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Valves
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005
PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
Continuing Education
Valves
Valves serve the purpose of controlling the fluids in building service piping. They come in many shapes, sizes, design types, and
materials to accommodate different fluids, piping, pressure ranges,
and types of service. Proper selection is important to ensure the most
efficient, cost-effective, and long-lasting systems. No single valve is
best for all services. This chapter is limited to manually operated
valves that start, stop, and regulate flow, and prevent its reversal.
Functions
Valves are designed to perform four principal functions:
1. Starting and stopping flow
2. Regulating (throttling) flow
3. Preventing the reversal of flow
4. Regulating or relieving the flow pressure.
Service Considerations
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Type of fluid
A. Liquid
B. Gas, i.e., steam or air
C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)
D. Corrosive
4. Flow
A. On-off
B. Throttling
C. Need to prevent flow reversal
D. Concern for pressure drop
E. Velocity
5. Operating conditions
A. Frequency of operation
B. Accessibility
C. Overall space/size available
D. Manual or automated control
E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off
F. Concerns about body joint leaks
G. Fire safe design
H. Speed of closure.
Approvals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Types of Valve
Gate Valve
With starting and stopping flow its prime function, the gate valve
is intended to operate either fully open or fully closed. When fully
open, it has the least resistance to flow of all the valve types.
From an examination of Figure 1, it becomes readily apparent
how the gate valve got its name. A gate-like disc, actuated by a stem
screw and hand wheel, moves up and down at right angles to the
path of flow and seats against two faces to shut off flow. As the disc
of the gate valve presents a flat surface to the oncoming flow, this
valve is not suited for regulating or throttling flow. Flow through
Globe Valve
The globe valve (which is
named for the shape of its
body) is much more resistant
to flow than the gate valve,
as can be seen by examining
the path of flow through it
(Figure 2). Its main advantages over the gate valve are
Reprinted from American Society of Plumbing Engineers Data Book Volume 4: Plumbing Components and Equipment, Chapter 3: Valves.
2003, American Society of Plumbing Engineers.
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Angle Valve
Very much akin to the globe valve, the angle
valve (Figure 3) can cut down on piping
installation time, labor, and materials by
serving as both valve and 90 elbow. It is
less resistant to flow than the globe valve, as
flow must change direction twice instead of
three times. It is also available with conventional, plug type, or composition discs.
Ball Valve
The ball valve derives its name from the
drilled ball that swivels on its vertical axis
and is operated by a handle, as shown in
Figure 4. Its advantages are its straightthrough flow, minimum turbulence, low
torque, tight closure, and compactness. Also,
a quarter turn of the handle makes it a quick-
Ball Valve
Check Valve
Swing checks and lift checks are the most
common forms of check valve. Both are
designed to prevent reversal of flow in a
pipe. The swing check, Figure 6, permits
straight-through flow when open and is,
therefore, less resistant to flow than
the lift check.
Note: A word of caution regarding the swing check: There have
been instances when a swing check
stayed open a few seconds after the
reversal of flow began, allowing the
velocity of backflow to rise to such
a point that, when closure finally
did occur, it was instantaneous and
the resulting shock to the valve
and system caused serious damage.
Good insurance against such a possibility is a lever and weight or a
spring to ensure immediate closure upon
reversal of flow.
Butterfly Valve
Figure 5 illustrates a butterfly valve, the valve
most commonly used in place of a gate valve
in cases where absolute, bubble-free shut-off is
Valve Materials
A single valve may be constructed of several materials. It may have a bronze body, a
monel seat, and an aluminum wheel. Material specifications depend on the operating
conditions.
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Stainless Steel
For highly corrosive fluids, stainless steel
valves provide the maximum corrosion
resistance, high strength, and good wearing
properties. Seating surfaces, stems, and discs
of stainless steel are suitable where foreign
materials in the fluids handled could have
adverse effects.
