FACULTY:

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LANGUAGES

SEMESTER / YEAR:
SEMESTER JANUARY 2015

COURSE CODE:
HBEL 3303
LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

MATRICULATION NO:

781117065006001

IDENTITY CARD NO.

781117065006

TELEPHONE NO.

019- 4355002

E-MAIL

emyridz@gmail.com

LEARNING CENTRE

PERAK LEARNING CENTER

1. Introduction
The use of English all the way through many countries today was the consequence of the
British Empire who once conquered 1/3 of the world that lead to colonization, migration and
settlement in other parts of the world and was later dominated by the momentum of United
States of America (Rajandran, 2011). The internationalization of English can be recognized
to the political and economic power of its users (Crystal, 1997:7-8). This lead to the
perception of it having a high status in cultural, scientific, technological fields which resulted
in globalized language (Leitner, 1992:186). Due to this wide spread, countries which have
taken up English as a second or foreign language do not follow the mold of Standard English
but create their own home varieties where the language is nativized. Nativize here means to
modify in conformity with local customs or usages (Merriam-Webster, 2012). These second
language English speakers are more comfortable using these different varieties of English
because they are more recognizable with it and these varieties are becoming the suitable
model for each respective country (Thirusanku & Md. Yunus, 2012).
Malaysia is one of the countries where English is adopted as a second language. The
British colonization introduced English to the Malay Peninsula and it held an important
position of being the official language at that time. Over the years, English held different
statuses of importance but was not completely unnoticed. Because of this, many English
words were adopted into Bahasa Malaysia to broaden the lexis of Malay (McArthur, 2003).
English is also being nativized by the usage of Malay words in English to compensate for the
lack of words to describe proper or correct culturally specific ideas resulting in what is
known as Malaysian English (Thirusanku & Md. Yunus, 2012).

2. English in Malaysia
The position of English has been at a defining moment in Malaysia with the debate of its use
and importance across over centuries. The British colonization of the Malay Peninsula in
1786 has made English the official language by using the language in administration,
government, commerce as well as education. This status altered when Malaysia gained
independence in 1957 where English had to coexist with Malay as the official language but
with the view that English will be phased out in 10 years (Thirusanku & Md. Yunus, 2012).
In 1967, English was relegated to be used only as a second language instead of an alternate
official language when the Language Act was passed and Malay became the dominant
language in Malaysia (Subramaniam, 2007). Then in the mid 1990s, the government saw that
English was important for Malaysia to be competitive in the international arena and thus
reintroduced English especially for technical subjects and remained as an important language
until today (Thirusanku & Yunus, 2012). The existence of English at the side of Malay has
led to many Malay words being borrowed from English such as bag (bag), akaun (account),
botani (botany), ekologi (ecology) and kalendar (calendar) (Burhanudeen et al., 2007),
borrowings which allow for the Malay lexis to grow.
Malaysian English (ME), the variety of English that exists in Malaysia, is a product of
nativization where words from Malay are included into the English language to better convey
messages especially when there are no exact words in English to describe a culturally specific
idea. These borrowings vary according to social and racial background of the speakers as
wells as different political, economic and cultural demands that enables the speakers to
communicate socially and informally. ME also tend to have distinct phonology, socially
grounded lexical items and syntactic structure that gives the speakers a sense of identity
(Subramaniam, 2007; Rajandran, 2011; Thirusanku & Yunus, 2012). Even though the formal
ME differs slightly from Standard British English especially in terms of phonology, ME is
still thought to be a corrupt lower prestige language because of these differences (Ahmad
Mahir & Silahudin Jarjis, 2007).
Since English is prevalent in Malaysia, the masses have freely borrowed English
words and used them with their Malay language that they use to communicate which almost
everyone in Malaysia understands and this is the basilect form of the language or also known
as bahasa rojak which is the mixture of two or more languages. In this form, English words
are assimilated into the Malay lexicon even though there is an equivalent in Malay. This

