CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

A. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS

1. An atom is extremely _________________. So, it is impossible to weigh an atom in gram. Chemists
compared how heavy one atom is to another atom which is taken as standard. The mass of an atom when
compared to another is known as __________________________________________.
2. In the beginning, chemists compared the mass of an atom to the mass of a hydrogen atom because it is
____________________. Later on, the ______________ atom was chosen as the standard. Finally,
_____________________ is chosen as the standard.
3. Carbon-12 was chosen as the standard because:
a) Carbon is the most ______________________ carbon isotope.
b) Carbon-12 exists as a _______________ at room temperature and thus can be handled easily unlike
hydrogen and oxygen which are in _______________ state.
c) Many elements can _______________ with carbon-12.
4. The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of an atom of the element when compared with

1
12

of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM)

1
t h e mass of an atom of carbon12
12

5. Since relative atomic mass is only a comparison so it does not have any _________________.
6. When we need to compare the relative mass of substances made up of molecules, the term relative
________________ mass will be used.

Relative molecular mass of a molecule (RMM)

1
t h e mass of an atom of carbon12
12

7. A molecule is made up of a number of atoms. Therefore, the RMM of a substance is calculated by

_________________________ the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in a molecule of the
substance.

For

example,

the

RMM

of

water

molecule

with

the

formula

H2O

is

_________________________.

15

8. For ionic substances (substance made up of ions), the term relative _______________ mass (RFM) is used
instead.
Exercise:
1. Determine the relative molecular mass (or relative formula mass) of each of the following compounds.
(Kindly refer to the Periodic Table of Elements in textbook for the relative atomic mass of the elements.)
a) Ammonia, NH3
b) Hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O
c) Sodium chloride, NaCl

d) Vitamin K, C31H46O2S

e) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2

f) Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH

g) Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5

h) Copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4

i)

j)

Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

Tetraethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4

2. The molecular formula of aspartame is C14H18NxO5. If the relative molecular mass of aspartame is 294,
determine the value of x.

3. A compound with the formula UX6 has a relative molecular mass of 352. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
element X. (RAM U, 238). Hence, identify element X from the Periodic Table.

B. THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

1. Scientists use the unit ____________ to measure the amount of substances. The symbol of mole is
_________.
2. A mole is _______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
.
3. One mole of any substance contains ____________________ particles. The value of

6 . 02 1023 is called

the _________________________.
4. Relationship between the number of moles and the number of particles

16

Number of moles

Number of particles

Exercise:
1. Calculate the number of particles in
a) 0.2 mol of copper atoms, Cu

b) 1.25 mol of sodium ions, Na+

c) 0.03 mol of water molecules, H2O

d) 4.5 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2

2. Calculate the number of atoms in

a) 1.2 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2

b) 0.25 mol of carbon dioxide gas, CO2

c) 0.75 mol of ammonia gas, NH3

d) 2 mol of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2

3. Calculate the number of ions in the following substances.

a) 0.125 mol of sodium oxide, Na2O
b) 1.15 mol of magnesium chloride, MgCl2

17

c) 0.01 mol of zinc oxide, ZnO

d) 2.5 mol of aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3

4. Calculate the number of moles in the following substances.

a) Number of moles of atoms in

9.03 1023

b) Number of moles of ions in

aluminium atoms.

ions, Fe2+.

c) Number of moles of oxygen molecules in

d)

23

6.02 10

oxygen atoms.

Number
23

6.77 10

of

moles

of

1.96 1024

chlorine

iron(II)

atoms

in

chlorine gas.

C. THE MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES

1. The mass of one mole of any substance is called its ______________. The unit of molar mass is __________.
2. The molar mass of a substance = the mass of 1 mol of the substance.
3. The molar mass of a substance equals to its respective RAM / RMM / RFM.
4. Relationship between the number of moles and the mass of a substance
Number of moles

