ADDITION

Addition is the basis of every mathematical calculation and is the most important arithmetic
operator used in everyday calculations. Using the following method, one can do additions
mentally.
Note:
This method is not described in Vedic Mathematics, but is very useful for calculating the sum of two numbers
mentally.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 459 + 874
Solution:

Example 2:
Calculate 604 + 794
Solution:

SUBTRACTION

Subtraction is an integral part of everyday calculations. The Vedic method of subtraction is based on the second sutra
of Vedic Mathematics, which is known as the Nikhilam sutra, meaning all from 9 and last from 10.
It deals with the subtraction of numbers, from number of the form 10 n, where n N, i.e., 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 1000 588
Solution:

 1000 588 = 412

Example 2:
Calculate 10000 5443
Solution:

10000 5443 = 4557

Summary:
For 10000 abcd, where abcd N:

MULTIPLICATION
This method of multiplication is derived from the second sutra of Vedic Mathematics, known as theNikhilam Sutra.
It is a special case of multiplication of two 2-digit numbers, where the sum of the last digits of the two numbers is
equal to 10 and the first digits of the two numbers are same.

For example, if there are two numbers ab and aq such that b + q = 10, then this Vedic method can be applied.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 43 47
Solution:
Tens digits: Same (4)
Units digits: Sum = 10 (3 + 7)
43 47 = {Tens digit (Tens digit + 1)} (Product of units digits) = (4 5) (3 7) = 2021
Example 2:
Calculate 66 64
Solution:
Tens digits: Same (6)
Units digits: Sum = 10 (6 + 4)
66 64 = {Tens digit (Tens digit + 1)} (Product of units digits) = (6 7) (6 4) = 4224

The Deficit method of multiplication is derived from the second sutra of the 16 sutras given in Vedic Mathematics,
known as the Nikhilam Sutra.
This method is very helpful and brief for multiplying numbers, which are close to 10 n, i.e., close to 10, 100, 1000 etc.
Four probable cases are possible:
Case I: When both the numbers are less than 10n. (For example, in 98 93, both the numbers are less than and close
to 100)
Case II: When both the numbers are greater than 10n. (For example, in 1001 1008, both the numbers are greater
than and close to 1000)
Case III: When one number is greater than 10n and the other number is less than 10n. (For example, in 8 13, 8 is less
than and close to 10 and 13 is greater than and close to 10)
Case IV: When the numbers are not close to 10n. (For example, in 45 49, both the numbers are not close to either 10
or 100)
Solved Examples

Example 1:
Calculate 93 99
Solution:
Base = 100
Ist deficit = 100 93 = 7
IInd deficit = 100 99 = 1

93 99 = 9207
Example 2:
Calculate 88 94
Solution:
Base = 100
Ist deficit = 100 88 = 12
IInd deficit = 100 94 = 6

88 94 = 8272
In the above examples, the product of the deficits was always less than the base. What if the product of the deficits is
greater than the base?
Solved Example
Example 1:
Calculate 92 81

Solution:
Base = 100
Ist deficit = 100 92 = 8
IInd deficit = 100 81 = 19
Product of the deficits = 8 19 = 152

92 81 = 7452
Now, let us go to case II, where both the numbers are greater than 10 n
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 105 109
Solution:
Base = 100
Ist surplus = 105 100 = 5
IInd surplus = 109 100 = 9

105 109 = 11445

Example 2:
Calculate 1012 1015

Solution:
Base = 1000
Ist surplus = 1012 1000 = 12
IInd surplus = 1015 1000 = 15
Product of the deficits = 12 15 = 180

1012 1015 = 1027180

Now, let us come to case III, where one of the numbers is greater than the base and the other one is less than the base.
For example, let us try and calculate 108 92. Here, the base is 100 and 108 > 100 and 92 < 100
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 92 105
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 92 100 = 8
Surplus = 105 100 = +5
Step I:

Step II:

92 105 = 9660
Example 2:
Calculate 994 1021
Solution:
Base = 1000
Deficit = 994 1000 = 6
Surplus = 1021 1000 = +21
Step I:

Step II:

994 1021 = 1014874

Now, only the last case is left, where the numbers are not close to the base. This case comes under a sub sutra of Vedic
Mathematics, known as the Anurupyena, which simply means Proportionality.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Calculate 42 54
Solution:

Base = 50 =
Deficit = 42 50 = 8
Surplus = 54 50 = +4

Step I:

Step II:

Step III:

42 54 = 2268
This completes all the possible cases for multiplying numbers close to either 10, 100, 1000, etc or to their multiples or
sub-multiples.
This method of multiplication is derived from the third sutra of Vedic Mathematics, known as the
Urdhva tiryagbhyam, which translates into English as vertical and cross-wise.
This is a general multiplication method and can be applied to all the possible arrangements of numbers.
Four concepts need to be learnt in this method:

Multiplication of 2-digit numbers

Carry concept

Alternate method of multiplication

Multiplication of higher-digit numbers

Solved Examples

Example 1:

Calculate 71 21

Solution:

71 21 = 1491

Example 2:

Calculate 62 11

Solution:

62 11 = 682

In all the above examples, the cross multiplication was between single-digit numbers. What if the product is
a double-digit number?

Solved Examples:

Example 1:

Calculate 87 42

Solution:

87 42 = 3654

Example 2:

Calculate 64 98

Solution:

64 98 = 6272

Here, the carry step has been removed and it was done mentally. Hence, the time taken for calculation gets
reduced.

The final concept deals with general multiplication of 3-digit numbers. This method can be further extended
to any number having higher number of digits.

Solved Example

Example 1:

Calculate 942 466

Solution:

942 466 = 438972

Hence, the multiplication method can be generalized as follows:

Note:

Though Vedic Mathematics suggests doing multiplication from left to right, one can also multiply from right
to left in order to avoid the extra carry step.

DIVISION
Division by 9 is derived from the second sutra of Vedic Mathematics, known as the Nikhilam
sutra.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Divide 1241 by 9
Solution:

Q = 137, R = 8
In this case, the remainder is less than 9. But what will happen if the remainder is greater than 9?
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 28491 by 9
Solution:

Q = 3163
R = 24 = 6 + 2 9

Qnew = 3163 + 2 = 3165

Rnew = 6
Example 2:
Divide 92864 by 9
Solution:

Q = 10315
R = 29 = 2 + 3 9
Qnew = 10315 + 3 = 10318
Rnew = 2

The contemporary method of division is a very long process, in which, there are chances of
making errors and is also very time consuming. However, the Vedic method of division is very
useful in dividing numbers
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 10042 by 89
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 100 89 = 11

Q = 112
R = 74
Example 2:
Divide 101010 by 8998
Solution:
Base = 10000
Deficit = 10000 8998 = 1002

Q = 11
R = 2032
Example 3:
Divide 10102 by 899
Solution:
Base = 1000
Deficit = 1000 899 = 101

Q = 11
R = 213
In all the above cases, the remainder was always less than the divisor. How to solve a problem, where the remainder
turns out to be more than the divisor?
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 11007 by 88
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 100 88 = 12

Q = 124
R = 95 = 7 + 1 88
Rnew = 7
Qnew = 124 + 1 = 125
Example 2:
Divide 15004 by 89

Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 100 89 = 11

Q = 167
R = 141 = 52 + 1 89
Rnew = 52
Qnew = 167 + 1 = 168
Note:
This method is very useful when the divisor is close to the base, that is, close to 10 n.

This method of division is derived from the 5th sutra of Vedic Mathematics, known as the Parvartya sutra, which
means transpose and apply.
Transpose generally refers to the transpose of operators, i.e., + becomes , becomes +, becomes
and becomes , and can be used in cases where the first digit of the divisor is 1. This Vedic method of division
uses the rule of transpose of operators.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 1232 by 110
Solution:

Q = 11
R = 22
Example 2:
Divide 1386 by 113
Solution:

Q = 12
R = 30
In the above examples, the remainder obtained after calculation came out to be less than the divisor. But what will
happen if the remainder comes out to be greater than the divisor?
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 18428 by 161
Solution:

Q=

= 11(10 9) = 111

R = 557 = 74 + 3 161
Qnew = 111 + 3 = 114
Rnew = 74
Example 2:
Divide 1221 by 192
Solution:

Q=

= 0(10 7) = 3

R = 645 = 69 + 3 192
Qnew = 3 + 3 = 6
Rnew = 69
Let us now take another case. To get an insight into it, try dividing 13456 by 1123.

