MOE KLTFSE

Numerical Heat Transfer

()

Chapter 1 Introduction

Instructor Tao, Wen-Quan

CFD-NHT-EHT Center
Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering
Xian Jiaotong University
Xian, 2013-Sept-16
1/82

MOE KLTFSE

Brief Introduction to Course

1. Textbook, 2nd ed.2001
2. Teaching hours 46 hrs-basic principles
10 hrs-code

3. Examination Home work/Computeraided project50/50

4. Methodology Open, Participation and
Application ( )
5. Teaching assistants Mr. Hussian,
E. Tian , J.J.Gou, F. Zhang, and X.Y. Li
2/82

MOE KLTFSE

400
350

300

250
200
150
100
50
0

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Citations of the textbook

3/82

MOE KLTFSE

6613 times

4/82

MOE KLTFSE

Relative International Journal

1.Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A- Applications; Part BFundamentals
2.International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids.
3.Computer & Fluids
4.Journal of Computational Physics
5.International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering
6.International Journal of Numerical Methods in Heat and Fluid
Flow
7.Computer Methods of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
8.Engineering Computations
9.Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics
10. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences (CMES)
11.ASME Journal of Heat Transfer
12.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
13.ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering
14.International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
15.AIAA Journal
5/82

MOE KLTFSE

Contents
1.1 Mathematical formulation of heat
transfer and fluid flow (HT & FF) problems
1.2 Basic concepts of NHT and its application
examples
1.3 Mathematical classification of HT & FF
problems and its effects on numerical
solution
1.4 Recent advances in numerical simulation
of HT & FF problems
6/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.1 Mathematical formulation of heat transfer

and fluid flow (HT & FF) problems
1.1.1 Governing equations and their general
form
1. Mass conservation
2. Momentum conservation
3. Energy conservation

4. General form
1.1.2 Conditions for unique solution
1.1.3 Example of mathematical formulation
7/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.1 Mathematical formulation of heat transfer and

fluid flow (HT & FF) problems
All macro-scale ht & ff problems are governed
by three conservation lawsmass, momentum and
energy conservation law.
The differences between different problems are in:
conditions for unique solution, physical properties
and source terms.
1.1.1 Governing equations and their general form

1. Mass conservation

( u ) ( v) ( w)

0
t
x
y
z

8/82

MOE KLTFSE

( u ) ( v) ( w)

=div( U )
x
y
z

div( U ) 0
t

For incompressible fluid

div(U ) 0

u v w

0
x y z

called flow without divergence ()

9/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Momentum conservation
Applying the 2nd law of Newton F=ma) to the
elemental control volume shown above in the threedimensional coordinates:
[Increasing rate of momentum of the CV]=
[Summation of external forces applying on the CV]
Adopting Stokes assumptionstress is linearly
proportional to strain()We
have

( u ) ( uu ) ( uv ) ( uw)
p
u

(divU 2 )
t
x
y
z
x x
x

v u

u w
[ ( )] [ ( )] Fx
y x y
z
z x

dynamic viscosity fluid 2nd molecular viscosity.

10/82

MOE KLTFSE

In the left hand side

The right hand side :

( uu ) ( uv ) ( uw)

div( uU )
x
y
z

v u

p
u
u w
(divU 2 ) [ ( )] [ ( )] Fx

x
x y x y
z
z x
x

u
u
u
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (divU )
x x y y
z z
x x y x z x
x

div( grad (u ))
p div( gradu ) Su
Fx
x

Thus we have:

Su
u
u
u
grad (u )
i
j k
x
y
z

u
u
u
div( grad (u )) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x y y z z

( u )
div( uU ) div( gradu ) Su Navier-Stokes
t
11/82

MOE KLTFSE

Source term in x-direction

p
) (divU ) Fx
Su ( ) ( ) (
x x y x z x x
x

Similarly

p
Sv ( ) ( ) (
) (divU ) Fy
x y y y z y
y
y

p
) (divU ) Fz
S w ( ) ( ) (
x z y z z
z
z
z

For incompressible fluid with constant properties the

source term does not contain velocity-related part.
12/82

MOE KLTFSE

3. Energy conservation
[Increasing rate of internal energy in the CV]= [Net
heat going into the CV]+[Work conducted by body
forces and surface forces]
Intruoducing Fouriers law of heat condcution and
neglecting the work conducted by forces
Assuming h c pT ; and c p const an t

