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a,b
, M.J. Urbicain
a,b,*
Planta Piloto de Ingeniera Qumica (PLAPIQUI), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, (8000) Baha Blanca, Argentina
Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Alem 1253, (8000) Baha Blanca, Argentina
Received 23 July 2004; accepted 22 January 2005
Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the heat transfer parameters of a single effect evaporator under different operating conditions, in order to extrapolate them to a multiple effect unit. The falling film evaporator consisted of 12 stainless steel vertical tubes,
100 OD and 3 m long, having an evaporation capacity of 240 kg/h. In this unit the conditions of each effect of a multiple effect evaporator were simulated, varying the feed concentration and the pressure, setting in this way the saturation temperature and the transfer regime. Obtained values were correlated by means of an equation that links the heat transfer coefficient with the fluid properties,
geometric parameters and flow conditions. Comparison with existing correlations was carried out.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Heat transfer; Evaporator; Falling film; Coefficient
1. Introduction
The concentration of a fruit juice is a widely used
practice in the fruit juice manufacturing industry, and
it has two main purposes: (1) to reduce the volume
and weight of the product, with the subsequent lowering
of storage, packaging and distribution costs, and (2) to
increase the stability of the juice by reducing its water
activity, which is a predominant factor in the majority
of the mechanisms of deterioration.
Although other methods of concentration such as
freezing concentration and reverse osmosis are used
nowadays, evaporation is still the most popular due to
operational and economic reasons.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +54 291 4861700x201; fax: +54 291
4861600.
E-mail addresses: jprost@criba.edu.ar (J.S. Prost), mtgonzal@
criba.edu.ar (M.T. Gonzalez), urbicain@criba.edu.ar (M.J. Urbicain).
0260-8774/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.032
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2
Nomenclature
A
C
F
g
^h
h
h+
k
L
Pr
Re
Q
r
RF
S
U
V
x
DT
q
l
Subscripts
C
condensate
F
feed
i
inner surface
L
liquid
m
logarithmic mean
o
outer surface
S
steam
V
vapor
w
wall
Transfer equation:
Q UADT
RF;i
RF;o
7
U
hi
Ai k w Am
ho
Since resistance due to the wall and fouling is considerable lower than that imposed by the liquid films, and of
these, the film heat transfer coefficient of the condensing
steam is much higher than the other one, the controlling
resistance in this system is that imposed by the inner liquid film. Hence, the design of a unit is strongly dependent on the predicted value of this variable, as the
calculated area is directly proportional to the overall
resistance, and this is controlled by the inner heat transfer coefficient.
The aim of this work was to obtain experimental values of the film coefficient for the evaporating stream under different conditions, and to fit these values to an
equation. It is expected that, if a good correlation is
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J.S. Prost et al. / Journal of Food Engineering xxx (2005) xxxxxx
2. Experimental equipment
The experimental evaporator was of the falling film
type. In these units, the liquid is fed to the upper end
and flows downwards as a film on the inner surface of
the tubes. As evaporation proceeds, vapor in equilibrium with the boiling solution is dragged downwards
and both leave the unit by the bottom, where the phases
separation takes place.
This type of evaporator is particularly useful for fruit
juice concentration, as it allows a short contact time
with the heating surface, reducing the chances of thermal damage. It is of easy cleaning and startup, and it ensures a minimum loss of product.
The evaporator used was an ALVAL made. It consists of 12 100 OD vertical tubes of 3 m length, having
an evaporation capacity of 240 kg/h. It is mounted
on a skid which contains all the ancillary equipment
(separator, preheater, condenser, pumps) and
instrumentation.
Since the available equipment is a single effect evaporator, the initial operating conditions were set for the
typical conditions found in the first effect of a multiple
3. Experimental results
The measured variables have been: flow rate and
pressure of saturated steam (heating stream), pressure,
inlet temperature, inlet concentration and outlet temperature of sucrose solution (process stream).