Exercise:
a) Determine the number of moles of atom in 6g of
carbon.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Mass (g)

g) Determine the number of moles of atom in 4g of

copper powder.
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
18

m) Determine the number of moles of atom in a

t) Determine the mass of 1 mol of lead.
balloon with 8g of helium gas.
u)
n) What is the mass of magnesium which contain
v)
w)
0.5 mol of magnesium atom?
x)
o)
y)
p)
z)
q)
aa) What is the mass of aluminium which contain
r)
s)
3.5 mol of Al?
ab)
ac)
ad)
ae)
af)
ag)
ah)
ai)
aj)
ak)
al)
am)
an)
ao) D. THE MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS
ap)
1. Most gases are too light to be weighed. So, chemists used to measure their ______________ instead of mass.
The ______________________ of a gas is defined as the volume occupies by ____________ mole of the gas.
aq)
2. One mole of any gas always has the same _____________________ under the same ____________________
and _________________.
ar)
3. The molar volume of any gas is _______________________ at standard temperature and pressure (STP) or
_________________________ at room conditions. (1dm3 = _______________cm3)
as)
4. STP refers to temperature ______________ and pressure __________________. Room conditions refer to
temperature __________________ and pressure _______________.
at)
5. Relationship between number of moles and volume of gas
au)
av)
aw)
Number of moles
Volume of gas (dm3)
ax)
ay)
az)
ba)
bb)
Exercise:
bc)
19

bd)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
a)

1. What is the volume occupied by:

44g of carbon dioxide gas at stp?

f) 64g of oxygen gas at stp?

g)
h)
i)
j) 48g of oxygen gas at room conditions?

11g of carbon dioxide gas at room conditions?

2. How many moles of gas related to the volume below? (at stp)
67.2 dm3 of SO2
b) 0.880 dm3 of carbon dioxide
d)
e)
f)
g)

h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)

c) 1000 dm3 of C2H6

Overall Concept of Mole

Number of particles

n)

Number

of

moles
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)

o)

Mass

(g)

Volume of gas (dm 3)

v)
Summary Exercise:
w)
1. Find the number of particles in 24g of
magnesium.
x)
y)
z)
aa)
ab)
ac)
ad)
2. Find the number of particles on 6g of carbon
powder.
ae)
af)
ag)

ah)
3. Calculate the number of sodium atoms in 46g of
sodium metal.
ai)
aj)
ak)
al)
am)
an)
ao)
4. Calculate the number of atoms in 80g of
calcium.
ap)
20

aq)
ar)
5.
6. What is the mass of
i.
0.1 mol of magnesium?

as)

ii.

2.408 1023 atoms of

magnesium?

iii.

6.02 1024 nitrogen

molecules, N2?

iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
7. A sample of calcium oxide (CaO) with the mass of 56g. Calculate:
i.
No. of moles of CaO
ii.
No. of moles of Ca2+
iii.
No. of moles of O2iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
8. A sample of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) with the mass of 34g. Calculate:
i.
No. of moles of ZnCl2
ii.
No. of moles of Zn2+
iii.
No. of moles of Clx.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
9. A sample of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with the mass of 5.1g. Calculate:
i.
No. of moles of Al2O3
ii.
No. of moles of Al3+
iii.
No. of moles of O2xviii.
xix.
xx.
xxi.
xxii.
xxiii.
xxiv.
xxv.
xxvi.
xxvii.
E. CHEMICAL FORMULAE
xxviii.
1. A chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using ___________________ for atoms and
___________________________ to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance.
xxix.
2. There are two types of chemical formulae: _______________________ and __________________________.
xxx.
3. Empirical formula is a chemical formula that shows the __________________________________________
of atoms of each element in a compound.
21

xxxi.
4. Molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the ___________________ number of atoms of each
element that are present in a molecule of the compound.
xxxii.
xxxiii.
Determine the Empirical formula
1. Empirical formula of a compound can be determined if:
i.
The mass of every element in the compound / molecule is known OR
ii.
The percentage of element in the compound is known.
xxxiv.
2. Steps to determine the empirical formula of a compound:
i.
Find the mass of each element in the compound.
ii.
Convert the masses to number of moles of atoms.
iii.
Find the simplest whole number ratio of moles of the elements.
xxxv.
xxxvi.
Exercise:
xxxvii.
1. 1.69g of iron is bonded with 0.72g of oxygen, producing iron oxide. Calculate the empirical formula of iron
oxide. (Fe, 56; O, 16)
xxxviii.
xxxix.
xl.
xli.
xlii.
xliii.
xliv.
xlv.
xlvi.
xlvii.
xlviii.
2. 3.12g of element X reacted with 1.44g of oxygen producing X oxide. Determine the empirical formula of X
oxide. (O, 16; X=52)
xlix.
l.
li.
lii.
liii.
liv.
lv.
lvi.
lvii.
lviii.
lix.
lx.
3. 0.91g of X can produce 1.7g of X oxide after heating it completely. Calculate the empirical formula of
lxi.
X oxide. (X, 27; O, 16)
lxii.
22