( T )

div( T U ) div( gradT ) ST

t
cp

cp

c p

(
)
c p

Pr

13/82

MOE KLTFSE

4. General form of the governing equations

( )
*
*
div( U ) div( grad ) S
t
Transient

Convection

Diffusion

Source

The differences between different variables:

1Different boundary and initial conditions
2Different nominal source terms
3Different nominal diffusion coefficients
In references the solution variables, their source
term and diffusion coefficients are often expressed by a
table.
14/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example
The steady-state conservation equation for momentum and
energy in two dimensional polar coordinates is presented as

follow:

( V ) S

where is a general scalar variable,and , S are the diffusion

coefficients and source term of the general scalar variable. Table
2 gives the expressions of of laminar flow in two dimensional
polar coordinates.

15/82

MOE KLTFSE

5. Some remarks
1. The derived transient 3D Navier-Stokes equations
can be applied for both laminar and turbulent flows.
2. When a HT & FF problem is in conjunction with
mass transfer process, the component conservation
equation should be included in the governing
equations.
3. Although Cp is assumed constant, the above
governing equation can also be applied to cases with
weakly changed Cp.
4. Radiative heat transfer is governed by differentialintegral equation, and its numerical solution will not
be dealt with in this course.
16/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.1.2 Conditions for unique solution

1. Initial condition

t 0, T f ( x, y, z )

2. Boundary condition
1 First kind (Dirichlet) TB

Tgiven

T
2 Second kind (Neumann) qB ( ) B qgiven
n

3 Third kind (Rubin)Specifying the

relationship between boundary value and its firstorder normal derivative:
T
( ) B h(TB T f )
n

The outflow condition is difficult to specify, and

some approximations are needed.
17/82

MOE KLTFSE

3rd kind boundary conditions for solid heat

conduction and convective heat transfer problems
3rd kind B.C. for
heat conduction

h, T are known
3rd kind B.C. for
convective heat
transfer

he , T are known
18/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.1.3 Example of mathematical formulation

1. Problem and assumptions

Convective heat transfer in a sudden expansion

region 2D, steady- state, incompressible fluid,
constant properties, neglecting gravity and viscous
dissipation.

19/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Governing equations

u v

0
x y

(uu ) (vu )
1 p
u u

( 2 2 )
x
y
x
x
y
2
2
(uv) (vv)
1 p
v v

( 2 2 )
x
y
y
x
y
2

(uT ) (vT )
T T

a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y
2

20/82

MOE KLTFSE

3. Boundary conditions
1Inletspecifying
variations of u,v,T with
y

y
x

3Center line
u T

0; v 0
y y

4Outlet
Mathematically the
distributions of
u,v,T or their firstorder derivatives are
required.
Approximations
must be made.

2Solid B.C.No slip in velocity, no jump in

temp.

21/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2 Basic concepts of NHT and its application

examples
1.2.1 Basic concepts of numerical solutions
based on continuum assumption
1.2.2 Classification of numerical solutions
based on continuum assumption
1.2.3 Three fundamental approaches of
scientific research and their relationships
1.2.4 Application examples
1.2.5 Some suggestions
22/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2 Basic concepts of NHT and its application

examples
1.2.1 Basic concepts of numerical solutions based on
continuum assumption
Replacing the fields of continuum variables
(velocity, temp. etc.) by sets (of values at
discrete points (nodes) (Domain discretization);
Establishing algebraic equations for these values at
the discrete points by some principles (equation
discretization)
Solving the algebraic equations by computers to get
approximate solutions of the continuum variables.
23/82

MOE KLTFSE

Discretizing
domain

Discretizing
equations

Solving
algebraic equations
Analyzing
numerical results

24/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2.2 Classification of numerical solutions based on

continuum assumption
1. Finite difference
L F Richardson(1910),A Thom
methodFDM
2. Finite volume

methodFVM
3. Finite element

methodFEM
4. Finite analytic

methodFAM
5. Boundary element

methodBEM

D B Spalding; S V Patankar
O C Zienkiewicz;

