Earl Grey tea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Earl Grey tea leaves

A cup of the brewed tea

Earl Grey tea is a tea blend with a distinctive citrus flavour and aroma derived from the
addition of oil extracted from the rind of the bergamot orange, a fragrant citrus fruit.[1]
Traditionally, the term "Earl Grey" has applied only to black teas that contain oil of bergamot
as a flavouring.
Contents

1 History

2 Variations
o

2.1 Twinings reformulation

3 Use as a flavouring

4 Toxicology

5 In Popular Culture

6 Footnotes

7 External links

History

A bergamot orange from Calabria, Italy

Bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia) is a small citrus tree which blossoms during the winter
and is grown commercially in Calabria, Italy.[2][3] It is likely a hybrid of Citrus limetta and
Citrus aurantium.[4]
Tea flavoured with bergamot to imitate the more expensive types of Chinese tea has been
known in England at least since the 1820s. In 1837 there is a record of court proceedings
against Brocksop & Co. who were found to have supplied tea "artificially scented, and,
drugged with bergamot in this country." A 'Grey's Tea' is known from the 1850s, but the first
known published references to an 'Earl Grey' tea are advertisements by Charlton & Co. of
Jermyn Street in London in the 1880s.[5]
The Earl Grey blend, or "Earl Grey's Mixture", is assumed to be named after The 2nd Earl
Grey, British Prime Minister in the 1830s and author of the Reform Bill of 1832. Lord Grey
reputedly received a gift, probably a diplomatic perquisite, of tea flavoured with bergamot oil.
[6]

According to one legend, a grateful Chinese mandarin whose son was rescued from drowning
by one of Lord Grey's men first presented the blend to the Earl in 1803. The tale appears to be
apocryphal, as Lord Grey never set foot in China[7] and the use of bergamot oil to scent tea
was then unknown in China. However, this tale is subsequently told (and slightly corrected) as
on the Twinings website, as "having been presented by an envoy on his return from China".[8]
Jacksons of Piccadilly claim they originated Earl Grey's Tea, Lord Grey having given the
recipe to Robert Jackson & Co. partner George Charlton in 1830. According to Jacksons, the
original recipe has been in constant production and has never left their hands. Theirs has been
based on Chinese black tea since the beginning.[9][10]
According to the Grey family, the tea was specially blended by a Chinese mandarin for Lord
Grey, to suit the water at Howick Hall, the family seat in Northumberland, using bergamot in
particular to offset the preponderance of lime in the local water. Lady Grey used it to entertain
in London as a political hostess, and it proved so popular that she was asked if it could be sold
to others, which is how Twinings came to market it as a brand.[11]

"Earl Grey" (as applied to tea) is not trademarked,[12] and numerous tea companies produce
their own versions of Earl Grey tea, using a wide variety of tea leaves and additives. "Lady
Grey," on the other hand, is a trademark of Twinings.[13]
Variations

Lady Grey tea leaves

There are different varieties of a tea known as Lady Grey; the two most
common kinds (Lavender Lady Grey and Citrus Lady Grey), which combine
Earl Grey tea with lavender and Seville oranges, respectively.

A beverage called "London Fog" is a combination of Earl Grey, steamed

milk and vanilla syrup.[14]

There are variations available including such ingredients as jasmine, as

well as various flowers.[15] A blend with added rose petals is known as
French Earl Grey.

A variety called Russian Earl Grey often contains ingredients such as citrus
peels and lemon grass in addition to the usual black tea and bergamot.

Also, several companies make a tea called Earl Grey Green or "Earl Green"
tea, combining green tea leaves rather than the traditional black tea
leaves with bergamot flavoring. A similar variation called Earl Grey White
or "Earl White" tea combines white tea leaves with bergamot flavoring.

Rooibos Earl Grey is a variation using this South African herbal tea as a
substitute for the conventional form made with black tea.

Twinings reformulation

Twinings reformulated their Earl Grey tea in April 2011, claiming to have added "an extra hint
of bergamot and citrus".[16] The overwhelmingly negative comments on the website were
picked up by the press,[17][18] who drew attention to the establishment of a related protest group
on Facebook.[19]
Use as a flavouring

Tin of Earl Grey tea

Earl Grey tea is used as a flavouring for many types of cakes and confectionery, such as
chocolates, as well as savoury sauces.[20][21] For sauces, the flavour is normally created by
adding tea bags to the basic stock, boiling for a few minutes and then discarding the bags. For
sweet recipes, loose tea is often added to melted butter or hot cream and strained after the
flavour is infused.[22][23][24]
There is a considerable history of Earl Grey tea being used as a drink mixer, in particular for
gin, within the British Isles, somewhat similar in principle to the Irish coffee, though this is
seldom practiced today. During the later 19th century, poorer working class households began
to combine the drinks as a minimum proof alcohol volume began to be meaningfully applied,
following an 1855 revision to the Weights and Measures Act, to the relatively inexpensive
spirit, making it unpalatable when taken neat.[25] Being somewhat similarly flavoured, the two
made for an affordable and pleasant pairing, in addition to which the necessary boiling during
preparation helped disarm water-borne contaminants. The drink became associated briefly in
the inter-war period with middle-class - particularly, female - alcoholism during the interwar
years of the 20th century; it would occasionally be referred to during this time as a 'Moseley
Tea Service', after the bourgeois area of Birmingham.[26]
Toxicology

In several studies, application of high concentrations of some brands of bergamot oil directly
to the skin was shown to increase redness after exposure to ultraviolet light;[27][28] however,
this should not apply to ordinary oral consumption of Earl Grey tea. Bergamot is a source of
bergamottin which, along with the chemically related compound 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin,
is known to be responsible for the grapefruit juice effect in which the consumption of the
juice affects the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.[2][29]
In one case study, a patient who consumed four litres of Earl Grey tea per day reported muscle
cramps, which were attributed to the function of the bergapten in bergamot oil as a potassium
channel blocker. The symptoms subsided upon reducing his consumption of Earl Grey tea to
one litre per day.[2][30]