Straight division is the most general method of division provided by Vedic Mathematics. It is based on the Urdhvatiryak sutra, which translates into English as vertical and cross-wise.
This method can be applied to all cases of division, which are difficult to solve by any other method.
This method can be better understood by dividing a number by a 2-digit divisor.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Divide 1942 by 42
Solution:

Step I:
1 4 gives Q = 0, R = 1
Step II:
Gross dividend = 19
Actual dividend = 19 2 0 = 19 0 = 19
19 4 gives Q = 4, R = 3
Step III:
Gross dividend = 34
Actual dividend = 34 2 4 = 34 8 = 26
26 4 gives Q = 6, R = 2
Step IV:

Gross dividend = 22
Actual dividend = 22 2 6 = 22 12 = 10
This actual dividend is the remainder.
R = 10
Q = 46
The above method can be applied for dividing any number by a 2-digit divisor. Often, we need to calculate division up
to the required decimal places. This is a major application of division under Vedic Mathematics, and hence,
calculating division up to the required decimal place becomes as easy as calculating division normally.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Divide 7453 by 79 up to two decimal places.
Solution:

Step I:
7 7 gives Q = 1, R = 0
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 0, R = 7 is taken.
Step II:
Gross dividend = 74
Actual dividend = 74 9 0 = 74 0 = 74
74 9 gives Q = 10, R = 4
However, if R = 4, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 9, R = 11 is taken.
Step III:
Gross dividend = 115

Actual dividend = 115 9 9 = 115 81 = 34

34 7 gives Q = 4, R = 6
Step IV:
Gross dividend = 63
Actual dividend = 63 9 4 = 63 36 = 27
27 7 gives Q = 3, R = 6
Step V:
Gross dividend = 60
Actual dividend = 60 9 3 = 60 27 = 33
33 7 gives Q = 4, R = 5
7453 79 = 94.34
The division method for divisors with more than two digits can now be generalized. This involves the application of
the Urdhva-tiryak sutra, which means vertical and cross-wise.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Divide 15824 by 331
Solution:

Step I:
Gross dividend = Actual dividend = 15
15 3 gives Q = 5 and R = 0
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 4, R = 3 is taken.
Step II:

Gross dividend = 38
Cross-product of 04 and 31 = 0 1 + 3 4 = 0 + 12 = 12
Actual dividend = 38 12 = 26
26 3 gives Q = 8 and R = 2
However, if R = 2, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 7, R = 5 is taken.
Step III:
Gross dividend = 52
Cross-product of 47 and 31 = 4 1 + 3 7 = 4 + 21 = 25
Actual dividend = 52 25 = 27
27 3 gives Q = 9 and R = 0
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 8, R = 3 is taken.
Step IV:
Gross dividend = 34
Cross-product of 031 and 478 = 0 8 + 4 1 + 7 3 = 0 + 4 + 21 = 25
Actual dividend = 34 25 = 9
9 3 gives Q = 3 and R = 0
Steps to find remainder:
The last two digits of the quotient and the flag are 47 and 31 respectively.
Cross-product of 47 and 31 = 4 1 + 3 7 = 4 + 21 = 25
Product of cross-product and 10 = 25 10 = 250 (1)
The last digits of the quotient and the flag are 7 and 1 respectively.
Product of these last digits = 7 1 = 7 (2)
(1) + (2) = 250 + 7 = 257 (3)

 R = 524 257 = 267

Q = 47, R = 267

DIVISIBILITY TEST
In Vedic Mathematics, testing divisibility is very easy and there is a general rule for it. The
concept of osculators or vestanas is used for testing divisibility, and they are calculated by
using the Vedic Mathematics sutra, called the ekadhika sutra. The process by which one
tests the divisibility is called as Vestanas or osculation.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate the osculator of 189.