D B Brebbia

6. Spectral analysis

methodSAM

25/82

MOE KLTFSE

Comparisons of FDM(a),FVM(b),FEM(c),FAM(d)

FDM

FVM

FEM

FAM

All these methods need a grid system1

Determination of grid positions2Establishing the
influence relationships between grids.
26/82

MOE KLTFSE

BEM requires a basic solution, which greatly limits its

applications.
SAM can only be applied to geometrically simple
cases.
ManoleLage 19901992 statisticsFVM ---47

adopted by most commercial softwares; Our statistics

of NHT in 2007 even much higher.

27/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2.3 Three fundamental approaches of scientific

research and their relationships

Theoretical
analysis

Experimental
research

Numerical
simulation

28/82

MOE KLTFSE

1. Theoretical analysis
Its importance should not be underestimated.
It provides comparison basis for the verification of
numerical solutions.
Examples: The analytic solution of velocity from NS
equation for following case

u
r1 / r2
1 (r / r2 )

2
u1 1 (r1 / r2 )
r / r2

u1 r1
29/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Experimental study
A basic research method: observationproperties
measurement; verification of numerical results
3.Numerical simulation
Numerical simulation is an inter-discipline, and
plays an important and un-replaceable role in
exploring unknowns, promoting the development of
science & technology, and for the safety of national
defense.
With the rapid development of computer
hardware, its importance and function will become
greater and greater.
30/82

MOE KLTFSE

Historicallyin 1985 the West Europe listed

PHEONICS as the one which was not allowed to sell to
the communist countries.

Complicated
FF & HT

Numerical
Simulation

Life
Science

Atoms &
Molecules
31/82

MOE KLTFSE

In 2005 the USA President Advisory Board put

forward a suggestion to the president that in order
to keep competitive power of USA in the world it
should develops scientific computation.
In the year of 2006
the director of design
department of Boeing , M.
Grarett , reported to the
Congress indicating that
the high performance
computers have
completely changed the
way of designing Boeing
airplane.

Numerical simulation plays

an important role in the
design of Boeing airplane

32/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2.4 Application examples

Example 1Weather forecast N.S. is the only way.

Cloud atlas sent back by a

meteorological satellite
Large scale vortex
33/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 2Aeronautical & aerospace engineering

34/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 3Hydraulic construction

The mud and sand content of our Yellow River is
about 35 kg/m3, ranking No. 1 in the world, leading to
following unpleasant situation: the ground floor of some
cities is lower than the riverbed of Yellow River:
Kai-Feng---13m lower, Xin-Xiang--- 20m lower
In 2002 the idea of three yellow rivers was proposed
(1) Original YR
2Numerical YR;
3Modele YR.
Through 8 times of
modeling and simulation the
height of the riverbed was
averagely decreased by 1.5 m.
35/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 4Design of head shape of high-speed train

The front head shape of
the high speed train is of
great importance for its
aerodynamic performance.
Numerical wind tunnel is
widely used to optimize the
front head shape.

36/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 5Prediction of fire disaster for Olympic

Gymnasium

37/82

MOE KLTFSE

In the construction of gym :the chair material

cannot meet the requirement of fireproof. A decision
should be made asap on whether such material can be
used. Numerical simulation was adopted.
38/82

MOE KLTFSE

Fire prediction for indoor swimming pool

39/82

MOE KLTFSE

Predicted visibilityafter 900 seconds of fire outbreak

40/82

MOE KLTFSE

Predicted gas temperature distribution

after 900 seconds of fire outbreak

41/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 6House safetyFire prediction

The major purpose is to guarantee that once fire outbreak

occurs, the persons living in the house can safely leave for
outside within a certain amount of time.
42/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 7Heat transfer characteristics of large

electric current bar

Comparisons of predicted and simulated flow fields

MOE KLTFSE

Example 8Shell-side simulation of helical buffle heat

exchanger

1.34
6

10
2.73

44/82

MOE KLTFSE

Example 9Simulation of multiphase flow

Visualization of numerical predicted results
(1) Falling process of single liquid drop on
a free-surface
(2) Merging process of two ascending
bubbles
(3) Merging process of multiple bubbles
45/82

MOE KLTFSE

It is now widely accepted that an appropriate

combination of theoretical analysis, experimental study
and numerical simulation is the best approach for
modern scientific research.
With the further development of computer
hardware, the importance of numerical simulation
will become more and more obvious!

