Hill Architecture of Nepal

ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL
Hill Architecture
Submitted to:
Dr. Minakshi Jain
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Architecture
1. Location
10. Stupa
2. Physical Divisions
11. Temple Architecture
3. Climate
12. House Architecture
4. Natural Resources
5. Rivers
6. Flora
7. Fauna
8. Demographics & Socio-economic Profile
9. Area & Administrative Division
Monday, March 23, 2015
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INTRODUCTION
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1.LOCATION
Lies between two great eastern civilization:
- India - west, south and east
- China & Tibet in the north
Geographically : Nepals ecological zones run
east to west about 800 km along its
Himalayan axis, 150 to 250 km north to
CHINA
south, and is vertically intersected by the
CHINA
INDIA
river systems.
- 26 22N 30 27' N latitude and
- 80 4' E 88 12' E longitude
INDIA
Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal

Source :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/

http://mapsofindia.com
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2.PHYSICAL DIVISIONS
Based on the similarity of landform and terrain,
Nepal can be divided into 5 distinct
physiographic zones :-
1. Terai Region (60 300 m)

2. Siwalik Hills (300 1500 m)
3. Mahabharata Range (1500 2700 m)
4. Lesser Himalayas (2700 4500 m)
Kathmandu
5. Greater Himalayas (above 6000 m)
Source :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/physiography/
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2.1 : Terai Region (60 300m)

These are alluvial plains lying in the range
Jhapa district (60 m)
of 60-300 m.
Terai covers 14% of the country area which is around
58,872 sqkm.
Sub-tropical climate(hot summer & mild winters)
This is the fertile region of Nepal and lowest point in this
Kathmandu
region is jhapa district with altitude of 60 m.

Considered as grain basket of Nepal.
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2.2 : Siwalik Hills (300 1500m)

These are foothills regions immediately north to
Terai region reaching up to 1500 m and stretching
from East to West.
This region covers about 13% of the country area which
is around 19,133 sqkm.
Sub-tropical climate.
Kathmandu
It is the groundwater recharge zone for Terai.
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2.3 : Mahabharta Range (1500 2700m)

Moderate elevation range of 1500-2700 m.
Chitwan valley
Covers 29% of the country area which
Sindhuli valley
is around 42,682 sqkm.

There are steep slopes and narrow valleys toward North.
Sub-tropical climate at bottom of hills but gradually gets
cooler towards higher elevation.
Some higher elevation experiences occasional snowfall
Kathmandu
during winter season
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2.4. Lesser Himalayas (2700 4500m)
Langtang National
park
The elevation range from 2000 to 4500 m.

Makalu Barun
National park
Covers 20% of the country area which is around

29,436 sqkm .
There are steep slopes and narrow valleys.
The climate is cold temperate.
Snowfall often covers the mountain tops during winter.
Kathmandu
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2.5 : Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)
Dhaulagiri
Annapurna
The elevation in this region is above 6000 m.
Manasalu
This region has highest point in the earth
Cho Oyu
Mt. Everest
at 8848m(Mt. Everest).
Lhotse
Makalu
Covers 24% of country area which is around 35,323 sqkm.

There are steep slopes and narrow valleys.
The climate is alpine to tundra.
Most of the parts are under snow or glaciers through-
Kathmandu
Kanchenjunga
-out the year .
10
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Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)
Dhaulagiri
Annapurna
Eight of 14 eight-thousanders of world lie in this region.
Manasalu
Cho Oyu
Mt. Everest
Lhotse
Makalu
Kathmandu
Kanchenjunga
11
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3. CLIMATE
Nepal experiences different types of precipitation pattern across the country.

Average precipitation of Nepal is 1530 mm .
Huge variation from the south to north as
well as east to west.
There are two patterns of monsoon seasons
I.
Easterlies (appearing in summer)
II.
Westerlies (appearing in winter )
Kathmandu
The winter is the driest period in Nepal.
Source : http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/plants/
12
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4. NATURAL RESOURCES
Rivers of Nepal
Nepal is divided into 3 major river systems:1. The Koshi River
2. The Naryani River(Indias Gandhak River)
3. The Karnali River
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4.1 : The Koshi River

The Koshi or Kosi River drains the northern
slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibet and
the southern slopes in Nepal.
It flows through Bagmati, Janakpur and Koshi
states of Nepal .
The Koshi is 720 km long and drains area
Tibet
Bagmati
Janakpur
Koshi
of Tibet, Nepal and Bihar.
14
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4.2 : The Narayani River

