% of
Industry Total
11.0%
10.6
6.2
6.2
5.6
5.5
5.4
4.7
4J
62.7
100.0
Texas
New Jersey
Illinois
Ohio
California
Louisiana
New York
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Total of 10 States
U.S. Chemical
Industry Total
Source: Chemical and Engineering News
for the top ten states. The West South Central (Texas and Louisiana),
Atlantic (New Jersey and New York), and East North Central regions
(Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Indiana), along with
California, account for the largest share of chemical manufacturing. These
ten states have 63% or nearly two thirds of the industry. Research and
Development (R & D) technical employment is centered more in the Middle
Atlantic and East North Central regions.
5.
If you are a chemist you have almost a 2:1 chance of eventually working
in the chemical industry. About 58% of chemists are employed by private
industry, 25% are in academics, 9% work for the government, and 8% are in
other miscellaneous areas. Within this workforce 46% work in R & D, 17%
are in management, 12% in teaching, 7% in production and quality control,
4% in marketing, sales, purchasing, and technical service, and 14% are in
other fields. These other fields encompass many different jobs, including
process development, personnel, public relations, patent literature, library
service, and scientific writing. Many chemists start in R & D because it is
most like academic chemistry. They progress into managerial positions
where greater financial rewards are usually present. Many chemistry majors
with some business background may start in marketing and sales. They may
also enter management at a later point. It is interesting to note that of
chemists age 35 and above, over 50% are in managerial capacities of one
type or another.
Table 1.6 shows the average number of chemical and chemical
engineering degrees granted at the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. levels in the last
few years. There are more chemists than chemical engineers each year. A
1990
2000
(millions) (millions)
All Manufacturing
19.076
18.437
Chemicals and Allied Products
1.086
1.027
Petroleum and Coal Products
0.157
0.131
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products
0.888
1.005
Source: Department of Labor and Chemical and Engineering News, "Facts
and Figures for the Chemical Industry"
6.
SALARIES OF CHEMISTS
Degree
Salary
($ thousands)
B.S.
$55.0
M.S.
65.0
Ph.D.
82.2
All chemists
73.0
Consumer Price Index
Source: Chemical and Engineering
based on 2001 data.
3.6%
3.2%
4.8
3.2
4.1
3.5
4.3
3.4
2.9
2.7
News, "Salary Survey,"
Ph.D. salaries are of course substantially higher than M.S., which in turn are
higher than B.S. Both in 2001 and over the last decade salary increases were
larger than inflation.
Table 1.10 summarizes in detail the salary ranges at degree levels and
years of experience for chemists. Students will particularly note that the
2-4
10-14
20-24
40 or
more
All chemists
$42.0
$66.0
$80.0
$84.0
By degree
B.S.
41.0
55.0
67.6
70.0
M.S.
46.5
60.0
72.0
65.0
Ph.D.
-72.0
87.2
87.4
By employer
Industry
42.5
72.0
87.2
88.7
Government
36.5
60.0
72.1
87.1
Academia
31.0
48.0
60.0
89.6
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Salary Survey,"
based on 2001 data.
Salary
($ thousands)
Full Prof.
Associate Prof.
Assistant Prof.
$90.0
59.0
50.4
$115.0
70.0
58.0
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Salary Survey," based on 2001 data.
median salary for a recent B.S. chemist is now $41.0 thousand. A recent
Ph.D. chemist is making $62.9 thousand.
The truly dedicated academic chemist's salary is substantially lower than
that of nonacademic chemists. In academia (Table 1.11) only full professors
compare favorably with nonacademic chemists.
Finally, salaries for chemists vary with the work function of individuals
(Table 1.12). At the B.S. level salaries are highest by far in management and
marketing, lowest in basic research and production.
B.S.
M.S.
Ph.D.
R & D management
$80.0
$97.0
$112.0
General management
72.5
85.0
110.0
Marketing & sales
68.0
78.0
95.4
Applied research
58.0
65.0
84.0
Production/qual. control
53.8
63.9
82.0
Basic research
49.5
64.3
89.5
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Salary Survey,"
based on 2001 data.
7.
Now that we have some idea about the chemical industry let us focus on
a few general characteristics of this important industry. Wittcoff and
Reuben define nine important traits that summarize some interesting
concepts with regard to the industry, which are listed in Table 1.13. A brief
summary of their observations along with other discussion is given in each
of the following nine sections.
7.1
Maturity
For many years the chemical industry had rapid growth continuing
1990
$394.0
495.0
-101.0
2000
$780.4
1,216.9
-436.5
Chemical exports
39.0
82.5
Chemical imports
22.5
73.6
Chemical trade balance
16.5
8.9
Source: Department of Commerce and Chemical and
Engineering News, "Facts and Figures for the Chemical
Industry"
through the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Things slowed in the 1980s. It can now
be considered a mature industry though its growth rate of 4.1% per year in
shipments through the 1990s is strong. Maturity occurs because of market
saturation, wide diffusion of technology, and low barriers to entering the
industry. As a result of maturity we get overcapacity, competition, and low
prices.