might be due to the association with English that is considered a prestige language (Abu
Bakar, 2009). The English words are sometimes wholly borrowed and imported to expand the
Malay lexicon or sometimes the English words have a shift in meaning when they are used in
different contexts (Abdul Rahim & Awab, 2008; Thirusanku & Yunus, 2012).
Changes in meaning are made to the English words to suit the Malay language used
by the speakers instead of holding on to its original meaning because as stated by Haley
(1997 as cited in Abdul Rahim & Awab, 2008), words are culture prototype. This means
that the changes to the form of the English language and its use would only makes sense in
that particular culture and group of speakers even though the form is not grammatically
correct or have developed different meanings (Abu Bakar, 2009). However, this variety is
frowned upon by language purist because they perceive it as a threat to the national language
and identity where English words are liberally used in Malay. These authoritative figures also
deem the use of English as corrupting and degrading the standard form of Bahasa Malaysia,
the same argument used against the usage of Malay words in English (Abdul Rahim & Awab,
2008).

3. The Findings

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1993), knowing a language means knowing what sounds
are in that particular language and what sounds are not. This subconscious knowledge of the
language is revealed when a speaker pronounces sounds from another language. For example,
if a person is a native-speaker of English, he may substitute English sounds for sounds which
are not familiar to him. This is also true in cases of intonation patterns.
Stress
Malay and English have different stress patterns. Thomson (1996) pointed out that English is
a stress-timed language. Stress is important and has its own functions in the language. Native
speakers of English more often than not, rely on the stress patterns (and intonation) to infer
and identify meanings of words or utterances because different stress could mean differently.
The stress syllables in an English sentence occur at regular intervals. They are usually longer
and louder than the unstressed, often with a higher pitch. The unstressed syllables must be
made to fit in-between the stressed syllables and do not disturb or change the beat or
rhythm. The unstressed syllables are reduced and said quickly and quietly.
However, Malay, being a syllable-timed language, the stress falls in the same place in the
sentence each time, making it predictable. Juliah (1993) stated that stress does exist in Malay,
but it does not have any particular significant function. The stressed syllables are generally
produced with equal length and loudness. According to Platt and Weber (1980), in a syllabletimed rhythm, all syllables, stressed or unstressed, recur at equal interval of time, such as
or extending up to .

Stress in Malay
Stress does not play an important role in Malay. Ramish (1971) says that (as cited in Suhaila,
1994) Malay words are not distinguished by the contrast of stress. Malay speakers do not
depend on stress to give emphasis, but they change the word order to do it. However,
intonation does have its own part in Malay utterances. It is used in spoken Malay mainly to
express emotions and attitudes. The patterns may differ from English intonation. Checketts
(1993) stated that Malay speakers who speak English have the tendency not to use the rising
tone, such in English, to signal lists or sequences of verbs. In addition to that, a rising tone is
always used at the end of a statement or list.
In terms of attitudinal function of intonation, the stress could fall almost anywhere in an
utterance, depending on what is emphasised. A rising, falling, falling-rising and rising-falling

tones are used somehow quite differently from English. As an example given by Checketts
(1993), in giving a list of items, Malay speakers of English tend to use a falling tone with
each item. Due to the differences, English as second language learners, specifically Malay
students whose mother tongue is Malay, encounter difficulties in acquiring the correct
patterns of English intonation and stress patterns.

Malay Language Have No Tenses

The major reason why the Malays find it difficult to learn English is because of the tenses. In
Malay language, there is no such thing as tenses. So, if in English you say things like "I go to
school" and "I went to school" to denote different times, in Malay you simply say
"Saya pergi ke sekolah" for both. Time makes no difference at all. In Malay, the notion of
time is not as important as in English and it doesn't alter the verb in any way. If you want to
use "had", just use the word "sudah" and you're done.