It originates from Kali and Gandaki rivers of
Nepal.
It is also called Krishna Gandaki in Nepal.
It is known as the Narayani in southern Nepal.
Kali river flows through Dhawalagiri, Rapti and
Dhawalagiri
Rapti
Gandaki
Lumbini
merge with Gandaki at Lumbini state to form

the Narayani river.
The Narayani is 630 km long.
15
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4.3 : The Karnali River
Karnali originates on the Tibetan Plateau
Tibet
near Lake Mansarovar.
It is also called Ghaghara.
It cuts through the Himalayas in Karnali and
Karnali
Seri
Bheri
border of Seri and Bheri states of Nepal, and

joins the Sarda River at Brahmaghat in India.
The Karnali is 1080 km long.
16
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5. FOREST COVER
25.4% of Nepal's land area

is covered with forest which
is around 37,383 sq. km.
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6. FLORA AND FAUNA
The flora and fauna of Nepal can be divided into four regions : Tropical Zone (up to 1000 m)
Subtropical Zone (1100-2400 m)
Temperate Zone (2500-4000 m)
Sub alpine and Alpine Zone (more than 4000 m)
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6.1 : Tropical Zone (up to 1000 m)
This region includes the Terai (lowland) and the large valleys or
Duns found between successive hill ranges. The main tree
species of this area are Sal, Semal, Asna. Two-meter high
elephant grass originally covered much of the Dun valleys but
Sal forest
Gaur
now it has been largely replaced by agricultural settlements.

This tropical zone is the richest area of Nepal for wildlife such
as gaurs, buffaloes, leopards, rhinoceros and swamp deer.
Swamp deer
Rhino
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6.2 : Subtropical Zone (1100-2400 m)

The trees found in this region are Acer oblongum, various
species of oak and rhododendron which cover the higher
slopes.
This zone is generally poor in wildlife. The only mammals,
Bear
Acer oblongum
which are at all widely distributed, are wild boar, barking deer,
Goral and bears.
Swamp deer
Garol
20
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6.3 : Sub alpine and Alpine Zone (more than 4000 m)
Above the tree line, rhododendron, juniper scrub and other

woody vegetation may extend to about 4200m and up to the
lower limit of perpetual snow and ice at about 5100m.
The wildlife of this region includes the Himalayan marmots,
Rhododendron
Marmots
Himalayan Thar
Snow Leopard
mouse hare, thar, musk deer, snow leopard and occasionally

blue sheep.
21
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7. ECOLOGICAL ZONES
Nepal has various ecological zones in the form of National park.
Khaptad National Park
Rara National Park
Royal Bardia National Park
Shey Phoksundo National Park
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
Langtang National Park
Sagamatha National Park
Makalu Barun National Park
Royal Chitwan National Park
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
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8. DEMOGRAPHY
As per census 2011.
Total Area - 1,47,181 sq. km
States 14
Population 26.6 million
Sex Ratio 1000 : 941
Population Density 180 person/sqkm
Literacy Rate 65.9%
Source Nepal Demographic and health survey 2011
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Political map of Nepal
Kathmandu
There are 14 states in Nepal :
Mahakali
Seti
Bheri
Karnali
Dhawalagiri
Lumbini
Gundaki
Narayani
Bagmati
Janakpur
Sagarmatha
Kosi
Mechi
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9. AREAS AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS :-
Kathmandu
Nepal is mainly divided into five regions :

Eastern Region
Central Region
Western Region
Mid Western Region
Far Western Region
Source Nepal Demographic and health survey 2011
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ARCHITECTURE
Stupa / Chorten
Temple Architecture
House Architecture
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11. STUPAS / CHORTEN (oldest monuments)

I.
SWAYAMBHUNATH STUPA, Katmandu
It is an ancient monument on
a hill.
Stands on a low narrow plinth
(base or podium)
SWAYAMBHUNATH STUPA, Katmandu
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Swayambhunath Stupa Located on a hill.

http://www.sacredsites.com/asia/nepal/swayambhunath_stupa.html
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Revered by Buddhist as well
as Nepalese Hindus.
Gaya - jatri - festival to
worship the holy cows.
Conical spire in 13 diminishing
tiers symbolizing the 13
Buddhist heaven with umbrella
apex.
Square base which has a large
pair of human eyes symbolizes
the All Seeing One.
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Stairway to Swayambhunath temple

http://www.sacredsites.com/asia/nepal/swayambhunath_stupa.html
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12. TEMPLES:
Types of Temple :
I.
Pagoda Style(Chinese Influence)
II.
Shikhara Style(Indian Influence)
Pagoda Style
Shikhara Style
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I.
PAGODA STYLE (CHINESE INFLUENCE)