7.2
International Trade
Although some chemicals are transported only with danger and difficulty,
many can be transported more easily and cheaply by truck, ship, and
pipeline. This ease of transportation creates a large international trade. The
U.S. also has a good supply of natural gas, from which many organic
chemicals are made. Exports to other countries are substantial. Table 1.14
shows the U.S. total trade balance as compared to that for chemicals. Oil
imports are the chief culprit in the U.S. trade picture, giving an overall trade
balance that is a deficit. Were it not for oil imports the U.S. would probably
enjoy a trade surplus. But other than in agricultural commodities, nowhere
is the U.S. export strength more obvious than in chemicals, giving a
chemical trade surplus of $8.9 billion. The chemical industry has been
setting records for its trade surplus for many years. Finally, it should be
noted that many companies have a large percentage of foreign sales
compared to their total sales, sometimes as much as one third, again
facilitating large amounts of international trade.
7.3
Natural gas has been discovered in many places in the world and many
countries have petroleum. The chemical industry has a greater value added
than is possible when gas or oil is used for energy. Newcomers are Saudi
Arabia, Canada, Mexico, South American countries, former members of the
USSR, and Asian countries. In Taiwan the chemical industry is 30% of
manufacturing compared to 11% in the U.S. Saudi Arabia has 25% of the
world's oil reserves and a good supply of gas. These countries at least enter
the chemical business to provide for their own needs.
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Strong Regulation
7.8
7.9
Dislocations
8.
TOP 50 CHEMICALS
1995
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Chemical
Sulfiiric acid
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Ethylene
Lime
Ammonia
Phosphoric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Propylene
Chlorine
Sodium carbonate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Ethylene dichloride
Nitric acid
Ammonium nitrate
Benzene
Urea
Vinyl chloride
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Methanol
Carbon dioxide
Xylene
Formaldehyde
Terephthalic acid
Ethylene oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Toluene
/?-Xylene
Cumene
Ammonium sulfate
Ethylene glycol
Acetic acid
Phenol
Propylene oxide
Billion of Ib
1995
95.36
68.04
53.48
46.97
41.23
35.60
26.19
26.19
25.69
25.09
22.28
17.62
17.26
17.24
15.99
15.97
15.59
14.98
13.66
11.39
11.29
10.89
9.37
8.11
7.95
7.62
7.33
6.73
6.34
5.63
5.24
5.23
4.68
4.16
4.00
Billion of Ib
2002
90.77
77.57
60.97
58.01
46.09
34.43
26.82
25.17
30.27
27.51
23.39
21.00
23.75
18.30
17.15
18.36
18.53
17.46
13.63
12.37
19.31
12.41
10.14
9.69
9.06
9.24
9.93
7.63
6.86
7.25
5.97
7.50
6.71
5.19
3.50
1995
Rank
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Chemical
Butadiene
Carbon black
Isobutylene
Potash
Acrylonitrile
Vinyl acetate
Titanium dioxide
Acetone
Butyraldehyde
Aluminum sulfate
Sodium silicate
Cyclohexane
Adipic acid
Nitrobenzene
Bisphenol A
Billion of Ib
1995
3.68
3.32
3.23
3.22
3.21
2.89
2.77
2.76
2.68
2.41
2.25
2.13
1.80
1.65
1.62
Billion of Ib
2002
4.45
3.95
3.68
2.98
3.56
2.80
3.22
3.16
3.06
2.22
2.80
2.97
2.20
1.88
2.30
345.52
31 Total Organics
285.89
491.66
19 Total Inorganics
464.10
837.18
Grand Total
749.99
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, Chemical Marketing Reporter,
and Chemical Economics Handbook
9.
TOP POLYMERS
Polymers are very important chemicals derived from the top 50, and they
play important roles in our everyday lives, giving us products made of
plastics, fibers, elastomers, paints, coatings, adhesives, and many other
materials. Representative top-selling commercial polymers are given in
Table 1.16. These materials and products will be discussed in detail in
Chapters 14-19.
Polymer
2000
Billion
Ib
Annual
Change
1999-00
Annual
Change
1990-00
Plastics
Polyethylene
Low density
Linear low density
High density
Polypropylene
Styrene Polymers
Polystyrene
Styrene-acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene & other
Polyamide
Polyvinyl chloride & copolymers
Epoxy
Total
7.617
7.953
13.915
15.595
-1.1%
-1.9
0.4
0.7
0.5%
7.4
5.3
6.5
6.433
0.128
3.122
1.275
14.442
0.706
71.186
-0.6
4.1
0.7
-5.5
-3.2
7.5
-0.8%
2.5
-0.5
2.9
8.6
4.7
3.5
4.6%
Synthetic Fibers
Acrylic
Nylon
Olefm
Polyester
Acetate & rayon
Total
0.339
2.607
3.185
3.869
0.349
10.349
7.3
-2.6
3.6
1.1
18.3
1.6%
-3.9
-0.2
5.8
1.9
-3.6
1.8%
Synthetic Rubber
Styrene-butadiene rubber
1.0
1.927
-4.0
3.4
1.334
Polybutadiene
2.9
5.2
2.1
Ethylene-propylene
0.763
1.1
2.6
Nitrile, solid
0.196
-2.1
0.141
Polychloroprene
-3.0
2.4
Other
1.067
1.3
2.3%
5.429
-0.3%
Total
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Facts and Figures for the Chemical
Industry," American Plastics Council, Fiber Economics Bureau, and International
Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers
Change
From
1999
Chemical
Company
Rank
Industry
Sales as %
2000
of Total
Class
Sales
1
$28.406
Du Pont
89.2%
2.6%
Diversified
2
23.008
Dow Chemical
15.1
100.0
Basic chemicals
21.543
ExxonMobil
3
Petroleum
9.3
35.1
Huntsman Corp.