lxiii.
lxiv.
lxv.
lxvi.
lxvii.
lxviii.
lxix.
lxx.
lxxi.
lxxii.
lxxiii.
lxxiv.
4. Percentage of element in the calcium carbonate compound is given as,
lxxv.
Ca = 40%, C = 12%, O = 48%, calculate the empirical formula of calcium carbonate.
lxxvi.
(Ca, 40; C, 12; O, 16)
lxxvii.
lxxviii.
lxxix.
lxxx.
lxxxi.
lxxxii.
lxxxiii.
lxxxiv.
lxxxv.
5. One compound with the following composition,
lxxxvi.
Cu = 40%, S = 20%, O = 40%, calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
lxxxvii.
(O, 16; S, 32; Cu, 64).
lxxxviii.
lxxxix.
xc.
xci.
xcii.
xciii.
xciv.
xcv.
xcvi.
xcvii.
xcviii.
xcix.
c.
ci.
cii.
6. 2.80g of iron reacted completely with chlorine gas to produce 8.12g of salt. Calculate the empirical formula of
the salt formed.
ciii.
(Fe, 56; Cl, 35.5)
23

civ.
cv.
cvi.
cvii.
cviii.
cix.
cx.
cxi.
cxii.
cxiii.
cxiv.
7. When 3.2g of M oxide is completely reduced, 2.24g of metal is formed. Calculate the empirical formula of
the metal oxide.
cxv.
cxvi.
cxvii.
cxviii.
cxix.
cxx.
cxxi.
cxxii.
cxxiii.
cxxiv.
8. 42g of element R is bonded with 16g of element T to produce a compound with a formula R 3T4. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element R. (T, 16)
cxxv.
cxxvi.
cxxvii.
cxxviii.
cxxix.
cxxx.

24

cxxxi.
cxxxii.
cxxxiii.
cxxxiv.
cxxxv.
cxxxvi.
cxxxvii.
cxxxviii.
cxxxix.
cxl.
9. Mass of metal X which reacted with steam = 0.6g,
cxli.
Mass of metal X oxide formed after reacted with steam = 1g. (O, 16; X, 24)
a) Calculate the number of moles of metal X which reacted with steam.
b) Calculate the number of moles of oxygen reacted.
c) Write the empirical formula of metal X oxide.
cxlii.
cxliii.
cxliv.
cxlv.
cxlvi.
cxlvii.
cxlviii.
cxlix.
cl.
cli.
Determine the Molecular formula
1. Molecular formula of a compound can be determined if we know:
i.
Its empirical formula.
ii.
Its relative molecular mass (RMM) or molar mass.
clii.
2. Relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula:
cliii.
cliv.
Molecular formula =
clv.
clvi.
clvii.
Exercise:
clviii.
1. The empirical formula of compound X is CH 2 and its RMM is 56. Find the molecular formula of compound
X. (H, 1; C, 12)
clix.
clx.
clxi.
clxii.
clxiii.
clxiv.
clxv.
2. 2.58g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
clxvi.
(H, 1; C, 12)
a) What is meant by hydrocarbon?

clxvii.

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______

clxviii.
b) Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.
clxix.
clxx.
clxxi.
clxxii.
clxxiii.
clxxiv.
clxxv.
clxxvi.
clxxvii.
clxxviii.
c) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
clxxix.
clxxx.
clxxxi.
clxxxii.
clxxxiii.
3. A hydrocarbon contains 17.23% of hydrogen according to its mass. Relative molecular mass of this
hydrocarbon is 58. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
clxxxiv.
(H, 1; C, 12)
clxxxv.
clxxxvi.
clxxxvii.
clxxxviii.
clxxxix.
cxc.
cxci.
cxcii.
cxciii.
cxciv.
cxcv.
cxcvi.
Percentage Composition by Mass of an Element in a Compound
cxcvii.
cxcviii.
cxcix.
cc.
cci.
ccii.
cciii.

