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In cantilever sheet pile wall construction, heavy steel sheet piles are driven into the
ground prior to excavation taking place. When excavation is carried out, the soil
behind the sheets is retained by their cantilever action.
Cantilever sheet pile walls tend to be prone to movement and are generally only
used for temporary structures or for permanent walls of low height in sands and
gravels.
Figure 1
Moment from Passive Pressure Moment from Active Pressure Net Water Pressure moment
Method
20 < 30
> 30
Factor on Strength, Fs
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5 2.0
0.5 x 0.333 x 18 x (2 + d) /3
8 + 12 d + 6 d + d
0.5 x 3.0 x 18 x d /3
9d
Then, equating the active and passive moments and allowing for a factor of safety
of 2.0 on the passive gives:
4.5 d
8 + 12 d + 6 d + d
Passive force =
Hence,
0.5 Kp bulk d /2
R=
77.11 kN
127.24 kN
127.24 77.11 =
50.13 kN
This force must be generated in the additional length of pile below point C
The two force elements generated will be due to the passive load on the back of the
wall and the active force on the front of the wall (see figure 1(b), above). In each
case there will be two elements one due to the effective surcharge imposed by the
fill above the level of point C and one due to the soil self weight below level C.
Overall, the lateral effective stress profile will be as shown below:
R
C
0.2 d
1
2
Active Pressure
Passive Pressure
Passive Pressures:
Force 1, due to overburden surcharge = Kp x bulk x (h+d) x 0.2 d = 168.1 kN
2
Hence, OK
Example 2
A sheet pile wall is to be installed to support a 3m high cut in sand of bulk density
3
3
18kN/m and 30. If the saturated bulk density of the sand is 20kN/m and a factor
of safety of 2 is to be applied to the passive earth pressure, find the required length
of sheet piles required if the groundwater level is 4 m below the existing ground
level.
In carrying out the design, the following points should be considered:
10% of the wall height is 0.3m, so the design height will be 3.3m
2
The required wall and the effective earth pressures acting on it will then be as
shown below, where d is the depth of embedment below the water table and is what
we are required to determine:
Surcharge = 10kN/m
3.30m
0.70m
d
7
W.T.
Figure 2: Design Example 2 Configuration and Active and Passive Earth Pressures
By considering the earth pressures shown in Figure 2 and by taking moments about
point C, the following values are obtained:
Moment (kNm)
d/2 + 4.0/2
(1)
(2)
d + 4.0/3
47.95d + 63.94
(3)
d/2
11.988d
(4)
d/3
0.566d
(5)
d + 0.7/3
6.62d 1.544
(6)
d/2
9.45 d
(7)
d/3
2.547 d
Note densities below the groundwater table are taken as (sat water) in order to obtain soil effective vertical and lateral
stresses.
Giving:
Hence,
R = ([(5)+(6)+(7)] [(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)])
Substituting d = 7.0 into the values calculated in Table 1, allowing for the necessary
changes of sign then gives:
R = [6.62 + 132.30 + 374.85] [36.63 + 47.95 + 167.83 +83.22] = 178.13 kN
This force has to be generated on the back of the sheet piles by the extra 20%
length added above i.e. between point C and a point 1.54 metres below this.
The situation is shown in Figure 3, where forces 8, 9 and 10 will be passive earth
pressures and 11 and 12 will be active pressures
Surcharge = 10kN/m
3.30m
0.70m
W.T.
11
0.2 d
9
10
12
Figure 3: Design Example2 Active and Passive Earth Pressures below point of fixity
Force (kN)
(8)
3 x 10 x 1.54 = 46.2
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Note: In this case no reduction factor is applied to the passive earth pressures as owing to
where they are generated they are more reliable
Eurocode 7 Check
Considering design example 2 as above but adopting a Eurocode 7 analysis using a
factor on strength approach.
Firstly:
Hence, in this case there is no surcharge to be considered but the overall depth of
excavation for design will again be 3.30 metres (3.0 metres + 10%)
3.30m
W.T.
0.70m
d
2
6
C
3
R
Passive Earth Resistances
As before:
The bulk density of the sand above the water table is 18kN/m
The saturated bulk density of the sand is 20kN/m
Action
Type
Partial Factor
Case A1
Permanent unfavourable
G, dst = 1.35
Material Property
Partial Factor
Case M1
= 1.0
Weight Density
= 1.0
Partial Factor
Case R1
R; e = 1.0
Resistance
Earth Resistance
For = 30 and = 1.0:
tan design = tan 30 / 1.0
and
design = 30
Hence:
Ka design = (1 sin 30) / (1 + sin 30) = 0.5 / 1.5 = 0.3333
Kp design = (1 + sin 30) / (1 - sin 30) = 1.5 / 0.5 = 3.0
Effective unit weight of soil below water table = (20 9.8) = 10.2 kN/m
So, as = 1.0, again for this value:
The partial load factor for the action due to the active earth pressure behind the
wall, G, dst = 1.35, will be applied to the force due to the active earth pressure
behind the wall.
The partial factor for resistance R; e = 1.0, which will be applied to the force due to
the passive earth pressure in front of the wall.
The calculations are then as follows:
Moment (kNm)
d + 4.0/3
64.8d + 86.4
d/2
16.2d
d/3
0.765d
d + 0.7/3
13.23d 3.087
d/2
18.9 d
d/3
5.1 d
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Which gives:
Required penetration length calculated from actual pile length but increased by 20%
Overall pile length required
3.0 + 5.42
8.42 metres
= 1.2 x 4.52
5.42 m
Action
Type
Partial Factor
Case A2
Permanent unfavourable
G, dst = 1.0
Material Property
Partial Factor
Case M2
= 1.25
Weight Density
= 1.0
Partial Factor
Case R1
R; e = 1.0
Resistance
Earth Resistance
For = 30 and = 1.25:
tan design = tan 30 / 1.25
and
design = 24.8
Hence:
Ka design = (1 sin 24.8) / (1 + sin 24.8) = 0.5805 / 1.4195 = 0.409
Kp design = (1 + sin 24.8) / (1 - sin 24.8) = 1.4195 / 0.5805 = 2.445
Effective unit weight of soil below water table = (20 9.8) = 10.2 kN/m
So, as = 1.0, again for this value:
The partial load factor for the action due to the active earth pressure behind the
wall, G, dst = 1.0, will be applied to the force due to the active earth pressure behind
the wall.
The partial factor for resistance R; e = 1.0, which will be applied to the force due to
the passive earth pressure in front of the wall.
The calculations are then as follows:
Moment (kNm)
(1)
d + 4.0/3
58.896 d + 78.528
(2)
d/2
14.724 d
(3)
d/3
0.695 d
(4)
d + 0.7/3
10.78d 2.515
(5)
d/2
15.404 d
(6)
d/3
4.16 d
Which gives:
3.0 + 5.96
= 1.2 x 4.97
8.96 metres
Hence the design is governed by Load Combination 2 and the overall required pile length will be 8.96 metres
5.96 m