Valve Ratings
Iron
Iron used in valves usually conforms to ASTM
Standard A26. Although iron-bodied valves
are manufactured in sizes as small as -in.
(6.4-mm) nominal diameter, they are most
commonly stocked in sizes of 2 in. (50.8 mm)
and above. In these larger sizes, they are considerably less expensive than bronze.
The higher weight of iron valves, as compared to bronze valves, should be considered
when figuring hanger spacing and loads.
A typical 2-in. (50.8-mm) screwed, bronze,
globe valve rated at 125 psi (861.3 kPa)
weighs about 13 lb (5.9 kg). The same valve
in iron weighs 15 lb (6.8 kg) and, if specified
with a yoke bonnet, about 22 lb (10 kg).
Malleable Iron
Malleable iron valves are stronger, stiffer,
and tougher than iron-bodied valves and
hold tighter pressures. Toughness is most
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Most valve manufacturers rate their products in terms of saturated steam pressure;
or pressure of nonshock cold water, oil,
or gas (WOG); or both. These ratings usually appear on the body of the valve. For
instance, a valve with the markings 125
with 200 WOG will operate safely at 125
psi (861.3 kPa) of saturated steam or 200 psi
(1378 kPa) cold water, oil, or gas.
The engineer should be familiar with the
markings on the valves specified and should
keep them in mind during construction
inspection. A ruptured valve can do much
damage.
Valve Components
Stems
Stem designs fall into four basic categories:
rising stem with outside screw, rising stem
with inside screw, nonrising stem with inside
screw, and sliding stem.
Rising stem with outside screw This
design is ideal where the valve is infrequently used and the possibility of sticking would constitute a hazard, such as in a
fire-protection system. In this arrangement,
the screws are not subject to corrosion or
elements in the line fluid that might cause
damage because they are outside the valve
body. Also, being outside, they can easily be
lubricated.
As with any other rising stem valve, sufficient clearance must be allowed to enable
a full opening.
Rising stem with inside screw This
design is the simplest and most common
stem design for gate, globe, and angle valves.
The position of the hand wheel indicates the
position of the disc, opened or closed.
Nonrising stem These are ideal where
headroom is limited. They are generally
limited to use with gate valves. In this type,
the screw does not raise the stem but rather
raises and lowers the disc. As the stem only
rotates and does not rise, wear on packings
is slightly lessened.
Sliding stem These are applied where
quick opening and closing are required. A
lever replaces the hand wheel, and stem
threads are eliminated.
Bonnets
In choosing valves, the service characteristics of the bonnet joint should not be overlooked. Bonnets and bonnet joints must
provide a leakproof closure for the body.
There are many modifications, but the three
most common types are screwed-in bonnet,
screwed union-ring bonnet, and bolted
bonnet.
Screwed-in bonnet This is the simplest
and least expensive construction, frequently
used on bronze gate, globe, and angle
valves and recommended where frequent
dismantling is not needed. When properly
designed with running threads and carefully
assembled, the screwed-in bonnet makes a
durable, pressure-tight seal that is suited for
many services.
Screwed union-ring bonnet This construction is convenient where valves need
frequent inspection or cleaningalso for
quick renewal or changeover of the disc in
composition disc valves. A separate union
ring applies a direct load on the bonnet to
hold the pressure-tight joint with the body.
The turning motion used to tighten the ring
is split between the shoulders of the ring
and bonnet. Hence, the point of seal contact between the bonnet and the body is less
subject to wear from frequent opening of the
joint.
Contact faces are less likely to be damaged
in handling. The union ring gives the body
added strength and rigidity against internal
pressure and distortion.
While ideal on smaller valves, the screwed,
union-ring bonnet is impractical on large
sizes.
Bolted bonnet joint A practical and
commonly used joint for larger size valves or
for higher-pressure applications, the bolted
bonnet joint has multiple boltings with
smaller diameter bolts that permit equalized sealing pressure without the excessive
torque needed to make large threaded joints.