46/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.2.5 Some Suggestions

1. Understanding numerical methods from basic
characteristics of physical process;
2. Mastering complete picture and knowing every
details (for any numerical
method
3. Practicing simulation by computer
4. Trying hard to analyze simulation results:
rationality () and regularity ()
5. Adopting CSW with self-developed code.
47/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.3 Mathematical classification of HT & FF

problems and its effects on numerical
solution
1.3.1 From mathematical view point

1. General form of 2nd-order PDE with two

dependent variables
2. Basic features of three types of PDEs
3. Relationship to numerical solution method
1.3.2 From physical view point

Conservative and non-conservative

48/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.3 Mathematical classification of FF & HT

Problems and its effects on numerical solutions
1.3.1 From mathematical view point
1. General formulation of 2nd order PDEs with two DVs

axx bxy c yy d x e y f g ( x, y )

a, b, c, d , e, f

b 4ac
2

can be function of

x, y ,

0,

Elliptic

0,

Parabolic

0,

Hyperbolic
49/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Basic feature of three types of PDEs

b 4ac 0, having no real characteristic line;

2
b 4ac 0, having one real characteristic line;
2
b 4ac 0, having two real characteristic lines
2

leading to the difference in domain of dependence

() and domain of influence ();
DOD of a node is an area which determines the
value of a dependent at the node; DOI of a node is an
area within which the dependent values are affected by
the node.
50/82

MOE KLTFSE

Elliptic

Parabolic

Hyperbolic

T
T
a 2
t
y
2

1 T 1 2T 2T
2 2 2
y
a t c t
2
2

2
C

t 2
y 2

axx bxy c yy ..

51/82

MOE KLTFSE

Brief review of 2013-09-16 lecture key points

1. General governing eqs. and boundary conditions
of FF & HT problems

( )
div( U ) div( grad ) S
t
Three kinds of B.C.
1 1st (Dirichlet)boundary value is known
2 2nd (Neumann)boundary heat flux is known
3 3rd (Rubin)relationship between boundary value

and normal derivative is know

T
( ) B h(TB T f )
n

52/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Major concept of numerical simulation of HT &

FF problems
Domain disc.

Eqs. discl Solution of algeb. eqs.

The differences in the three procedures lead to

different numerical methods based on the continuum
assumption.
3. Classification of governing equations
1From mathematical view point: elliptic, parabolic
and hyperbolic

Flow with recirculation is governed by an elliptic eq.

Boundary layer flow is governed by an parabolic eq.
53/82

MOE KLTFSE

3. Relationship to numerical solution method

1Ellipticflow
with recirculation.
Solution must be done
simultaneously for the
entire region
2Parabolicflow without recirculation. Computation
can be performed along the flow direction step by step,
Rather than solving the whole domain simultaneously.

Marching method

54/82

MOE KLTFSE

4. One-way coordinate() vs Two-way

coordinate ()

TWCDisturbance at a point in this coordinate can

be propagated along two directions and this point
can also be affected by two directions distrubances.
The space coordinates in elliptic problems are TWC.
OWCDisturbance at a point in this coordinate can
only be propagated along one directions and this
point can be affected only by one direction.
OWC includes: Time coordinate in unsteady
problemmain flow direction in parabolic flow.
55/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.3.2 From physical view point

1. Conservative( vs. non-conservative

Conservativethose governing eqa. whose convective

term is expressed by divergence form is called
conservative GE.
Non-conservative those governing eqa. whose
convective term is not expressed by divergence form is
called non-conservative GE.
These two concepts are only for numerical solution.
56/82

MOE KLTFSE

2DSteadyIncompressibleConstant properties
Conservative

Non-conservative

(uu ) (vu )
1 p
2u 2u

( 2 2 )
x
x
y
x y

u
u
1 p
2u 2u
u v
( 2 2 )
x
y
x y
x

(uT ) (vT )
2T 2T

a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y

T
T
2T 2T
u
v
a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y

(uT ) (vT )

div(TU )
x
y

(uu ) (vu )

div(uU ) div( U ) div(U ) 0

x
y

Divergence form

div(uU ) 0?
57/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Conservative GE can guarantee the applicability of

physical conservation law within a finite volume.