In Popular Culture

Earl Grey tea is among the most famous beverage in science fiction. In the television series
Star Trek: The Next Generation, Captain Jean Luc Picard frequently ordered this blend of tea
from the ships replicator with the simple verbal request "Tea, Earl Grey, Hot"[31]
Footnotes
1.
Richardson, Ben (6 April 2006). "Bergamot growers get whiff of success". BBC
News.
Houston, Muiris (30 September 2002). "Have your cuppa, but go easy on the
Earl Grey". The Irish Times. ...Bergamot contains the psoralen derivatives
bergapten and bergamottin. The adverse effects of bergamot oil in this patient
are explained by the action of bergapten as a potassium channel blocker within
muscle cells. By interrupting the normal flow of potassium, the cells become
hyperexcitable, leading to the visible movements and cramps within the muscles.
By drinking four litres a day of Earl Grey (equivalent to at least 16 cups of tea),
the Austrian man was simply overdosing on essence of bergamot.
"Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit.". Germplasm Resources Information Network.
"RFLP Analysis of the Origin of Citrus Bergamia, Citrus Jambhiri, and Citrus
Limonia". International Society for Horticultural Science. Retrieved 18 February
2012.
"Foods of England". Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Kramer, Ione. All the Tea in China. China Books, 1990. ISBN 0-8351-2194-1.
Pages 180-181.
Pettigrew, Jane (2004). The Tea Companion: A Connoisseur's Guide
(Connoisseur's Guides). Philadelphia, Pa: Running Press Book Publishers. ISBN 07624-2150-9.
"Earl Grey". Twiningsusashop.com. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Fenix, Micky (24 July 2008). "More Than Just A Pot Of Tea". Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Stephen Twining traced back his family's business to the 1700s, when
coffee houses as meeting places were the vogue. How ironic that it was in the
company's coffee house where tea was introduced. Earl Grey tea makes Stephen
Twining wish he could move back time because the company did not lay claim to
the formula, or the name, when they had produced the blend for the British Prime
Minister who was known as the second Earl Grey.
Pagano, Margareta (3 July 1985). "The secret of Earl Grey tea is changing
hands at last / Sale of Jacksons of Piccadilly to Fitch Lovell food manufacturing
group". The Guardian (London). The original secret formula for Earl Grey tea is
changing hands after 155 years with its sole proprietors, the Jacksons of Piccadilly

tea merchants... with the sale goes the special recipe of the Earl Grey blend
which was entrusted to Robert Jackson's partner, George Charlton, in 1830 by the
second Earl Grey. To this day the formulawhich mixes black China tea with other
unknown teashas remained unaltered.
"Howick Hall website". Howickhallgardens.org. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
"Review: Twinings Earl Grey tea". Retrieved 2014-12-01.
"Justicia trademark database". Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Nye, Valerie; Barco, Kathy (2009). Breakfast New Mexico Style. Sunstone
Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-86534-716-8. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Cooper, Nathanael (18 October 2008). "Tea for 2 or 2 for tea". Sunshine
Coast Daily. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jeffery, Katherine. "Calling all Earl Grey lovers...". Twinings Website. Twinings.
Retrieved 28 August 2011.
Lusher, Adam (28 August 2011). "Customers revolt as Twinings changes the
flavour of its Earl Grey tea - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 August
2011.
Watkins, Alan (27 August 2011). "We're pining for our old Twinings: Furious
Earl Grey drinkers dismiss new recipe as 'an affront to tea' | Mail Online". The
Daily Mail. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
"Bring back the original Twinings Earl Grey tea". facebook. Retrieved 28
August 2011.
Joachim, David (2001). Brilliant Food Tips and Cooking Tricks: 5,000
Ingenious Kitchen Hints, Secrets, Shortcuts, and Solutions. Rodale. p. 502.
ISBN 978-1-57954-301-3. Earl Grey shallot sauce.
Miller, Norman (11 April 2009). "Why tea is the new spice rack must-have".
The Times.
Boyle, Tish (2002). The good cookie: over 250 delicious recipes from simple
to sublime. John Wiley and Sons. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-471-38791-6. Chocolate
dipped Earl Grey shortbread wedges.
Schneider, Edward (16 January 2002). "Cooking With Tea; "As for pears, I
poached them in Earl Grey, a tea with impeccable prime ministerial
credentials."". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Wareing, Marcus (7 March 2008). "Earl Grey tea cream and Eccles cakes".
BBC. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Owen Ruffhead, ed. (1763). Statutes at Large 1. p. 388. Retrieved 22 March
2014.

 Robert M. Fogelson (1763). Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870-1930. p.

135. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Girard, J.; Unkovic, J.; Delahayes, J.; Lafille, C. (1979). "Phototoxicity of
Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs". Dermatologica 158
(4): 229243. doi:10.1159/000250763. PMID 428611. edit
Kejlov, K.; Jrov, D.; Bendov, H.; Kandrov, H.; Weidenhoffer, Z.;
Kolov, H.; Liebsch, M. (2007). "Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in
vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests". Toxicology in Vitro 21
(7): 12981303. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.016. PMID 17669618. edit
Bailey, D. G.; Malcolm, J.; Arnold, O.; Spence, J. D. (1998). "Grapefruit juicedrug interactions". British journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (2): 101110.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. PMC 1873672. PMID 9723817. edit
Finsterer, J. (2002). "Earl Grey tea intoxication". The Lancet 359 (9316):
1484. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08436-2. PMID 11988248. edit
http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea