LEARNING MATERIALS

Unit Education
Class / Semester
Subjects
Topic

Time Allocation

: SMA Negeri 1 Ungaran

: XI IPA / 1
: Chemistry
: Law of conservation of energy, understanding
the system and the environment, as well as
understanding endothermic exothermic
reaction.
: 4 x 45 minutes

A. Learning objectives :
1. Through the playing of video, student can explain the law of conservation of energy
2. Through the playing of video and group discussion, student can distinguish between sistem
and environment correctly
3. Through the playing of video and group discussion, students can distinguish the reaction
that release heat (exothermic) and reaction that receive heat (endothermic)
4. Students can know the differences between exothermic and endothermic recation based on
experiment
B. Instructions Learning Materials:
1. Use this resource to brief information about the Law of Conservation of Energy materials,
definition of system and environment as well as the material of exothermic and
endothermic reactions. If the condition does not need to be completed worksheets allow
students
C. Learning Materials

Thermochemical
1. Law of conservation of energy

he law of conservation of energy is one of the basic laws of physics and therefore
governs the microscopic motion of individual atoms in a chemical reaction. The law
of conservation energy states:
In a closed system, i.e., a system that isolated from its surrounding, the total energy of the
system is conserved.
In SI units, energy has units of Joules. 1 Joule = 1 kg m2s-2
Some forms of energy:
1. Kinetic energy - energy of motion.
2. Potential energy - energy of ``location'' with respect to some reference point.
3. Chemical energy - energy stored in chemical bonds, which can be released in reactions.

4. Electrical energy - energy created by separating charges; energy stored in a battery, for
example.
5. Thermal energy - energy given off as heat, such as friction.
(Source: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/tuckerman/adv.chem/lectures/lecture_2/node4.html)

2. System and Environment

If a piece of magnesium ribbon we enter into a hydrochloric acid solution, then the
magnesium ribbon will soon dissolve or react with HCl with heat release which causes the
beaker and its contents into heat. Mixture of magnesium ribbon and the HCl solution we call
the system. While the beaker and the surrounding air we call the Environment. Thus, the
system is part of the universe that has become the center of attention. Another part of the
universe that we call the system interacts with the environment. Chemical system is a mixture
of reagents which are being studied as in Figure 1.

Figure 1. System A mixture of magnesium and hydrochloric acid solution

In general, a system is much smaller than its surroundings. In nature this happens many
natural events or changes so that the system contains an infinite number, there are large (such
as solar), small size (a human and a machine), and the small size (such as a cell and one
atom). As a result, a small system can be in a large system, or the system is an environment
for other systems. However, if a system is summed with the environment, will be as big as
the other system is summed with the environment, called the universe.
The universe is a coupled system environment (Figure 2) Therefore, the universe is only one,
not both. The interaction between the system and the environment can be either exchange or
exchanges matter and energy. In connection with that, the system can be divided into three,
namely open systems, closed systems and isolated systems.

Figure 2. System and Environment

System is said to be open if the system and the environment can experience the exchange of
matter and energy. Exchange material means no reaction products can leave the system

(reaction vessel), for example, gas, or there is something of an environment that can enter the
system.
The system in Figure 1 belong to the open system. Furthermore, if the system is said to be
closed between the system and the environment can not be an exchange of material, but it
can be an exchange of energy. In an isolated system, no exchange of matter and energy with
their environment (see Figure 3 below).

Figure 3. a) An open system, b) closed and c) isolated

Energy exchange between the system and the environment can be either heat (q) or other
forms of energy that collectively we call work (w). The existence of the energy exchange
will change the amount of energy contained in the system. Work is a form of energy
exchange between the system and the environment outside heat. (Lewis, 2009)

LEARNING MATERIALS

Unit Education
Class / Semester
Subjects
Topic

: SMA Negeri 1 Ungaran

: XI IPA / 1
: Chemistry
: Law of conservation of energy, understanding the
system and the environment, as well as understanding
endothermic exothermic reaction.
Allocation of Time: 6 x 45 minutes
A. Learning objectives :
1. Students can know how to determined H of reaction based on calorimetri data
2. Student can know how to determined H of reaction based on Hesss Law
3. Student can solved the example of problem to determined H of reaction based on
calorimetri data and Hesss Law
4. Student can know how todetermined entalpi of eaction based on experiment
B. Tips Instructional Materials:
1. Use this resource to brief information about the material enthalpy of reaction calorimetry is
based on the data, Hess law, the standard enthalpy change of formation and bond energy
data.
C. Teaching Materials
Enthalpy of a system analogous to the contents of the wallet. Although we do not know
the contents of one's wallet, we can determine the change purse to observe the change. If the
person receives a sum of money, the purse will be increased. Conversely, if the issuing of
money, the purse will be reduced. So is the chemical reaction, the energy of a substance can
not be calculated, but we can calculate the enthalpy change. Enthalpy change of the reaction
can be determined by experiment, Hess law, the standard enthalpy of formation of some
substances and energy ties some substance.
In this teaching material will be described materials on the reaction enthalpy
determination based on the data calorimetry, with Hess's Law, standard enthalpy of formation
and bond energy data based on several substances.
In this teaching material will be described materials on the reaction enthalpy determination
based on the data calorimetry, with Hess's Law, standard enthalpy of formation and bond
energy data based on several substances.
A. Determination of H Through Experiment
Enthalpy change of the reaction can be determined by using a device called a
calorimeter (gauges heat). In the calorimeter, a substance which will be put in place reacted
reaction. The place is surrounded by the water of known mass. The heat of reaction that is
released is absorbed by the water and the water temperature will rise. Changes in water
temperature is measured with a thermometer. Calorimeter was placed in an insulated
container filled with water to prevent the escape of heat.

Figure of Calorimeter
Based on the research results, to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water at 10C by 4.2 kJ of heat
required or 1 kcal. Required to heat 1 gram of water by 4.2 A or 1 cal. The amount of heat is
called the specific heat of water with the symbol c.
The amount of heat that is absorbed into the water is calculated by multiplying three factors: the
mass of water in the calorimeter (grams), changes in water temperature (0C), and the specific
heat of water.
The formula is written:

Q = m.c.T
q = heat released or absorbed
m = mass of water (g)
c = specific heat of water (4.2 Jg-1 .)
T = change in temperature ()
(source:
Problems Example:
In the calorimeter are substances that react endothermic. These reactions lead to 1 kg of water
contained in the calorimeter decreased 5 temperature. Determine the heat of reaction of the
reaction!
Solution:
q = m.c.T
= 1000 g. 4.2 Jg-1 .5
= 21000 J = 21 kJ
B. Determination of H with Hess's Law
Hess's Law is a law that is used to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction. In Hess
law, the value of the enthalpy change is expressed as a function of the state (H). According
to this law, because the change in enthalpy is a state function, the change in the chemical
reaction will be worth the same in spite of the steps necessary to produce different reaction

products. In other words, the change in enthalpy of a reaction is determined only by the initial
state and the final state of the reaction and does not depend on the course of the reaction.

Figure 2. The process produces a reaction

Enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is the difference between the value of the enthalpy
of formation enthalpy of formation of the reaction products and reactants. Mathematically it
can be written as follows:

H = Hf reaction results - Hf reagent

To produce a product of the reaction, sometimes passing through several steps such as image 1
above. To produce C, there are two ways: from A to C or from A to B and then from B to C.
For such a process, then apply:

H = H1 + H2
Problems Example:
If known: C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O H = -327 kcal
C + O2 CO2 H = -94 kcal
H2O H2 + O2 H = -68,4kkal
Calculate the enthalpy change that occurs in the formation of the elements C2H5OH
according to the equation: 2C + 3H2 + O2 C2H5OH
Solution:
All three of the above reaction we arrange such that when added together will produce
C2H5OH formation reaction, and its H is the sum of the three reaction H.
(C + O2 CO2) H = -188 kJ x2 (H price multiplied by 2)
(H2 + O2 H2O) x3 H = -205.2 kJ (H price multiplied by 3)
2CO2 + 3H2O C2H5OH + 3O2 H = -327 kJ

2C + O2 + 3H2 C2H5OH H = -66.2 kJ

So the enthalpy change that occurs in the formation of C2H5OH is -66.2 kJ
C. Determination of H Through Establishment Data Standards
Changes in energy (heat) in the formation of one mole of a substance directly from its
elements are called enthalpy of formation. If measurements are made at standard conditions
(298 K, 1 atm) and all the elements in the standard form, the enthalpy change is called
standard enthalpy of formation (Hfo). example:
C (s, graphite) + 2 H2 (g) CH4 (g) Hfo = -74.8 kJ / mol
Table 1. The standard enthalpy of formation of several substances
Chemical
Formula
H2O(l)
H2O(g)
C(graphite)
C(diamond)
C(g)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
C2H5OH(l)
NaCl(s)
C2H2(g)

Hfo

Chemical Equation
H2(g) + O2(g) H20(l)
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
C(graphite) C(graphite)
C(graphite) C(diamond)
C(graphite) C(g)
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2 C(grafiit) + 3 H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(l)
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
2 C(graphite) + H2(g) C2H2(g)

(kJ mol-1)
-285,85
-241,8
0
+1,88
+718,4
-110,5
-393,5
-277,7
-410,9
+226,7

Table 1.1 Standard Enthalpy of Formation of Several Substances

Substances Hfo (kJ/mol)
Substances
Hfo (kJ/mol)
H2(g)

H2O(l)

-285,85

O2(g)

H2O(g)

-241,8

N2(g)

CO(g)

-110,5

C(grafit)

CO2 (g)

-393,5

Cl2(g)

NaCl(s)

-410,9

The elements have a value of zero standard enthalpy of formation in free form.
How to calculate H reaction based on the data standard enthalpy of formation:

Hreaksi = Hfoproduk - Hforeaktan

d. Determination of the Enthalpy of Reaction by the Energy Institute

Chemical reactions occur because of termination of the old ties and the formation of
new bonds. At the termination of the bond required energy while in the formation of
energy released.
Bond energy is the energy required to break the chemical bonds in 1 mole of a
compound in the gaseous state into a standard gas atoms. Average bond energy is the
average energy that it need to decide on a bond in a compound.
Table 2. Energy Different Types of Association
No Bondin Bondin Bondin Bondin
.
g
g
g
g
Energy
Energy
(kJ/mol
(kJ/mol
)
)
1.
Single Bonding
C-H
413
Si-C
301
C-C
348
Si-O
368
C-N
293
N-H
391
C-O
358
N-N
163
C-F
485
N-O
201
C-Cl
328
N-F
272
C-Br
276
N-Cl
200
C-I
240
N-Br
243
C-S
259
H-H
436
Si-H
323
H-F
567
Si-Si
226
H-Cl
431
2.
Double Bonding
C=C
614
CN
891
CC
839
C=O
799
C=N
615
CO
1072

Bondin
g

Bondin
g
Energy
(kJ/mol
)

Bondin
g

Bondin
g
Energy
(kJ/mol
)

H-Br
H-I
O-H
O-O
O-F
O-Cl
O-I
S-H
S-F
S-Cl
S-Br

366
299
463
146
190
203
234
339
327
253
218

S-S
FF
Cl-F
Cl-Cl
Br-F
Br-Cl
Br-Br
I-Cl
I-Br
I-I

266
155
253
242
237
218
193
208
175
151

N=N
NN
O=O

418
941
495

S=O
S=S

323
418

How to calculate H reaction by the bond energy:

Hreaction = bond breaking energy - bond formation energy

Hreaction = bond breaking energy - bond formation energy

Summary
1. In a closed system, ie, a system that isolated from its surroundings, the total energy of the
system is conserved.

2. The system is part of the universe that has become the center of attention.
3. Environment is another part of the universe that interact with our system.
4. Changes in the reaction enthalpy can be determined by using a device called a
calorimeter (gauges heat).
5. Hess's Law is a law that is used to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction.
6. In Hess's law, the value of the enthalpy change is expressed as a function of the state
(H).
7. In the Hess law enthalpy change of a reaction is determined only by the initial state and
the final state of the reaction and does not depend on the course of the reaction.
8. The enthalpy change during the formation of one mole of a substance directly from its
elements is called the enthalpy of formation.
9. The enthalpy change during the formation of 1 mole of a substance directly from the
elements and performed at standard conditions (298 K, 1 atm) is called the standard
enthalpy of formation (Hfo).
10. The bond energy is the energy required to break the chemical bonds in 1 mole of a
compound in the gaseous state into a standard gas atoms.
11. The average bond energy is the average energy that it need to decide on a bond in a
compound.

Exercise
A. OPTIONS PLURAL

Put a cross (X) in a, b, c, d or e to the best answer!

1. Based on the interaction between the system with the environment, there are three kinds of
systems in thermochemical one of which is ..
A. The system is open
B. Distributed Systems
C. System tetahan
D. Separate Systems
E. System neglected
2. Heat required to break bonds by the gas molecules into atoms or groups in a gaseous state
called ..
A. Energy decomposition
B. The standard enthalpy of formation
C. The enthalpy of decomposition
D. enthalpy of combustion
E. Energy ties
3. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 50 g of water from 25 C to 60 C?
Known water specific heat of 4.18 J / gk.
A. 7.215 kJ
B. 7.315 kJ
C. 7.415 kJ
D. 7.515 kJ
E. 7.815 kJ
4. The heat generated from the combustion of 15 grams of ethane (C2H6) (Ar C = 12 and H = 1)
according to the reaction:
2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g) 4 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) H = -3084 kJ is ....
A. -385.5 kJ
B. -771 kJ
C. -1542 kJ
D. -1850.4 kJ
E. -885.5 Kj
5. The characteristics of exothermic reaction is ....
A. environments absorb heat from the system
B. The system absorbs heat from the surroundings
C. systems and environments have the same heat
D. heating system and the environment when added equal to zero
E. system and the environment has not changed