( c pT )
t

div( c pTU ) div( gradT ) ST c p

( c p T )dv div( c pTU )dv div( gradT )dv ST c p dv

t V
V
V
V

From Gauss theorem

div( gradT )dv ( gradT ) ndA

58/82

MOE KLTFSE

( c p T )dv ( c p TU ) ndA ( gradT ) ndA ( ST c p )dv

t V
V
V
V

Increment of
internal
energy

Energy into
the region
by fluid flow

Energy into
the region by
conduction

Energy
generated
by source

Key to conservative formconvective term is

expressed by divergence
3. Generally conservation is expected. Discretization
equations are suggested to be derived from conservative
PDE.
4. Conservative or non-conservative are referred to a
finite space; For a differential space they are identical!
59/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.4 Recent advances in numerical simulation of

HT & HH problems

1.4.1 Applicable region of continuum assumption

1) For liquidsUp to micrometer scale the continuum
based methods can be adopted.
2) For gasesFlow regimes are determined by
Knudsen number ratio of molecular mean free path
over characteristiic length :
Continuum
0.001
0.001 Kn 0.1 Slip, jump region

Kn
Transition
L
0.1 Kn 10
Free molecule region 60/82
10

MOE KLTFSE

1.4.2 Numerical methods at three levels

1 Macroscale Based on the
continuum assumption:FDM, FVMFEMFAM
2 Mesoscale lattice-Boltzmann
method (LBM) ; Direct simulation Monte Carlo method
DSMC)
LBM and DSMC belong to the mesoscale method:
both methods adopt a concept of computational
particles () which is much larger than a
real molecule, but can be treated as a molecule in some
sensesimulation molecule).
61/82

MOE KLTFSE

3 Microscale Molecular dynamics simulation

(MDS).
In MDS each molecule moves according to
Newtons 2nd law of motion.
There is one thing in common to the above three
methods: macroscopic parameters (velocity, pressure,
etc.) are obtained via some statistical or averaged
method.
For the numerical solutions of problems at different
scales there is most applicable method to each scale.
Taking gas as an example, flow regime and related
numerical method can be classified as follows according
to Knudson number (Kn= / L )

62/82

MOE KLTFSE

Application feasibility of different level numerical methods

63/82

MOE KLTFSE

Physics

Equations
Methods

Physical background, govern,eqs. and numer. methods

Ya-Ling He, Wen-Quan Tao, Multiscale simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow problems,
ASME J. Heat Transfer, 2012, 134:031018
64/82

MOE KLTFSE

The characteristic length and time are often

closely related:

65/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.4.3 Multiscale simulation

In both engineering and nature, system or process
often covers several geometric or time scales. Such
system/process is called multiscale problem.
Actually almost all problems have multiple scales
in nature;
Turbulent flow and heat transfer is a typically
multiscale process where eddies at different scales are
included and interact with each other.
Because of the limitations in the development of
science and technology , previous studies were mainly
concentrated at individual scale level.
66/82

MOE KLTFSE

The transport process in PEMFC covers several

orders of geometries.

PEMFCs
67/82

MOE KLTFSE

Transport process in PEMFC

Transport process in a PEFMC covers 3-4 orders of dimension.

68/82

MOE KLTFSE

In the present-day numerical simulation of PEMFC

usually FVM is adopted, and a number of empirical
parameters are involved with their values being selected
with great uncertain. The V-I curve is usually taken to
verify a simulation model.
This leads to following unpleasant situation:
With two different sets of
empirical parameters we
may obtain almost the same
output curve.

1 .2
G ro u p 1
G ro u p 2

1 .0

Vcell/ V

0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

Ia v /A c m

-2

1 .0

1 .2

1 .4

Only multiscale simulation can avoid such an unpleasant situation!