Differ in Subject Verb Agreement

The English language puts a particular emphasize on the subject-verb agreement. In fact, in
some schools you spend weeks learning this.The reason why Malay speakers often make the
subject-verb agreement errors is simple because such thing doesn't exist in Malay. So if you
say "The student sings" but "Your kids sing" -- where a single noun has a single verb and
plural noun has a plural verb, you could simply say "Pelajar itu menyanyi" and "Anak
anda menyanyi". And like I mentioned above, the verb stays the same even when it is past
tense -- "Your kids sang" still is "Anak anda menyanyi"

The Number of Speaker

In English, you say "I am", or "she is" or "they are" -- which means, who and the number of
people doing the action is important. In Malay, there's no such thing. All the "verb be" above
can be substituted as "adalah". So:

I am = Saya adalah

She is = Dia adalah

They are = Mereka adalah

"I am a student" could be just "I student" -- translated as "Saya pelajar".

"She is a student" becomes "She student" -- "Dia pelajar"

"They are students becomes "They student" -- "Mereka pelajar"

Confusing Singular-Plural Forms

The English language puts a great deal of emphasize of the singular or plurality of the noun.
You turn most singular nouns into plural simply by adding 's' to the end.

baby -- becomes babies

hoof -- becomes hooves

axis -- becomes axes

and other nouns like:

news - looks plural but is always singular as in "The news is depressing"

information - the plural and singular is the same.

This really confuses the Malays. In Malay language, the singular and plural are different.
Here are some examples:

news - Singular is "berita". Plural is "berita-berita"

baby - Singular is "bayi". Plural is "bayi-bayi"

potato - Singular is "kentang". Plural is "kentang-kentang"

 Words with different meaning in Malaysian English

Some words and phrases used in Malaysia have different meanings than in British or
American English.This is a compilation of some of the English words that are used in Bahasa
Malaysia and with meanings that differ from the original meaning of the word.
Bahasa Malaysia (Malay language) VS English in Different Meaning.
1. Best
The meaning of the superlative best has been changed to mean something is good or
worthwhile instead of a comparison to something else as illustrated in the following
examples:
aku tengok movie semalam,best
(translatedYesterday, I saw the movie,best)
2. Blur
Blur is originally associated with something being vague or making something to
become vague, dim or indistinct. The Malaysian speakers use blur to describe the state
of a person or themselves as having no clue as to what is going on or generally bored or
uninterested. This essentially changes the original form of the word from a verb or noun
to an adjective as seen in the following examples:
Saya tengok awak blur jer today.
(translatedI see you blur today..)
3. Budget
Apart from having the same meaning in English, budget here has also developed another
meaning which means that a person thinks of him/herself in a way that is not generally
agreed by others as found in the following examples:
kau ni budget la.. translated..You are budget or in English means proud..

4. Bumper
The speed bump is commonly known as a bumper, which refers to different things in its
original meaning which does not include the current definition given by Malaysians such
as in the following examples:
jaga-jaga bumper tinggi tu(translatedbecareful of the high bumper)

bumper ko besar,hahaha(translated that bumper refer to the big buttock!)

5. Last-last
The word last is repeated to mean in the end instead of signaling time or position. This
can be seen in the following examples:
saya ingat dah siap,last-last tak habis-habis lagiThe word last-last in the sentence
means that the person still did not finished his/her work.
6. Pick up
Pick up gives the impression that something is grasped or gain which can be applied to
many different contexts. The use of pick up in Malay gives almost the same meaning but
it has only one specific context which is to signal that someone is somewhat slow on the
uptake. This is illustrated in the following examples:
kau ni pick up lambat la(translated..Your pick up is slow) actually, thats means
pick up and slow have the same meaning, SLOW!
7. Power
Power generally means that someone or something has a quality that is really good and is
admired by others because of it as shown in the following examples:
suara kau power latranslated as your voice is power