% composition by mass of an element

Total RAM of t h e element t h e compound

100
RMM RFM of t h e compound

Example:
1. Find the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
i.
(NH4)2SO4
ii. KNO3

cciv.
ccv.
ccvi.
ccvii.
ccviii.
Compare and Contrast Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
1. Similarities:
i.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ccix.
2. Differences:
ccx.
Empirical
formula
shows
___________________________________________________________________
ccxi.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
ccxii.
while
molecular
formula
shows
______________________________________________________________
ccxiii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
ccxiv.
ccxv.
ccxvi.
ccxvii.
ccxviii.
ccxix.
ccxx.
Experiment to determine the empirical formula of Magnesium oxide
ccxxi.
(This method can be used to determine the empirical formulae of reactive metals such as aluminium oxide
and zinc oxide.)
ccxxii.
Material:
___________________________________________________________________________________
ccxxiii.
Apparatus:
__________________________________________________________________________________
ccxxiv.
Procedure:
1. A ______________________ and its ______________________ are weighed.
2. 10 cm of _______________________________ is cleaned with ______________________.
3. The _________________________________ is _____________________ loosely and placed in the crucible.
The ____________________ and together with the ________________ and ___________________ are
weighed again.
4. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.

ccxxv.
ccxxvi.

5. The crucible is heated __________________ without its _____________. When the magnesium starts to
________________, the crucible is covered with its _____________.
6. The _____________ of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.
7. When the ______________________ stops ________________, the ____________ is removed and the
_____________ is heated strongly for 2 minutes.
8. The __________________ with its lid is allowed to cool to _____________________________.
9. The __________________ with its lid and its ________________ are ___________________________.
10. The process of _________________, ____________________ and weighing are __________________ until
a constant mass is ________________________.
ccxxvii.
Observation:
ccxxviii.
Observation
ccxxix.
Inference
1. A __________________________ is seen.
ccxxx.
____________________
reacts
with
______________.
2. ____________________________ released. ccxxxi.
___________________
combines
with
____________.
3. A _________________________ is released. ccxxxii.
______________________ is formed.
ccxxxiii.
ccxxxiv.
ccxxxv.
Results:
ccxxxvi.
Description
ccxxxvii.
Mass / g
ccxxxviii.
Mass of _________________ + ______________
ccxxxix.
X
ccxl.
Mass of _____________ + __________ +
ccxli.
Y
________________
ccxlii.
Mass of __________________ + ______________
ccxliii.
Z
+ _____________________
ccxliv.
ccxlv.
Calculation:
ccxlvi.
Element
ccxlvii.
Mg
ccxlviii.
O
ccxlix.
Mass / g
ccl.
ccli.
cclii.
Number of moles of atoms ccliii.
ccliv.
cclv.
Simplest ratio of moles
cclvi.
p
cclvii.
q
cclviii.
cclix.
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is _____________________.
cclx.
cclxi.
Discussion / Precaution steps:
1. ____________________ is used to remove the ____________________ on the surface of magnesium.
2. The ________________________ is lifted to allow ____________________from the air reacts with
___________________. The ____________________ is then _____________ quickly to
_________________ fumes of _______________________ from escaping.
3. The process of ___________________, _________________ and ___________________ are repeated until a
_____________________ is obtained to ensure magnesium react __________________ with oxygen to form
__________________________.
4. Chemical equation to represent the reaction between magnesium and oxygen.
cclxii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
cclxiii.
cclxiv.

cclxv.
cclxvi.
cclxvii.

Experiment to determine the empirical formula of Copper oxide

(This method can be used to determine the empirical formulae of less reactive metals such as lead(II) oxide
and tin(II) oxide.)

cclxviii.
cclxix.