Only small wrenches are needed.
End Connections
Valves are available with screwed, welded,
brazed, soldered, flared, flanged, and hub
ends.
Screwed End
This is by far the most widely used type of
end connection. It is found in brass, iron,
steel, and alloy piping materials. It is suited
for all pressures but is usually confined
to smaller pipe sizes. The larger the pipe
size, the more difficult it is to make up the
screwed joint.
Welded End
This type of end is available only in steel
valves and fittings and is mainly for higherpressure and -temperature services. It is rec-
Brazed End
This is available on brass materials. The ends
of such materials are specially designed for
the use of brazing alloys to make the joint.
When the equipment and brazing material
are heated with a welding torch to the temperature required by the alloy, a tight seal
is formed between the pipe and valve or
fitting. While made in a manner similar to
a solder joint, a brazed joint can withstand
higher temperatures due to the brazing
materials used.
Soldered Joint
This is used with copper tubing for plumbing and heating lines and for many low-pressure industrial services. The joint is soldered
by applying heat. Because of close clearance
between the tubing and the socket of the fitting or valve, the solder flows into the joint
by capillary action. The use of soldered joints
under high temperatures is limited because
of the low melting point of the solder. Silver
solder or silfos are used for higher pressures
and temperatures.
Flared End
This is commonly used on valves and fittings for metal and plastic tubing up to 2 in.
(50.8 mm) diameter. The end of the tubing
is skirted or flared and a ring nut is used to
make a union type joint.
Flanged End
This is generally used when screwed ends
become impractical because of cost, size,
strength of joint, etc. Flanged ends are generally used for larger-diameter lines due to
ease of assembly and dismantling. Flanged
facings are available in various designs
depending on service requirements. One
important rule is to match facings. When
bolting iron valves to forged steel flanges,
the facing should be of the flat face design
on both surfaces.
Hub End
This is generally limited to valves for watersupply and sewage piping. The joint is
assembled on the socket principle, with the
pipe inserted in the hub end of the valve or
fitting then caulked with oakum and sealed
with molten lead.
Abbreviations
AGA American Gas Association
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
Glossary
Ball A valve consisting of a single drilled
ball that is operated by a handle attached
to the vertical axis of the ball, which permits fluid flow in a straight-through direction. The ball within the valve body may be
rotated fully opened or fully closed by one
quarter turn of the handle.
Body That part of the valve that attaches
to the pipeline or equipmentwith screwed
ends, flanged ends, or soldered/welded joint
endsand encloses the working parts of the
valve.
Bonnet The part of the valve housing
through which the stem extends. It provides
support and protection to the stem and
houses the stem packing. It may be screwed
or bolted to the body.
Butterfly A type of valve consisting of
a single disc that is operated by a handle
attached to the disc, which permits fluid flow
in a straight-through direction. The valve is
bidirectional. The disc within the valve body
may be rotated fully open or fully closed by
one quarter turn of the handle.
Cap The top part of the housing of a
check valve (equivalent to the bonnet of a
gate or globe valve), which may be either
screwed or bolted onto the main body.
Check valve An automatic, self-closing
valve that permits flow in only one direction. It automatically closes by gravity when
liquid ceases to flow in that direction.
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Disadvantages
1. Not for throttling: Use fully open or fully
closed. Flow through a partially open
gate valve causes vibration and chattering and subjects the disc and seat to
inordinate wear.
2. Metal-to-metal seating means not best
choice for frequent operation. Bubbletight seating should not be expected
with metal-to-metal design.
3. Difficult to automate.
Disadvantages
1. Flow path causes a significant pressure
drop.
2. Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves.
Disadvantages
1. Temperature and pressure range limited
by seat material.
2. Cavity around ball traps media and does
not drain entrapped media. Susceptible
to freezing, expansion, and increased
pressure due to increased temperature.
