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2 300 106
=
=
= 2 rad/m.
up
3 108
Since the line is lossless, Eq. (2.79) is valid:
Problem 2.32 A 6-m section of 150- lossless line is driven by a source with
vg (t) = 5 cos(8 107t 30 ) (V)
and Zg = 150 . If the line, which has a relative permittivity r = 2.25, is terminated
in a load ZL = (150 j50) , determine:
(a) on the line.
(b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
(c) The input impedance.
(d) The input voltage Vei .
(e) The time-domain input voltage vi (t).
(f) Quantities in (a) to (d) using CD Modules 2.4 or 2.5.
Solution:
vg (t) = 5 cos(8 107t 30 ) V,
Veg = 5e j30 V.
150 I~
i
Zg
~
Vg
Transmission line
~
Vi Zin
Z0 = 150
~
VL
IL
ZL (150-j50)
Generator
z = -l
Zg
~
Vg
Load
l=6m
~
Ii
z=0
+
~
Vi
Zin
(a)
3 108
c
up = =
= 2 108 (m/s),
r
2.25
up 2 up 2 2 108
=
=
=
= 5 m,
f
8 107
8 107
=
=
= 0.4 (rad/m),
up
2 108
l = 0.4 6 = 2.4
(rad).
Since this exceeds 2 (rad), we can subtract 2 , which leaves a remainder l = 0.4
(rad).
ZL + jZ0 tan l
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan l
Veg Zin
5e j30 (115.7 + j27.42)
e
Vi =
=
Zg + Zin
150 + 115.7 + j27.42
(V).
(e)
(c) Compute the time-average power delivered to the line, Pin = 21 Re[Vei Iei ].
(d) Compute VeL , IeL , and the time-average power delivered to the load,
PL = 21 Re[VeL IeL ]. How does Pin compare to PL ? Explain.
(e) Compute the time-average power delivered by the generator, Pg , and the timeaverage power dissipated in Zg . Is conservation of power satisfied?
Solution:
50
~
Vg
Transmission line
75
Z0 = 50
Zin
-
l = 0.15
Generator
z = -l
Zg
~
Vg
~
Ii
Load
z=0
+
~
Vi
Zin
(a)
l =
2
0.15 = 54 ,
Zin = Z0
75 + j50 tan 54
ZL + jZ0 tan l
= (41.25 j16.35) .
= 50
Z0 + jZL tan l
50 + j75 tan 54
(b)
Veg
300
=
= 3.24 e j10.16 (A),
Zg + Zin 50 + (41.25 j16.35)
Vei = Iei Zin = 3.24 e j10.16 (41.25 j16.35) = 143.6 e j11.46 (V).
Iei =
(c)
1
1
Pin = Re[Vei Iei ] = Re[143.6 e j11.46 3.24 e j10.16 ]
2
2
143.6 3.24
cos(21.62 ) = 216 (W).
=
2
(d)
ZL Z0 75 50
=
= 0.2,
ZL + Z0 75 + 50
1
143.6 e j11.46
j54
V0+ = Vei
=
= 150e
j54
j54
l
j
e
+ 0.2 e
e + e
j54
VeL = V (1 + ) = 150e
(1 + 0.2) = 180e j54 (V),
=
0
V0+
(V),
150e j54
(1 0.2) = 2.4 e j54 (A),
Z0
50
1
1
PL = Re[VeL IeL ] = Re[180e j54 2.4 e j54 ] = 216 (W).
2
2
IeL =
(1 ) =
PL = Pin , which is as expected because the line is lossless; power input to the line
ends up in the load.
(e)
Power delivered by generator:
1
1
Pg = Re[Veg Iei ] = Re[300 3.24 e j10.16 ] = 486 cos(10.16 ) = 478.4 (W).
2
2
Power dissipated in Zg :
1
1
1
1
PZg = Re[IeiVeZg ] = Re[Iei Iei Zg ] = |Iei |2 Zg = (3.24)2 50 = 262.4 (W).
2
2
2
2
Problem 2.45 The circuit shown in Fig. P2.45 consists of a 100- lossless
transmission line terminated in a load with ZL = (50 + j100) . If the peak value of
the load voltage was measured to be |VeL | = 12 V, determine:
(a) the time-average power dissipated in the load,
~
Vg
+
Z0 = 100
ZL = (50 + j100)
Solution:
(a)
=
(b)
1
50
1 |VeL |2
RL = 122 2
= 0.29 W.