The heat and mass balances Eqs. (1)(6) led to the
calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient and,
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4
Table 1
Experimental conditions for a three effect evaporator
Cold stream
First effect
Second effect
Third effect
Hot stream
3
Temperature [C]
Temperature [C]
1728
1526
1124
0.55
0.30
0.10
9.312.8
17.318.8
26.736.2
0.2400.340
0.2050.320
0.1650.220
2.00
1.42
1.00
120.2
109.7
99.6
Table 2
Calculated values of heat transfer parameters
Q [W]
U [W/m2 C]
ho [W/m2 C]
ReL
First effect
1
0.310
2
0.325
3
0.300
4
0.280
5
0.260
6
0.300
7
0.340
8
0.310
9
0.290
10
0.240
11
0.320
12
0.300
64004.3
65679.5
65164.0
63312.7
65240.8
71034.8
67634.6
67213.7
65983.9
65986.2
69282.4
68887.2
2080.4
2186.9
2169.8
2108.1
2172.3
2365.3
2252.0
2238.0
2144.8
2144.8
2306.9
2293.8
6643.3
6648.5
6646.9
6641.4
6647.1
6670.0
6655.6
6654.0
6649.6
6649.6
6662.3
6660.6
2399.2
2612.7
2204.7
2048.5
1744.8
2098.3
2702.0
2168.3
1894.2
1247.1
2238.2
2029.7
Second effect
13
0.250
14
0.280
15
0.300
16
0.205
17
0.230
18
0.320
19
0.270
20
0.220
21
0.290
22
0.260
23
0.205
24
0.230
66522.2
65525.0
66164.6
66769.1
66447.9
66270.4
64098.9
62111.4
65035.6
63834.4
63887.7
70788.7
2162.3
2181.8
2203.1
2223.2
2159.9
2206.6
2134.3
2068.1
2165.5
2125.5
2127.3
2357.1
6169.2
6163.9
6167.3
6170.5
6168.8
6167.8
6156.7
6147.3
6161.4
6155.4
6155.6
6193.6
842.1
1129.0
1378.5
411.4
654.8
1393.2
1024.0
638.4
1163.8
971.2
494.9
680.6
Third effect
25
0.200
26
0.200
27
0.185
28
0.190
29
0.165
30
0.190
31
0.220
32
0.210
33
0.185
34
0.180
35
0.195
36
0.205
57418.8
54407.8
44629.0
47402.3
47014.2
47982.5
50824.8
47524.3
47197.3
45117.5
48473.1
47229.1
1633.1
1547.4
1243.4
1376.9
1337.1
1393.7
1476.3
1380.4
1370.9
1310.5
1408.0
1371.8
5626.6
5608.7
5570.2
5577.0
5575.8
5578.9
5590.3
5577.4
5576.4
5571.1
5580.6
5576.5
140.2
115.3
136.3
69.8
15.6
50.3
155.3
105.0
49.8
22.6
48.5
67.2
Run
w [m3/h]
hi [W/m2 C]
h+
3.54
3.45
3.58
3.59
3.68
3.69
3.51
3.85
3.98
4.41
3.86
3.88
4357.8
4850.2
4767.4
4482.1
4779.7
5807.6
5178.1
5105.6
4647.0
4647.3
5473.2
5400.8
0.2334
0.2549
0.2585
0.2434
0.2647
0.3224
0.2759
0.2939
0.2739
0.2979
0.3154
0.3128
6.76
6.11
5.69
9.15
7.27
6.02
6.32
7.31
6.11
6.32
7.99
7.19
5007.3
5116.9
5233.2
5345.8
4994.6
5252.7
4867.7
4541.7
5029.8
4822.9
4831.9
6168.0
0.4396
0.4159
0.4017
0.5991
0.4643
0.4187
0.4064
0.4250
0.4089
0.4027
0.4849
0.5702
2994.5
2722.8
1908.2
2240.6
2137.5
2285.3
2513.7
2250.0
2225.0
2070.8
2323.5
2227.4
0.7801
0.8379
0.5222
0.9831
2.2350
1.2464
0.7298
0.8299
1.1931
1.8753
1.3344
1.0911
PrL
29.4
36.8
31.5
59.6
199.5
80.4
34.0
47.0
78.5
162.7
86.3
69.3
h hi
l2L
2 3
qL k L g
!1=3
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J.S. Prost et al. / Journal of Food Engineering xxx (2005) xxxxxx
The values of the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient for evaporation were fitted to an equation of the
type:
PrL 1878ReL0:8204
h aRebL PrcL
Making the substitution of Eq. (11) into Eq. (10) a simpler correlation of h+ as a function of ReL only is
obtained:
10
2.5
First Effect
Second Effect
2.0
Third Effect
Fitting curve
Ajuste
1.5
h+
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
Re
2000
2500
3000
h 5:5236ReL0:3854
11
12
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Table 3
Correlations reported in the literature for the calculation of dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
No
Equation
+
1/3
1.
h = 0.01 (ReLPrL)
2.
3.
0:344
h 8:7 103 Re0:4
L Pr L
4.
5.
6.
0:65
h 3:8 103 Re0:4
L Pr L
7.
1=3
p
h 0:89d1=3p
=f5
tan1 2:73
p PrL
1
tan 0:455 PrL =0:091 PrL
lnd=30=0:36PrL g with
ln d 0:786 0:103 ln ReL
0:041ln ReL 2
Comments
Author
1.2
Wilke (1962)
Nusslet (laminar)
1.0
0.8
Garwin
Wilke
h+
0.6
Ahmed &
Kaparthi
Herbert & Sterns
0.4
Present work
0.0
0
1000
2000
Re
3000
4000
5000
6. Conclusions
The purpose of this work has been the collection of
experimental data in a single effect vertical falling film
evaporator in order to obtain a general correlation for
the calculation of the liquid side heat transfer coefficient,
suitable for the conditions found in any effect of a multiple effect unit as those usually found in the fruit concentrate juice industry.
A correlation of h+ as a function of the film Reynolds
and Prandtl numbers was found. A correlation in terms
of Reynolds number only was also obtained for this particular system.
Although the equipment characteristics made it possible the experimentation in laminar and transition zones
only, the results apply since those are the conditions
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J.S. Prost et al. / Journal of Food Engineering xxx (2005) xxxxxx