Body Styles
1. One-piece valves have no potential
body leak path but have a double
reduced port, thus, significant pressure
drop occurs. Not repairable, they are
used primarily by chemical and refining
plants.
2. Two-piece end entries are used most
commonly in building services. They are
the best value valves and are available
in full- or standard-port balls. They are
recommended for on-off or throttling
service and not recommended to be
repaired.
3. Three-piece type valves are more costly
but are easier to disassemble and offer
the possibility of in-line repair. They are
available in full- or standard-port balls.
Port Size
1. Full-port ball valves provide a pressure
drop equal to the equivalent length of
the pipe, slightly better than gate valves.
2. Standard- (conventional-) port balls are
up to one pipe size smaller than the
nominal pipe size but still have significantly better flow characteristics than
globe valves.
3. Reduced-port ball valves have greater
than one pipe size flow restriction
and are not recommended in building
services piping but rather are used for
process piping for hazardous material
transfer.
End Connections
1. Threaded ball valves with ANSI female
taper threads are most commonly used
with pipe up to 2 in.
2. Soldered-end valves permit the direct
connection of bronze ball valves to 2-
Handle Extensions
1. Insulated handle extensions or extended
handles should be used to keep insulated piping systems intact.
Disadvantages
1. Not to be used with steam.
2. Gear operators are needed for 8 in. and
larger valves to aid in operation and
protect against operating too quickly
and causing destructive line shock.
Body Styles
1. Wafer style valves are held in place
between two pipe flanges. They are
easy to install but cannot be used as
isolation valves.
2. Lug-style valves have wafer bodies but
tapped lugs matching up to bolt circles
of class 125/150-lb flanges. They are
easily installed with cap screws from
either side. Lug style designs from some
manufacturers permit dropping the pipe
from one side while the valve holds full
pressure if needed.
3. Groove butterfly valves directly connect
to pipe using iron-pipe-size, grooved
couplings. While more costly than wafer
valves, grooved valves are the easiest to
install.
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Disadvantages
1. Temperature and pressure range limited
by type of lubricant sealant and ANSI
Standard rating, i.e. 150 psi steam working pressure (SWP) and 200 psi nonshock, cold working pressure (CWP),
and water, oil, gas (WOG).
Ball valves
2 in. and smaller Valves 2 in. and smaller
shall be rated 150 psi SWP, 600 psi nonshock
CWP; and have two-piece, cast brass bodies,
replaceable reinforced Teflon seats, full-port
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Globe valves
2 in. and smaller Valves 2 in. and smaller
shall be of class 125, rated 125 psi SWP, 200
psi nonshock CWP; body and bonnet shall
be of ASTM B-62 cast-bronze composition
with threaded or soldered ends. Stems shall
be of dezincification-resistant silicon bronze,
ASTM B-371, or low-zinc alloy, ASTM B-99.
Packing glands shall be of bronze, ASTM B62, with aramid fiber, nonasbestos packing,
complete with malleable hand wheel. Valves
shall comply with MSS SP-80.
2 in. and larger Valves 2 in. and
larger shall be class 125, rated 125 psi SWP,
200 psi nonshock CWP; and have an iron
body, bronze-mounted OS&Y, with body
and bolted bonnet conforming to ASTM
A-126 class B cast-iron, flanged ends, with
aramid fiber, nonasbestos packing, and twopiece packing gland assembly. Valves shall
comply with MSS SP-85.
Butterfly valves
2 in. and larger Valves 2 in. and
larger shall be rated 200 psi nonshock CWP;
and have a lug or IPS grooved type body
with 2-in. extended neck for insulating. They
shall be ductile iron, ASTM A 536; with stainless steel disc; 416 stainless steel stem; ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM) Oring stem seals; and resilient, EPDM rubber
molded to seat. Sizes 2 to 6 in. shall be
lever operated with a ten-position throttling plate; sizes 8 to 12 in. shall have gear
operators; sizes 14 in. and larger shall have
worm gear operators only. They are suitable
for use as bidirectional isolation valves and,
as recommended by the manufacturer, on
dead-end service at full pressure without the
need for downstream flanges.