8. Terror
Instead of describing something to be terrifying, terror here has almost the same meaning
and usage with power and can be interchangeably used but this is based on the discretion
of the speaker who would know when it is appropriate to use power or terror. Some of
the examples are:
Terror betul,dapat tangkap ular hidup-hidup.
9. Slack
Slack here means that a person is giving someone else a disapproving look, usually
without the recipient knowing the reason why they are given the look as in the examples
below:
Annoyed tak if ada unknown person tiba tiba pandang slack kat kita?
Translated asit is annoyed if an unknown person looks slack at us

10. Corner
The final example of an English word used in Malay that has developed a different
meaning is corner. Here it means to take a turn at using the steering wheel instead of it
being something at the edge of a connecting line. The examples are:
Jaga-jaga corner tajam tutranslated as be careful the sharp corner.
The corner refer to the winding road.

Word /

Malaysian meaning

American / British meaning

Phrase

parking lot

parking space

parking garage (US)

photostat

a photocopier; also used

a historical copying machine using a camera

as a verb meaning "to

and photographic paper, which was

photocopy"

superseded by the photocopier.

See Photostat machine.

flat

low-cost apartment or flat

apartment (US)

apartment

medium-cost apartment

flat (UK)

or flat
condominiu

high-cost apartment or

commonhold (UK)

flat

to follow

to accompany, e.g. "Can

to go after or behind, e.g. "The police car was

I follow you?" meaning

following me."

"Can I come with you?"

or, "I will follow you."
meaning "I will come with
you."
to revert

to come back (reply) to

to return to a previous state, e.g. "We

someone, e.g. "I had

reverted to our initial plan of hosting the party

sent our clients an email

in a restaurant."

this morning, but they

have yet to revert."
to send

to take someone

to cause something to go somewhere without

somewhere, e.g. "Can

accompanying it, e.g. "I sent this letter to my

you send me to the

grandma."

airport?"
blur

condition of a person

vague, visually indistinct, e.g. "Everything is

who is dazed, confused,

just a blur when I take my spectacles off."

appears mentally slow,

e.g. "You look very blur
right now, take a break."

Words only used in Malaysian English

Malaysian English has its own vocabulary which comes from a variety of influences.
Typically, for words or phrases that are based on other English words, the Malaysian English
speaker may be unaware that the word or phrase is not present in British or American
English.
Malaysian
handphone (often abbreviated

British / American
mobile phone or cell phone

to HP)
public telephone or public

payphone

phone
Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian

Chinese Malaysian, Indian Malaysian

Indian
keep in view (often abbreviated

kept on file, held for further consideration

to KIV)
MC (medical certificate)

sick note, aegrotat

mee (from Hokkien word mi)

noodles

bank in (cheque)

deposit a cheque (UK) / deposit a check (US)

Between Manglish and English:

I wan Manglish lah coz
* It sounds fake for Malaysians to speak
proper English
Many Manglish speakers worry that if
they talk properly, their friends will think
that they are putting on airs. Why you tok
liedat ah? You ting you are a matsalleh,
is it?

English should prevail because

* Speaking Manglish makes you sound

uneducatedThat one no good oledi! How
are you supposed to impress people if you
walk about saying things like that? At a job
interview, you will die-lah.What happens if
you have business overseas with foreigners?
They will all laugh at the way you speak.
Its not that difficult to speak properly with a
bit of effort, so why sound uneducated?
*If you speak proper English, many
* Manglish isnt even English
Malaysians wont understand
Manglish can be classified as a pidgin or
After all, there are many people in
creole language, a simplified form of
Malaysia who have an extremely limited
English mixed with Malay and Chinese,
grasp of English. If you use bombastic
which is becoming (or has become) a
words and phrases (like bombastic), they separate language from standard English.
will not understand. So to be understood,
you need to speak Manglish.
* Language is a communication tool
* Manglish prevents Malaysia from being
The purpose of language is to
competitive
communicate. Manglish actually helps
The reason the Malaysian government
people to communicate better because it is encourages the use of English is to boost the
easier to understand. Even in the world of nations competitiveness. However,
business, people give presentations and
Manglish has exactly the opposite effect.
write reports in Manglish.
For example, call centres in Cyberjaya are
shutting down and moving to other
countries because overseas callers are fed up
with hearing no-lah and ya-lah when they
call up with a technical problem.
Meanwhile, Countries like Thailand, Korea
and China are succeeding in raising the level
of English over there.