Material:
___________________________________________________________________________________
cclxx.
Apparatus:
__________________________________________________________________________________
cclxxi.
cclxxii.
Procedure:
1. The ____________________ and the ______________________ are weighed with a chemical balance.
2. A little ________________________________ is put into the asbestos crucible (asbestos paper which folded
like the shape of a crucible) and the apparatus is ________________ again.
3. The ______________________________ is allowed to pass through the apparatus for a few minutes.
4. The gas that comes out from hole X is ________________ into a test tube and tested with a
____________________________. If the _______________ sound is no longer heard, __________________
the hydrogen gas at part X.
5. The copper oxide in the asbestos crucible is _____________________.
6. The heating process is _______________ when there is no further change occurring in the asbestos crucible.
7. The _______________________ is flow through the apparatus continuously until the apparatus is
________________ to room temperature.
8. When it is cooled, the combustion tube and the asbestos crucible containing the copper oxide is ___________.
9. The process of _________________, ________________ and _____________________ is repeated several
times until a constant mass is obtained.

cclxxiii.
cclxxiv.
cclxxv.
Observation:
cclxxvi.
Observation
1. ____________________ glows

cclxxvii.
cclxxviii.

2. The colour of copper oxide changes from

cclxxix.
________________ to ______________.
3. ______________________________ are formed at
cclxxx.
the end of the combustion tube.

Inference
The
reaction
occurs
between
____________________ and ____________________.
The ___________________ metal is formed.
__________________ is formed.

cclxxxi.
cclxxxii.
cclxxxiii.
cclxxxv.
cclxxxvii.
cclxxxix.

Results:
Description
cclxxxiv.
Mass of ________________________________
cclxxxvi.
+
____________________________
Mass
of
__________________
+
cclxxxviii.
_________________ + _____________________
Mass of _______________________________ +
__________________
ccxc.
+
______________________

Mass / g
X
Y
Z

ccxci.
ccxcii.
Calculation:
ccxciii.
Element
ccxciv.
Cu
ccxcv.
O
ccxcvi.
Mass / g
ccxcvii.
ccxcviii.
ccxcix.
Number of moles of atoms
ccc.
ccci.
cccii.
Simplest ratio of moles
ccciii.
p
ccciv.
q
cccv.
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is _____________________.
cccvi.
cccvii.
cccviii.
cccix.
cccx.
cccxi.
cccxii.
cccxiii.
Discussion / Precaution steps:
1. The function of the anhydrous calcium chloride is to _____________________________________________.
2. The mixture of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid in the flask is to ___________________________________.
3. The chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in the flask is:
cccxiv.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
4. The combustion tube must be filled up with the hydrogen before the hydrogen is ignited at hole X because
________________________________________________________________________________________
.
5. The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous throughout the experiment because
i.
An ____________________ may occur.
ii.
The hot copper produced will react with the _______________ in the air to form
______________________ again.
6. The process of heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until a fixed mass is obtained to ensure all the
_________________________ has changed to ____________________.
7. Chemical equation to represent the reaction between copper oxide and hydrogen gas:
cccxv.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
cccxvi.
cccxvii.
Ionic formulae
1. Ionic formula shows the formulae of ionic compounds [compounds which are made up of positively-charged
ions (cations) and negatively-charged (anions)].
cccxviii.

2. When writing the ionic formula, we have to make sure that the total positive charge of the cation must be
equal to the total negative charge of the anion.
cccxix.
3. The table below shows the charge of some ions:

cccxx.
+3
Aluminium ion
Al3+
cccxxi.
cccxxii.
cccxxiii.
cccxxiv.
cccxxv.
Exercise: Write down the chemical formulae of the following ionic compounds.
a) Silver nitrate
b) Copper (I) chloride
c) Sodium thiosulphate
d) Ammonium sulphate
e) Ammonium phosphate
f) Lithium oxide
g) Calcium hydroxide
h) Lead(II) nitrate
i) Magnesium carbonate
j) Lead (IV) oxide
k) Zinc phosphite
l) Manganese (II) chloride
m) Iron (II) hydroxide
n) Sodium nitrite
o) Aluminium oxide
p) Potassium chromate
q) Chromium (III) chloride
r) Cobalt(II) chloride
s) Copper (II) sulphate
t) Potassium bicarbonate
u) Nickel (I) chloride
v) Iron (III) oxide
w) Potassium manganate(VII)
x) Lead(II) bromide
cccxxvi.
cccxxvii.
Naming of chemical compounds
1. The naming of chemical compounds is based on the recommendation of the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
i.
The name of the cation comes first followed by the name of the anion.
ii.
Roman numerals are used in the naming of certain metals to distinguish the different types of ions.
cccxxviii.
Example:
cccxxix.
Copper(I) oxide
Copper(II) oxide
Iron(III) oxide
Lead(I) oxide

iii.
cccxxx.
cccxxxi.
cccxxxii.
cccxxxiii.
cccxxxiv.
cccxxxv.
cccxxxvi.
cccxxxviii.
cccxl.
cccxlii.
cccxliv.
cccxlvi.
cccxlviii.
cccl.
ccclii.
cccliv.

ccclvi.
ccclvii.