Tao W Q, Min C H, Liu X L, He Y L, Yin B H, Jiang W. Journal of Power

Source, 2006, 160:359-373

69/82

MOE KLTFSE

Full multiscale simulation for PEMFC

Flow in channel
by FVM
Transport in gas
diffusion layer by
LBM
Reaction in
catalyst layer by
MDS
Transport in
membrane by
MDS

Information is coupled at
the interfaces of different
regions.
70/82

MOE KLTFSE

1.4.4 Mesh-less method and POD

1. Meshless method (

In the grid generation two kinds of data or

information are obtained:1positions of different
nodes 2relationship between neighboring
nodes, influencing coefficient. The difficulty for
grid generation of complicated geometry is in the
establishment of the influencing coefficients.
In the mess-less method the positions of
nodes are still needed, however, the relationship
between neighboring nodes are not required.
This so much simplify the task of grid
generation that researchers call it mesh-less
method.
71/82

MOE KLTFSE

The conventional methods meet great difficulties

when large deformation (occurs during the
simulation process. This happens in mechanical
manufacturing process.

Examples of sold large deformation

72/82

MOE KLTFSE

2. Proper Orthogonal DecompositionPOD

method
The present numerical method can not meet the needs
of in-situ (control of production process.

Quick prediction of velocity fields in this part

MOE KLTFSE

The POD provides one way for solving the problem.

Frame 001 10 May 2006

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

V2

V2

Frame 001 09 May 2006

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.75

0.25

0.5

V1

V1

FVM

POD

0.75

Comparison of FVM to POD reconstruction for Re=3500

74/82

MOE KLTFSE

Ra=168800

FVM solution

POD solution

Comparisons of temp. & stream function for Ra=168800

75/82

MOE KLTFSE

Comparison of computation time between SIMPLE and POD

technique (seconds)

Rayleigh
number

8950

17000

85700

168800

SIMPLE

137.36

131.08

117.96

116.09

POD with 1
mode

1.42

1.38

1.50

1.53

POD with 5
modes

1.45

1.49

1.53

1.49

POD with 10
modes

1.53

1.56

1.56

1.56

76/82

MOE KLTFSE

[1] ,,,,
, ,20082991561-1563
[2] Wu Xuehong,Tao Wenquan, meshless method based on the local weakforms for steady state heat conduction problems, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer, 2008,51:31033112

[3] Wu Xue-Hong Chang Zhi-Juan Tao Wen-Quan et. al. MLPG

method for convection-dominated flow problems. Progress in Computational
Fluid Dynamics,2012, 12(1): 27-36
[4] Ding P,Wu X H,He Y L,et al. A fast and efficient method for predicting
fluid flow and heat transfer problems. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,2008,130
(3) :032502-1-17.
[5] Ding P,TaoWQ. Estimation of unknown boundary heat flux in laminar
circular pipe flows using functional optimization approach: effects of Reynolds
number. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 2009,131(2):021701-1-9.
77/82

MOE KLTFSE

Erratum
2/3
p
p

Fx
2. 33
1. 32/3

12
3. 43 divU

(divU) 2

4. 7 (1-18)

5. 934
6. (1-6),(1-8)
1-7

78/82

MOE KLTFSE

Home Work 1
Problem 1-7
Adding following two assumptions:
Incompressible flow (;
Constant thermo-physical properties

Hand in with the home work of Chapter 2.

The pdf file of each chapter will be posted at our
group website!
79/82

MOE KLTFSE

Problem 1-7
A solid square having uniform temperature Th is
placed at center line of a two-dimensional parallel
plate channel as shown in figure below. Flow is fully
developed. The upper and lower side of the channel
is insulated and therefore you may assume that these
sides are adiabatic whereas outlet boundary is far
from the solid square. Fluid enters the channel with
a uniform temperature, Tin= C. Write down the
governing equations for steady state, incompressible
laminar flow with constant properties.
80/82

MOE KLTFSE

Also write down boundary conditions for the velocity

and temperature for the given domain (It is
preferable, at exit boundary, to take first derivative
zero). Flow is incompressible and material properties
are constants.

81/82

MOE KLTFSE

http://nht.xjtu.edu.cn

!
People in the same
boat help each
other to cross to
the other bank,
where.
82/82