6. Diketahui persamaan termokimia berikut :

1
H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g)
H2O (g)
H = p kJ

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

H2 (g) +

1
2

O2 (g)

H2O (l)

H = q kJ

H2 (g) +

1
2

O2 (g)

H2O (s)

H = r kJ

Kalor sublimasi es (padat menjadi gas) dalam kJ/mol adalah ...

p
r-p
p-r
p-qr
r
7. If 0.92 grams of ethanol (C2H5OH) with Mr = 46 burned perfectly and generated heat can
raise the temperature to 500 cm3 of water of 250C becomes 380C. Enthalpy change of
combustion heat of ethanol is ... (the specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ / mol)
A. 27.17 kJ / mol
B. 135.9 kJ / mol
C. 271.7 kJ / mol
D. 1359 kJ / mol
E. 2717 kJ / mol
8. Given the enthalpy change following diagram:
N2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

H1 = -66 kJ

2 NO2 (g)
H2 = -114 kJ

H3 = x kJ
2 NO (g) + O2 (g)
Heat of formation of 33.6 L (STP) NO gas is ....
A. 36 kJ
B. 48 kJ
C. 72 kJ
D. 96 kJ
E. 24 kJ
9. The following thermochemical equation is the standard enthalpy change of formation (Hfo),
except ....
A. C (s) + 2 Cl 2 (g) CCl4 (l) Hf = -134 kJ
B. Ca (s) + Cl2 (g) CaCl2 (s) Hf = -795.8 kJ

C. Fe2 (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s) Hf = -822.2 kJ

D. Na (s) + H2 (g) + C (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) NaHCO3 (s) Hf = -947.7 kJ
E. C (s) + 2 Cl 2 (g) of CCL2 (l) Hf = -134 kJ
10. Given the following thermochemical equation.
H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l) H = -571 kJ
2Ca (s) + O2 (g) 2CaO (s) H = -1269 kJ
Enthalpy of formation of Ca (OH) 2 is ...
A. -694 kJmol-1
B. -994 kJmol-1
C. -684 kJmol-1
D. -984 kJmol-1
E. +684 kJmol-1
11. Dari data energi ikatan diketahui :
C-C : 348 kJmol-1
O=O : 500 kJmol-1
C-H : 414 kJmol-1 C=O : 740 kJmol-1
O-H : 464 kJmol-1
Besarnya H pembakaran 100 mol propane, C3H8 adalah .
A. -1,644 x 105 kJ
B. -1,544 x 105 kJ
C. -1,444 x 105 kJ
D. -1,344 x 105 kJ
E. -1,344 x 105 kJ
15. A piece of metal inserted into a solution of hydrochloric acid to determine the reactivity of
hydrochloric acid on the metal. In this case the so-called system is ....
A solution of hydrochloric acid
B. Metal
C. solvent water
D. hydrochloric acid and metals
E. aquadest
B. ESSAY
Answer the following questions correctly on the answer sheet that has been provided!
1. Know Hf H2CO3 (aq) = -699.65 kJ / mol. Calculate the magnitude of the change in
enthalpy at 496 grams decomposition H2CO3 (Ar H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) and write the equation
thermochemical decomposition of H2CO3.
2. Given the reaction:
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) H = + 130 kJ
3 CaO (s) + 2 H3PO4 (l) Ca3 (PO4) 2 (s) + 3 H2O (l) H = - 512 kJ
Calculate the magnitude of H of the reaction:
CaCO3 (s) + 2 H3PO4 (l) Ca3 (PO4) 2 (s) + 3 H2O (l) + 3 CO2 (g)

3. Know CCl4 (g) C (g) + 4CL (g) Ho = 1303.58 kJ

Determine the average bond energy CCl in CCl4.
4. Using the bond energy table, determine the enthalpy change of the following reaction:
a. CH4 (g) + Cl 2 (g) CH 3 Cl (g) + HCl (g)
b. H
O

H C OH (g) + O2 H C OH (g)

+ H2O(g)

H
c. CH2CH2(g) + HCl(g)

CH3CH2Cl(g)

d. CH3CH (g) + H2(g) CH3CH2OH(g)

5. Given:
Hf CH4 (g) = -75 kJ / mol
heat of vaporization C (s) = 714 kJ / mol
bond energy of H2 (g) = 437 kJ / mol
Calculate the magnitude of the average bond energy C - H in the reaction:
CH4 (g) C (s) + 4 H (g)