Pasupati Nath Temple :-
Original pagoda styled temple before

century.
6th
One of the most famous places of Hindu

pilgrimage in the world.
Dedicated to Lord Shiva the guardian deity of Nepal.
Temples and shrines with golden gilt roof and large
richly carved silver gates.
All the dying's are brought for cremation.
Pasupati Nath Temple (Kathmandu)
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Nyatapoloa Temple
Nyatapola Temple is a 5-story pagoda located in Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Mark of Nepalese temple designed in 1700 AD.
Shows significant innovations

1. increase of roof storey's and plinth steps on the one hand
2. Introduction of an open gallery surrounding the shrine cella on
the other
Integrated various styles of near-contemporary monuments.
This beautifully sculptured building is considered one of the tallest

pagodas in the country.
32
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VIEW
PLAN
33
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ELEVATION
SECTION
34
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II. SHIKHARA STYLE (INDIAN INFLUENCE)

Krishna Temple, Patan
Typical sikhara spire with clusters of small
pavilions on each side of the 3 arcaded storey.
Carved stone frieze
Krishna legend.
depicting
romantic
21 golden pinnacles.
The first floor holds the main shrine of
Krishna.
The second floor is dedicated to Shiva and the
third to Lokeshwor (Lord Buddha)
35
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13. HOUSES:
Chronological division of houses

a. Malla period (1200 - 1769)
b. Shah period (1769 - 1846)
c. Rana period (1846 - 1951)
d. Modern period (1951 onwards)
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a. Malla period (1200 - 1769)

This is the most valuable period of the traditional architecture
of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
A central wall normally divides the ground floor into two
narrow rooms, of which the front room is usually a shop
front or workshop.
The first floor is used mainly for bedrooms.
To keep the privacy from the outside, this floor usually has only
fixed lattice windows.
The most important communication to the street other than
the ground floor door on the front faade is decorative bay
window on the second floor.
Section of typical Newari House

37
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It has window bench and its latticed window shutter is

openable.
This floor is the main living and family room. A row of twin
columns takes the place of the central wall to create a larger
space in the house.
Third (attic) floor is used as kitchen, dining and shrine area.
It makes sense to have kitchen on the top floor when people
use firewood for cooking, so smoke doesn't go through the
whole building.
Same as on the second floor a row of columns is found in
the center to hold the ridge of the building.
Section of typical Newari House
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b. Shah period (1769 - 1846)

Most of the houses were still built in Malla Period style, but
enlarging in proportion.
There was the influence of Mughal architecture, which may
have introduced stucco plaster.
c. Rana period (1846 - 1951)
Most of the outside influence arrived in the valley in this
period.
The trend towards lighter, larger and simple windows was
introduced.
The facade took on a vertical appearance.
39
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d. Modern period (1951 onwards)
Today's houses are built to maximize the use of the land

they own.
The shape of the houses are not really comfortable and
living spaces are limited.
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14. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The construction technique of the traditional Newar house is same as that of the
early Greek's and Egypt's - the trabeated system (lintel and post).
Wooden posts, beams and struts used in the houses.
A dressed natural Stone called Lohan or a wooden threshold ( lakanshin)
supports the wooden post (than) and wooden bracket ( meth) which supports
the load from the lintel ( nina ) and beams ( dalin ) on the post.
Lintels over openings are of timber and often in three parts, stepping upwards
towards the inside.
Source : http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html
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14.1 ROOFS
The roof is double- pitched with the ridge on the line of the
central spine wall, and a projecting overhang of about 850 mm
at front and back.
Protect brick walls in mud mortar from the rain and sun:
Overhang :
Dwelling - 1000mm
Vihara - 1500mm
Temples-up to 4000 mm
ROOF- CONSTRUCTION:
Design and detail of roof construction same in all buildings:
Pitched Roof
Purlin Construction
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14.2 ROOF - CONSTRUCTION

With rafters ( musins ) of the topmost roof of temple meeting at a
point on central post ( than)
Ridge piece ( dhuri ) rests on lower sleeper walls that are an
extension of the lower wall structure
Roof plate (nas) rests on either on an eave structure or slanting
struts ( Tundals)
Wooden nails ( chukus) keep the various components in place.
Rafters and floor beams are spaced at intervals of 100-150mm
depending on beam section
Roofs are covered with special clay tiles (jhingati)
Horizontal wooden planks placed over rafters - above which is laid
clay is spread in 40-100 mm thick layer - into which jhingati, with
Biswa Nath, Patan,construction system of a dega temple
overlap of 2/3rd , is pressed.