2
2 |ZL |
2
50 + 1002
i
Pav = Pav
(1 ||2 )
Hence,
i
Pav
=
(c)
Pav
0.29
=
= 0.47 W.
2
1 ||
1 0.622
r
i
Pav
= ||2 Pav
= (0.62)2 0.47 = 0.18 W.
C = (1.54206) Y0
1.54206 1.54206
=
=
= 7.71 103 ,
Z0
200
which leads to
C=
7.71 103
= 1.53 1012 F.
2 8 108
Figure P2.66(a)
(b) Repeating the procedure for the second intersection point [Fig. P2.66(b)] leads
to
y(d) = 1.000001 + j1.520691,
at d2 = 0.447806 .
To cancel the imaginary part, we add an inductor in parallel such that
1
1.520691
=
,
L
200
from which we obtain
L=
200
= 2.618 108 H.
1.52 2 8 108
Figure P2.66(b)
ZL Z0 (100 j100) 50
=
= 0.62e j29.7 .
ZL + Z0 (100 j100) + 50
(b) All formulae for Zin require knowledge of = /up . Since the line is an
air line, up = c, and from the expression for vg (t) we conclude = 2 109 rad/s.
Therefore
2 109 rad/s 20
=
=
rad/m.
3 108 m/s
3
Then, using Eq. (2.79),
ZL + jZ0 tan l
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan l
"
#
(100 j100) + j50 tan 203 rad/m 5 cm
= 50
50 + j(100 j100) tan 203 rad/m 5 cm
"
#
= 50
50 + j(100 j100) tan 3 rad
Veg Zin
5 (12.5 j12.7)
=
= 1.40e j34.0
Vei =
Zg + Zin 50 + (12.5 j12.7)
Vei
1.4e j34.0
Iei =
=
= 78.4e j11.5
Zin (12.5 j12.7)
(mA).
(V),
0.2
0.3
75
(Antenna)
Zin1
Zin2
Zin
0.2
75
(Antenna)
(b)
ZL =
(c)
(35.20 j8.62)2
Zin1 Zin2
=
= (17.60 j4.31) .
Zin1 + Zin2
2(35.20 j8.62)
l = 0.3
ZL'
Zin
= (107.57 j56.7) .
Z02
1002
=
= 300 .
ZL 33.33
/2
A
+
Zin
250 V
Lin
e2
ZL1 = 75
(Antenna 1)
Line 1
B
Generator
Lin
e3
/2
ZL2 = 75
(Antenna 2)
Veg
250
=
= 2.86 (A),
Zg + Zin 50 + 37.5
1
1
(2.86)2 37.5
This is divided equally between the two antennas. Hence, each antenna receives
153.37
= 76.68 (W).
2
A
ZL = 25
Z=?
Solution:
0.250
1.0
1.2
1.6
7
0.1
1.8
0.6
2.0
0.5
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.8
0.2
30
SWR Circle
0.2
4.0
0.28
1.0
5.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
50
0.3
50
1.8
0.
0.3
1.0
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
0.15
0.35
1.2
0.3
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
1.0
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
CAP
-1
8
A
2
0
C
ITI
VE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.5
31
0.
-5
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.39
0.4
06
0.4
0.
1
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
1
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
0.3
50
0.4
1.6
06
0.
44
0.1
0.3
60
0.2
31
0.
0.
0.500
0.3
19
R
,O
o)
0.1
70
0.
3
0.4
0
13
0.35
80
)
/Yo
0
0
12
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
.42
0.15
0.36
90
1.4
0.0
0.0
110
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.0
1
0.4
0.39
100
0.9
0.1
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.750
25
= 0.33
75
The Smith chart shows A and the SWR circle. The goal is to have an equivalent
impedance of 75 to the left of B. That equivalent impedance is the parallel
combination of Zin at B (to the right of the shunt impedance Z) and the shunt
element Z. Since we need for this to be purely real, its best to choose l such that
Zin is purely real, thereby choosing Z to be simply a resistor. Adding two resistors in
parallel generates a sum smaller in magnitude than either one of them. So we need
for Zin to be larger than Z0 , not smaller. On the Smith chart, that point is B, at a
distance l = /4 from the load. At that point:
zin = 3,
which corresponds to
yin = 0.33.
Hence, we need y, the normalized admittance corresponding to the shunt
impedance Z, to have a value that satisfies:
yin + y = 1
y = 1 yin = 1 0.33 = 0.66
1
1
z= =
= 1.5
y 0.66
Z = 75 1.5 = 112.5 .
In summary,
,
4
Z = 112.5 .
l=