Solution:

Example 2:
Calculate the osculator of 143.
Solution:
143 3 = 429

Example 3:
Calculate the osculator of 87.
Solution:
87 7 = 609

Example 4:
Calculate the osculator of 91.
Solution:
91 9 = 819

These osculators act as the building blocks for the divisibility test process. They are used to osculate the number in
order to reach the conclusion that whether the number is divisible or not.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Osculate 1982 with the osculator of 39.

Solution:

Osculated result = 198 + 2 4 = 198 + 8 = 206

Example 2:
Osculate 832 with the osculator of 43.

Solution:
43 3 = 129

Osculated result = 83 + 2 13 = 83 + 26 = 109

Summary:

Osculators of numbers ending with 9: Drop the last digit and add 1 to the remaining digits.

Osculators of numbers ending with 3: Multiply the number by 3. Drop the last digit 9 and add 1 to the
remaining digits.

Osculators of numbers ending with 7: Multiply the number by 7. Drop the last digit 9 and add 1 to the
remaining digits.

Osculators of numbers ending with 1: Multiply the number by 9. Drop the last digit 9 and add 1 to the
remaining digits.

Osculating abcd with p, one gets (abc) + dp.

Note:
A number osculated by its osculator gives the same number or a multiple of it.
For e.g., 29 (osculated by 3) gives 9 3 + 2 = 27 + 2 = 29
Again, 33 (osculated by 10) gives 10 3 + 3 = 33
This divisibility test is based on the method of Vestana, which means osculation.
There is no conventional method to determine the divisibility by numbers ending with 9. However, Vedic Mathematics
makes this possible.

Solved Examples
Example 1:
Check whether 2774 is divisible by 19 or not.
Solution:

Step I:
Osculating 74 with osculator 2:
42=8
Osculated result = 8 + 7 = 15

Step II:
Osculating 15 with osculator 2:
5 2 = 10
Osculated result = 10 + 1 = 11
Adding digit to its left:
11 + 7 = 18

Step III:
Osculating 18 with osculator 2:
8 2 = 16
Osculated result = 16 + 1 = 17
Adding digit to its left:
17 + 2 = 19

Since 19 is divisible by 19, 2774 is divisible by 19.

The method to check the divisibility by numbers ending with 3 is not too different than what
we learnt.
the first osculated result is written under the third digit from the right and not under the second digit from the right.
This is done only to make the process less confusing.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Check whether 2795 is divisible by 43 or not.
Solution:

Step I:
Osculating 95 with osculator 13:
13 5 = 65
Osculated result = 65 + 9 = 74

Step II:
Osculating 74 with osculator 13:
13 4 = 52
Osculated result = 52 + 7 = 59
Adding digit above 74:
59 + 7 = 66

Step III:
Osculating 66 with osculator 13:
13 6 = 78
Osculated result = 78 + 6 = 84
Adding digit above 66:
84 + 2 = 86

Since 86 is divisible by 43, 2795 is divisible by 43.

Negative osculator is a form of osculator, which is also used to check divisibility of numbers. They are used to check
the divisibility of those numbers, where the positive osculator comes out to be too high, especially, in the case of
numbers ending with 7 and 1.
For example, the osculator of 67 is calculated as:
67 7 = 469
Osculator of 67 = 46 + 1 = 47
47 is too high to osculate any number with it.
Hence, the introduction of negative osculator was required for cases like these.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate the negative osculator of 81.
Solution:

Example 2:
Calcualte the negative osculator of 191.
Solution:

Example 3:
Calculate the negative osculator of 47.
Solution:

Example 4:
Calculate the negative osculator of 77.
Solution:

Note:
Positive osculator of a number + Negative osculator of a number = The number itself
This can be validated by calculating the positive and negative osculators of 17.
17 7 = 119
Positive osculator of 17 = 11 + 1 = 12
17 3 = 51
Negative osculator of 17 = 5
Positive osculator + Negative osculator = 12 + 5 = 17 = The number itself
Summary:
Number

Negative osculator

Positive osculator

Ending
with 1

Drop the last digit 1. Remaining digits are the

osculator.