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ROOF AND PILLAR CONSTRUCTION
Maju Dega Peristyle,Kathmandu
Maju Dega,Kathmandu, construction system of a corner

pillar supporting the peristyle
Source : Traditional Materials and Construction Technologies used in the Kathmandu Valley, By Caterina Bonapace and Valerio Sestini
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14.3. FRAME AND WALL CONSTRUCTION
Wood structure of the

Kasthamandapa first roof
Details of the frame and

supporting wall
Kasthamandapa,ground floor plan and section, Kathmandu
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FRAME AND WALL CONSTRUCTION
Wall system of multi-tiered temples of Nepal.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014102960300202
5
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NEWAR HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
Axonometric section of a Newar house
Overhanging eaves typical of traditional Newar buildings
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
1. Wood :
Mainly used as columns ,beams, rafters and for construction of doors,
windows, stairs.
Species of local trees were used.
Hard Wood : for structural members (sal wood)
Soft Wood : non structural members (pine wood)
2. Metals :
Copper, iron, brass, bronze were commonly used.
Extremely expensive building material, it was used on religious and door facings,
lattice- works, door latches.
48
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3. Natural Stone :
Sedimentary rocks or metamorphic stone gathered from the quarries situated on the
north and south sides of mountain slopes.
4. Bricks And Tiles :
Mud bricks were used for construction of walls.
Clay tiles were extensively used for roof coverings and for courtyard paving,
terrace floors and floor coverings ( Ceramic tiles ).
5. Mortar :
Grey clay was used as jointing material.
Lime-Surkhi, Lime stone was also used.
49
(Hill Architecture)
Submitted by:
11611,11621,11635,11636
http://www.nepalinformation.com/patan.htm
http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html
http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/plants/
51

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ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL

Dr. Minakshi Jain

11. Temple Architecture

12. House Architecture

Monday, March 23, 2015

Monday, March 23, 2015

south, and is vertically intersected by the

Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal

Monday, March 23, 2015

1. Terai Region (60 300 m)

5. Greater Himalayas (above 6000 m)

Monday, March 23, 2015

2.1 : Terai Region (60 300m)

Jhapa district (60 m)

region is jhapa district with altitude of 60 m.

Monday, March 23, 2015

2.2 : Siwalik Hills (300 1500m)

It is the groundwater recharge zone for Terai.

Monday, March 23, 2015

2.3 : Mahabharta Range (1500 2700m)

Covers 29% of the country area which

is around 42,682 sqkm.

during winter season

Monday, March 23, 2015

2.4. Lesser Himalayas (2700 4500m)

The elevation range from 2000 to 4500 m.

Covers 20% of the country area which is around

Monday, March 23, 2015

2.5 : Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)

The elevation in this region is above 6000 m.

This region has highest point in the earth

Covers 24% of country area which is around 35,323 sqkm.

-out the year .

Monday, March 23, 2015

Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)

Eight of 14 eight-thousanders of world lie in this region.

Monday, March 23, 2015

Nepal experiences different types of precipitation pattern across the country.

Easterlies (appearing in summer)

Westerlies (appearing in winter )

The winter is the driest period in Nepal.

Monday, March 23, 2015

Monday, March 23, 2015

4.1 : The Koshi River

of Tibet, Nepal and Bihar.

Monday, March 23, 2015

4.2 : The Narayani River

merge with Gandaki at Lumbini state to form

Monday, March 23, 2015

4.3 : The Karnali River

Karnali originates on the Tibetan Plateau

near Lake Mansarovar.

It is also called Ghaghara.

It cuts through the Himalayas in Karnali and

border of Seri and Bheri states of Nepal, and

Monday, March 23, 2015

25.4% of Nepal's land area

Monday, March 23, 2015

6. FLORA AND FAUNA

Monday, March 23, 2015

6.1 : Tropical Zone (up to 1000 m)

now it has been largely replaced by agricultural settlements.

Monday, March 23, 2015