Valves shall comply with MSS SP-67.
Note: Butterfly valves in dead-end service require both upstream and downstream
flanges for proper shut-off and retention
or must be certified by the manufacturer
for dead-end service without downstream
flanges.
Check valves
2 in. and smaller Valves 2 in. and smaller
shall be class 125, rated 125 psi SWP, 200 psi
nonshock CWP; and have threaded or soldered ends, with body and cap conforming
to ASTM B-62 cast bronze composition, ypattern swing type disc. Valves shall comply
with MSS SP-80
Note: Class 150 valves meeting the above
specifications may be used where system
pressure requires. For class 125 seat disc,
specify Buna-N for WOG service and TFE for
Fire-Protection System
Gate valves
2 in. and smaller Valves 2 in. and
smaller shall be of class 175 psi water working pressure (WWP) or greater, with body
and bonnet conforming to ASTM-B-62, castbronze composition, threaded ends, OS&Y,
solid disc and listed by UL, FM approved,
and in compliance with MSS SP-80.
2 in. and larger Valves 2 in. and
larger shall be rated 175 psi WWP or greater,
and have an iron body, bronze mounted or
with resilient rubber encapsulated wedge,
with body and bonnet conforming to ASTM
A-126, class B cast-iron, OS&Y, class 125
flanged or grooved ends. If of resilient
wedge design, interior of valve is to be epoxy
coated. Valves shall meet or exceed AWWA
C509-89, Standard for Protective Epoxy Interior Coating for Valves. Valves are to be UL
listed, FM approved, and in compliance with
MSS SP-70.
Valves 4 in. and larger for underground bury shall be rated 200 psi WWP
or greater, with body and bonnet conforming to ASTM A-126, class B cast iron,
bronze mounted, resilient-seated gate valve
with nonrising stem, with O-ring stem seal,
epoxy coating inside and outside, flanged or
mechanical joint ends as required. All valves
furnished shall open left. All internal parts
shall be accessible without removing the
valve body from the line. Valves shall conform to AWWA C509-89, Standard for Resilient-Seated Gate Valves. Epoxy coating shall
conform to AWWA C550-90, Standard for
Protective Epoxy Interior Coating for Valves.
Valves shall come complete with mounting
plate for indicator post and be UL listed, FM
approved, and in compliance with MSS SP70.
High-Rise Service
Gate valves
2- to 12-in. Gate valves 2 to 10 in.
shall be rated 300 psi WWP or greater, 12
in. shall be rated 250 psi WWP, and have an
iron body, bronze mounted, with body and
bonnet conforming to ASTM A-126, class B,
cast iron, OS & Y, with flanged ends for use
with class 250/300 flanges. They shall be UL
listed, FM approved, and in compliance with
MSS SP-70.
Check valves
2- to 12-in. Check valves 2 to 10 in.
shall be rated 300 psi WWP or greater, 12 in.
shall be rated 250 psi WWP, and have an iron
body, bronze mounted, with a horizontal
swing check design, with body and bonnet
conforming to ASTM A 126 Class B, cast
Ball valves
2 in. and smaller Valves 2 in. and smaller
shall be constructed of commercial bronze,
ASTM B 584, rated 175 psi WWP or higher,
with reinforced TFE seats. Valves shall have
a gear operator with a raised position indicator and two internal supervisory switches.
Valves shall have threaded or IPS grooved
ends and shall have blowout-proof stems
and chrome-plated balls. They shall be UL
listed, FM approved, and in compliance with
MSS SP-110 for fire-protection service.
Butterfly valves
4 to 12 in. Butterfly valves may be substituted for gate valves, where appropriate. Valves shall be rated for 250 psi WWP,
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58
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Appraisal Questions
Valves (PSD 130)
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