Multiply by 9 and drop the last digit 9. Add 1

to the remaining digits.

Ending
with 3

Multiply by 7 and drop the last digit 1. Remaining

digits are the osculator.

Multiply by 3 and drop the last digit 9. Add 1

to the remaining digits.

Ending
with 7

Multiply by 3 and drop the last digit 1. Remaining

digits are the osculator.

Multiply by 7 and drop the last digit 9. Add 1

to the remaining digits.

Ending
with 9

Multiply by 9 and drop the last digit 1. Remaining

digits are the osculator.

Drop 9 and add 1 to the remaining digits.

Hence, it can be concluded that

Negative osculators of numbers ending with 1 and 7 < Positive osculators of numbers ending with 1 and 7

Positive osculators of numbers ending with 3 and 9 < Negative osculators of numbers ending with 3 and 9

Always remember to use:

Positive osculator process for numbers ending with 3 and 9

Negative osculator process for numbers ending with 1and 7

Solved Examples

Example 1:

Osculate 147 by the negative osculator of 51.

Solution:

7 5 = 35

Osculated result = 14 35 = 21

Example 2:

Osculate 4791 by the negative osculator of 37.

Solution:

1 11 = 11

Osculated result = 479 11 = 468

Note:

Osculation with a negative osculator is also called negative osculation.

One often finds it difficult to test the divisibility by numbers ending with 1 and 7. However, there is a
method for this under Vedic Mathematics, which uses the concepts of negative osculators and osculating
with them.

The following video details the process to check the divisibility by numbers ending with 1

Solved Example

Example 1:

Check whether 7776 is divisible by 81 or not.

Solution:

Osculating 7776 by the negative osculator of 81:

6 8 = 48

777 48 = 729

Osculating 729 by the negative osculator of 81:

9 8 = 72

72 72 = 0

Therefore, 7776 is divisible by 81.

The same method used for checking the divisibility by numbers ending with 1 is used for numbers ending
with 7. The only difference is the manner in which the negative osculators are calculated.

Solved Example

Example 1:

Check whether 3626 is divisible by 37 or not.

Solution:

Osculating 3626 by the negative osculator of 37:

6 11 = 66

362 66 = 296

Osculating 296 by the negative osculator of 37:

6 11 = 66

29 66 = 37

One can observe that 37 is divisible by 37.

Hence, 3626 is divisible by 37.

Special case to check divisibility by 7:

(i) Double the last digit of the number.

(ii) Subtract it from the number formed from the remaining digits.

(iii) Test whether the difference is divisible by 7 or not.

(iv) If the difference is a large number, then repeat steps (i) to (iii) on the difference again and again, till you
get a simple number.

(v) If the difference is divisible by 7, then the number is also divisible by 7; otherwise, it not divisible by 7.

SQUARES AND CUBES

This method of squaring is based on a corollary of Nikhilam sutra, which reads Yavdunam Tavdunikratya vargam
cha yojayet and means whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen it further to that very extent; and also set up the
square of its deficiency.
This method is very helpful in calculating squares of numbers close to 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Three probable cases are possible:
Case I: When the number is less than and close to 10n (For example, 982)
Case II: When the number is greater than and close to 10n (For example, 10092)
Case III: When the number is not close to 10n (For example, 452)
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 972

Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 100 97 = 3
32 = 09 (1)
97 3 = 94 (2)
972 = 9409
Example 2:
Calculate 9832
Solution:
Base = 1000
Deficit = 1000 983 = 17
172 = 289 (1)
983 17 = 966 (2)
9832 = 966289
The above examples involved calculating squares of numbers, which were less than and close to 10 n. Now, consider
the case, where the number is greater than 10n and close to it, i.e., numbers like 108, 1012, etc.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 1092
Solution:
Base = 100
Surplus = 109 100 = 9
92 = 81
109 + 9 = 118
1092 = 11881
Example 2:

Calculate 10212
Solution:
Base = 1000
Surplus = 1021 1000 = 21
212 = 441
1021 + 21 = 1042
10212 = 1042441
Note:
The only difference in the above two cases is that in the second case, the surplus was added to the number and was not
subtracted. This can be summarized as:
When number < 10n: If x is the base and a is the deficit, then:
(Given number)2 = (x a)2 = [(x a) a] a2
When number > 10n: If x is the base and a is the surplus, then:
(Given number)2 = (x + a)2 = [(x + a) + a] a2
However, what will happen if the square of the deficit is greater than the base, i.e., greater than the number 10 n?
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 882
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 100 88 = 12
122 = 144 > 100
Carry = 1
Part-II of 882 = 44
Part-I of 882 = 88 12 + Carry = 76 + 1 = 77
882 = 7744

Example 2:
Calculate 1212
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 121 100 = 21
(21)2 = 441 > 100
Carry = 4
Part-II of 1212 = 41
Part-I of 1212 = 121 + 21 + Carry = 142 + 4 = 146
1212 = 14641
Notice that in all the above cases, the numbers were very close to the base 10 n. But what if the number is not close to
the base?
For example, consider the number 43 and try to find its square.
In this case, 43 lies between 10 and 100 and is closer to 10.
Thus, its base is taken as 10.
Surplus = 43 10 = 33
However, now, one needs to calculate the value of 332, which is not so simple.
A new concept is introduced in such cases, which is derived from the sub-sutra of Vedic Mathematics, called
Anurupayena, which means Proportionality.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 422
Solution:

Base = 50 =
Deficit = 50 42 = 8
82 = 64

42 8 = 34

422 =

= 1764

Example 2:
Calculate 5122
Solution:

Base = 500 =
Surplus = 512 500 = 12
122 = 144
512 + 12 = 524

There is a direct method for calculating the square of a number that ends with 5
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 952
Solution:
{(First digit) (First digit + 1)} = 9 10 = 90
952 = 9025
Example 2:
Calculate 652
Solution:
{(First digit) (First digit + 1)} = 6 7 = 42
652 = 4225
Example 3:

Calculate 1152
Solution:
{(First two digits) (First two digits + 1)} = 11 12 = 132
1152 = 13225
This method is a corollary of the Nikhilam Sutra and the Ekadhiken Purven Sutra of Vedic Mathematics.
The cube of a number is calculated using the Anurupaya Sutra of Vedic Mathematics. However, for this, one needs
to learn the cubes of the first nine natural numbers.
The cubes of single-digit natural numbers are:
13 = 1
23 = 8
33 = 27
43 = 64
53 = 125
63 = 216
73 = 343
83 = 512
93 = 729
Now, by using the above sutra, calculating the cubes of numbers from 11 to 99 becomes very easy. To understand the
method,
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate 323
Solution:

Ratio =

323 =

323 = 32768
Example 2:
Calculate 253
Solution:
It is easier to calculate the cube of 2 than to calculate the cube of 5. Hence, one should start from right to left taking
the first term as 23 and the ratio of the last digit to the first digit.

Ratio =

(25)3 =

253 = 15625
Finding the cube of a number is a very difficult and time consuming process. With so many steps involved in
multiplying a number, the possibility of making errors increases manifold.
This lesson involves finding the cube of a number, without actually multiplying the number thrice. This method is
derived from the fifth sutra of Vedic Mathematics, which is known as the Yavadunam Sutra.
Here, two probable cases are possible:
Case I: When the number is close to and greater than 10n, for example, 102
Case II: When the number is close to and less than 10n, for example, 992
Solved Example
Example 1:

Calculate 1133
Solution:
Base = 100
Surplus = 113 100 = 13
Part-III:
133 = 2197
Part-II:
13 2 = 26
13 + 26 = 39
39 13 = 507
Part-I:
13 2 = 26
113 + 26 = 139

1133 = 1442897
Now, case II deals with finding cubes of numbers that are less than and close to 10 n. Its method only differs slightly
from that of case I.
Solved Example
Example 1:
Calculate 933
Solution:
Base = 100
Deficit = 7
Part-III:

(7)3 = 343
Part-II:
7 2 = 14
7 + (14) = 21
21 (7) = 147
Part-I:
7 2 = 14
93 + (14) = 79

