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Test

1. Heat and
Acetic Acid
Test

2. Extons or
Sulfosalicylic
Acid Test

3. Hellers
Test

4. Roberts
Test

1. Kwileckis
Modification
of Esbachs
Method

2. Kingsbury
and Clark
Method

Albumin Test: Qualitative


Reagent,
Procedures
Materials, and
Equipment
- CHON are
- Urine (Freshly
full of
denatured and
voided or
Centrifuged
precipitated by
random) *First
urine -> Heat
HEAT
morning sx
upper inch
- Acetate- prevents - 5% acetic acid
+ 3-5 drops
the formation of
(10%)
Acetic acid
soluble acids, alkali
albuminates and
precipitation of
phosphates
- cold precipitation - Urine (Freshly
Mix equal
technique
voided or
volumes of
(presence of
random)
urine and
CHON)
- Extons reagent reagent
- SSA precipitates
(SSA + Sodium
CHON
sulfate)
irreversibly
CHON precipitated - Urine (Freshly
Place small
by nitric acid
voided or
quantity of
random)
nitric acid ->
- Hellers reagent stratify small
(conc. Nitric
amount of urine
acid)
- precipitated by
- Urine (Freshly
3 ml of Roberts
Magnesium
voided or
reagent + 3 ml
Sulfate
random) *First
centrifuged
morning sx
urine (stratify)
- Roberts
reagent
(magnesium
sulfate & nitric
acid)
Principle

Albumin: Quantitative
- 24 hour urine
- 10% Ferric
chloride
- Esbachs
reagent (Picric
acid & citric
acid)
- waterbath
(72C)
- 24 hour urine
- 3% SSA

Fill urine to U
mark + 10
drops of FeCl3
-> Fill with
Esbachs
reagent up to
R mark ->
place in water
bath for 5 mins
2.5 ml
centrifuged
urine + 7.5 ml

Positive Result
(+) cloudy

(+)
precipitation
and turbidity

(+) white ring

(+) white ring

- height of
coagulum
(grams%)g/1000ml urine
g%- divide by
10
(+)
precipitation,
flocculation,

3% SSA (up to
the 10 ml mark)
-> MIX and
stand for 10
mins.
1. Benedicts
Test

turbidity

Sugar Test: Qualitative


- Urine (Freshly
5 ml of
voided or
Benedicts
- Copper salts
random)
reagent + 8-10
glucose copper - Benedicts
drops of urine

reagent (copper
-> MIX -> Heat
oxide
sulfate,
sodium
in boiling water
- Potassium sodium
citrate,
sodium
bath (2-3 mins)
tartrate prevents
carbonate)
precipitation of
In hot alkaline
soln,

copper hydroxide

2. Fehlings
Test

3. Nylanders
Test

- Urine (Freshly
voided or
random)
- Fehlings A
(cupric sulfate)
- Fehlings B
(Rochelles salt,
KOH)
In hot alkaline
soln,
Bismuth salts

glucose

metallic bismuth

4. MooreHellers Test

Caramelization of
glucose by strong
alkali with the aid
of heat

- Urine (Freshly
voided or
random)
- Nylanders
reagent
(Rochelles
salth, 10%
NaOH/KOH,
Bismuth
subnitrate)

- Urine (Freshly
voided or
random)
- Moore-Hellers
reagent (10%
KOH)

Mix equal parts


of Fehlings A
and B -> dilute
with 2-3 times
the amount of
distilled water
-> boil for a few
second
+ drops of urine
until 2ml
5 ml urine + 0.5
ml Nylanders
rgnt -> heat for
3-5 mins ->
allow to stand

2 parts urine + 1
part 10% KOH
-> boil the
upper portion
(2-3 mins)

(+)
green/yellow
ppt

Blackpresence of
sugar
Brown- trace
of sugar
No change in
color- negative
* soln turns
black after
coolingsubstances
other than
sugar
(+) yellow up
to dark brown/
black

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