The name of the first element in simple compounds is maintained as it is. The name of the second element
is added with an ide.
Example:
Hydrogen chloride Magnesium bromide Calcium oxide
iv.
Greek prefixes are used to show number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Example:
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide
Sulphur trioxide
Exercise: Write down the name of the following ionic compounds.
a) CaCl2
b) Cu(NO3)2
cccxxxvii.
c) CaBr2
cccxxxix.
d) FeO
e) MgCO3
f) FeSO4
cccxli.
g) MgCl2
h) Mg(OH)2
cccxliii.
i) Al2O3
j) (NH4)2SO4
cccxlv.
k) CaCO3
cccxlvii.
l) CuO
m) Na2SO4
n) Zn(NO3)2
cccxlix.
o) KNO3
cccli.
p) Na2O
q) CuSO4
cccliii.
r) NaOH
s) CuNO3
t) BaCO3
ccclv.
F. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. Chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction. It can be written either in words or using
chemical formulae.
ccclviii.
2. Information obtained from a chemical equation written in chemical symbols:
a) Qualitative aspect:
Type of ___________________
Type of ___________________
________________ state of reactants and products.
b) Quantitative aspect:
__________________________________ of reactants and products involved in the chemical
reaction.
ccclix.
3. General symbols used in chemical equations:
ccclx.
Symbol
ccclxi.
Meaning
ccclxii.
ccclxiii.
Sy
Meaning
mbol
ccclxiv.
+
ccclxv.
To separate 2 reactants
ccclxvi.
/
ccclxvii.
(g)
products
ccclxviii.
ccclxix.
ccclxx.
ccclxxi.
Aqueous state
ccclxxii.
ccclxxiii.
Reversible reaction
ccclxxiv.
ccclxxv.
Gas released
ccclxxvi.
(s) ccclxxvii.
ccclxxviii.
ccclxxix.

ccclxxx.
ccclxxxi.
Liquid state
ccclxxxii.
ccclxxxiii.
Heating / heat energy is
given
ccclxxxiv.
4. Steps to write a balanced chemical equation:
i.
Write down the equation in words.
ii.
Write down the symbols and formulae for each substance in the reaction. Make sure the symbols and
formulae are correct.

iii.
iv.

Determine the number of atoms for each element.

Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae and NOT the subscripts in the formulae.

ccclxxxv.
ccclxxxvi.
ccclxxxvii.
ccclxxxviii.
ccclxxxix.
cccxc.
cccxci.
cccxcii.
cccxciii.
cccxciv.
cccxcv.
cccxcvi.
cccxcvii.
cccxcviii.
cccxcix.
cd.
cdi.
Exercise:
a) Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions.
cdii.
1. Zinc carbonate

Zinc oxide
+
Carbon dioxide
cdiii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
2. Sulphuric acid
+
Sodium hydroxide

Sodium sulphate
+
Water
cdiv.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
3. Silver nitrate
+
Sodium chloride

Silver chloride
+
Sodium nitrate
cdv.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
4. Copper (II) oxide +
Hydrochloric acid

Copper(II) chloride
+
Water
cdvi.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
5. Magnesium
+
Oxygen

Magnesium oxide
cdvii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
6. Sodium
+
Water

Sodium hydroxide
+
Hydrogen
cdviii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
7. Potassium oxide
+
Water

Potassium hydroxide
cdix.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
8. Zinc oxide
+
Nitric acid

Zinc nitrate
+
Water
cdx.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___

9. Lead(II) nitrate

Lead(II) oxide
+
Nitrogen dioxide
+
Oxygen
cdxi.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
10. Aluminium nitrate

Aluminium oxide
+
Nitrogen dioxide
+
Oxygen
cdxii.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
cdxiii.