4
8.000
100.0
0.0
Basic chemicals
7.776
General Electric
5
6.0
12.0
Diversified
7.757
BASF
100.0
6
Basic chemicals
16.5
7.633
Chevron Phillips
7
100.0
30.3
Basic chemicals
7.495
Equistar
100.0
8
Basic chemicals
37.9
6.526
Union Carbide
9
Basic chemicals
100.0
11.2
6.279
14.1
PPG Industries
Diversified
72.8
10
21.1
6.265
Shell Oil
11
Petroleum
38.0
6.004
Rohm and Haas
12
Basic chemicals
87.3
21.7
5.292
Eastman Chem.
Basic chemicals
100.0
15.3
13
5.238
Air Products
14
Basic chemicals
95.8
12.6
-28.2
5.100
BP
Petroleum
7.3
15
100.0
5.043
Praxair
Basic chemicals
8.7
16
4.800
TotalFinaElf
17
Basic chemicals
100.0
166.7
16.2
1.2
4.055
Honeywell
Diversified
18
4.036
Lyondell
19
Basic chemicals
100.0
9.3
3.916
Basic chemicals
100.0
39.5
Nova Chemicals
20
70.7
3.885
Agrochemicals
8.3
Monsanto
21
Petroleum
3.795
28.0
Occidental Pet.
22
24.9
3.314
-20.4
Specialty chem.
100.0
ICI Americas
23
Basic chemicals
100.0
3.313
24
-0.1
Akzo Nobel
Basic chemicals
100.0
12.5
3.185
Solutia
25
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Top 75 Chemical Producers"
Rank
2000
Company
Chemical
Sales 2000
$ billion
BASF (Germany)
1
$30.791
28.406
Du Pont (U.S.)
2
23.008
Dow Chemical (U.S.)
3
4
21.503
ExxonMobil (U.S.)
Bayer (Germany)
19.295
5
TotalFinaElf (France)
19.203
6
15.584
Degussa (Germany)
7
15.205
Shell (U.K./Netherlands)
8
11.747
ICI (U.K.)
9
11.247
BP (U.K.)
10
11
9.364
Akzo Novel (Netherlands)
9.354
Sumitomo Chemical (Japan)
12
8.977
Mitsubishi Chemical (Japan)
13
8.720
Mitsui Chemicals (Japan)
14
8.000
Huntsman Corp. (U.S.)
15
7.776
General Electric (U.S.)
16
7.633
Chevron Phillips (U.S.)
17
7.513
Dainippon Ink & Chem. (Japan)
18
Equistar (U.S.)
7.495
19
7.295
DSM (Netherlands)
20
7.216
Henkel (Germany)
21
7.120
SABIC (Saudi Arabia)
22
6.846
Syngenta (Switzerland)
23
6.835
Rhodia (France)
24
6.792
Sinopec (China)
25
Source: Chemical and Engineering News, "Global Top 50"
Change
From
1999
13.9%
2.6
23.7
35.1
10.5
20.7
21.3
18.0
-8.3
19.8
-12.1
8.8
6.0
6.3
0.0
12.0
30.3
6.1
37.9
27.6
13.9
39.1
-2.2
34.3
-6.4
Chemical
Sales as %
of Total
Sales
93.0%
89.2
100.0
9.2
67.6
18.2
83.5
10.2
100.0
7.0
72.6
96.8
55.4
100.0
100.0
6.0
100.0
82.5
100.0
97.9
61.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.4
10.
11.
Table 1.18 lists the highest 25 of the top 50 chemical companies in the
world, also published by Chemical and Engineering News annually, ranked
by chemical sales. The full list includes 15 countries. The U.S. dominates
the list with a total of 17 companies. Other countries represented are the
following:
Japan, 6; Germany, 5; United Kingdom, 5; France, 4;
Netherlands, 3; Switzerland, 3; and one each for Belgium, Canada, China,
India, Italy, Norway, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia.
Suggested Readings
Chemical and Engineering News, annual reports on various topics,
especially "Fact and Figures for the Chemical Industry," "Top 75
Chemical Producers," "Global Top 50 Chemical Producers,"
"American Chemical Society Salary Survey," "Facts and Figures for
Chemical R & D," "Employment Outlook."
Kent, Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, pp. 1-14.
Wittcoff and Reuben, Industrial Organic Chemicals, pp. 13-45.