* Its better to speak broken English than

not speak English at all
People who speak Manglish are trying
their best. Just because their English isnt
perfect, you shouldnt judge them. After
all, the Government is trying to improve
the standard of English in the country and
everyone needs to do their part.
* Malaysians have a right to speak their
own kind of English
In America, people speak American
English. In Australia, people speak
Australian English. Whats wrong with
Malaysians speaking Malaysian English?
After all, every country has its own slang
and accent. For example, Americans say
cellphone, Brits say mobile phone and
Malaysians say handphone. Whats wrong
with that?
* Manglish has become part of Malaysian
culture and heritage
Manglish has become something we can
be proud of. Why try to hide it? Its part of
our cultural heritage. And its something
that all Malaysians can participate in, no
matter which ethnicity. Muhibbah! Plus
tourists think its cute when they hear
people saying lah all the time.

* Even if Manglish is okay for spoken

English, it is not appropriate for written
English
It is not realistic to use words like oledi
and liedat in written English Imagine what
the newspapers would be like if the whole
country could only understand Manglish!
* If you learn Manglish, you will never
improve your English
Once you get into the habit of speaking
broken English, it is really difficult to speak
proper English. Its better to learn correct
English from scratch.

* To communicate effectively, you need to

speak properly
Manglish is a simplified form of English. To
express yourself well, you need to
understand the nuances and subtleties of
English. Imagine if Shakespeare had spoken
Manglish. Instead of Romeo, wherefore art
thou? it would be Eh, Lomeo, you whereah?

4. The Studies of Malaysian English and Standard English in Malaysia.

There are a range of studies conducted on the use of Malaysian as well as Standard English
in Malaysia. A study conducted by Noriah et al (2006) exposed Malaysian people first choice
on the use of Malaysian English compared to Standard English in their casual conversation.
An evaluation shows that Malay speakers speak Malay mostly but they have a tendency to
code switch when speaking either by using single English words or phrases or entire English
clauses. Hafriza Burhanudeen (2003) also finds that Malay speakers like to code switch
between Malay and English. It is unclear whether professionals code switch less. It appears
that the phenomenon was almost like a norm and it occurred at different interceptions in their
interactions. Even though bilingualism promotes a sense of esteem and pride in cultures and

languages learnt (Ovando and Collier; 2:1985), still it may involve equal competency or
unequal competency (Rosli Talif and Ain Nadzimah; 201: 2000) among its speakers. In
addition, it would indeed be idealistic to demand equal command of two languages. Thus, it
is similar with the case of using Malaysian English. As English is a universal language and
belongs to everyone, Asian countries like Malaysia, Singapore, etc. can follow the Americans
and Australians in adapting the language according to their own circumstances and cultures.
Malaysian English has a sentimental touch to the Malaysians; it belongs uniquely to them.
(Wong & Thambyrajah, 1991)

5. Conclusion
As a conclusion, the progress of ME need not be hindered by any assumptions on Native
Speakers (NS) records of standardization. What has been implied as Manglish or Mangled
English or Broken English by McArthur (11: 1998) is totally unacceptable. ME, like other
existing varieties can be standardized to cater the present needs of the speech community and
global development. In fact, it can be an equally important partner in the expansion and
enrichment of English. Malaysian English has a sentimental touch to the Malaysians; it
belongs uniquely to them. (Wong & Thambyrajah, 1991) More significantly, varieties
replicate the cultures of their speakers and this is another cause of difference between
varieties, as the ways cultural norms are expressed as a result differ across varieties.

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