933 = 804357
Note:
This method is very useful to calculate the cubes of numbers that are very close to the base.
The fourth power of any two-digit number can be calculated by using the Anurupya sutra of
Vedic Mathematics.
Solved Examples:
Example 1:
Calculate 154
Solution:
Ratio = 5: 1 = 5
Digit at tens place = 1
14 = 1

154 =

154 = 50625
Example 2:
Calculate 444
Solution:
Ratio = 4: 4 = 1
Digit at tens place = 4
44 = 256

444 =

444 = 3748096
Note:
This method is only valid to calculate the fourth power of a two-digit number.

SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS

The method of finding the square root of a number is based on the application of
Dvandvayoga or Duplex. Calculation ofDvandvayoga (Duplex) is very important in
calculating the square root of any number
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Calculate the Duplex of 2852
Solution:
Pair the digits of the number as shown below

Example 2:
Calculate the Duplex of 93242
Solution:
Pair the digits of the number as shown below

In order to calculate the square root of a number, the following points should be kept in mind:

An exact square cannot end in 2, 3, 7, and 8.

A perfect square ending in 1 must have either 1 or 9 (compliment of 1 from base 10) as the last digit of the
square root.

If a perfect square ends in 4, then the square root can only end in either 2 or 8 (complimentary to each other).

If a perfect square ends in either 5 or 0, then its square root also ends in 5 and 0 respectively.

If a perfect square ends in 6, then its square root ends in either 4 or 6.

If a perfect square ends in 9, then its square root ends in either 3 or 7.

Few facts

Last digit of perfect square

Last digit of square root

1, 9

2, 8

4, 6

3, 7

If the number of digits of a number is even, say n, then the number of digits in its square root is
, i.e.,
half of the number of digits of the given number. Also, the first digit of the square root of a number is equal to
the square root of the closest perfect square, which is less than the first two digits of the number.

If the number of digits of a number is odd, say n, then the number of digits in its square root is
.
Also, the first digit of the square root of a number is equal to the square root of the closest perfect square, which
is less than the first digit of the number.
Note:
The above analysis is only valid for whole numbers and not for decimal numbers
Solved Examples
Example 1:

Calculate
Solution:
Number of digits = 4

Number of digits in its square root

Since the number of digits in 3249 is even, the first two digits (32) are taken on the left side for square root
calculation.

52 = 25 < 32 < 62 = 36

Divisor = 5 2 = 10
Step I:
32 52 = 32 25 = 7
Step II:
74 10 gives Q = 7, R = 4
Step III:

Gross dividend = 49
Actual dividend = 49 Duplex (7) = 49 72 = 49 49 = 0
0 10 gives Q = 0, R = 0

Also, 3249 is a perfect square.

Example 2:
Calculate
Solution:
Number of digits = 5

Number of digits in its square root

Since the number of digits in 16384 is odd, the first digit (1) is taken on the left side for square root calculation.

0 2 = 0 < 1 < 22 = 4

Note: In case 0 is taken, then the divisor will be 2 0 = 0, which is not possible. Hence, in such a case, always take 1
instead of 0.
Divisor = 1 2 = 2
Step I:
1 12 = 1 1 = 0
Step II:
06 2 gives Q = 3, R = 0
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 2, R = 2 is taken.

Step III:
Gross dividend = 23
Actual dividend = 23 Duplex (2) = 23 22 = 23 4 = 19
19 2 gives Q = 9, R = 1
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 8, R = 3 is taken.
Step IV:
Gross dividend = 38
Actual dividend = 38 Duplex (28) = 38 2 2 8 = 38 32 = 6
6 2 gives Q = 3, R = 0
However, if R = 0, then in the next step, the actual dividend comes out to be negative.
Hence, Q = 0, R = 6 is taken.
Step V:
Gross dividend = 64
Actual dividend = 64 Duplex (280) = 64 (2 2 0 + 82) = 64 (0 + 64) = 64 64 = 0
0 2 gives Q = 0, R = 0

Also, 16384 is a perfect square.

This lesson will describe the method to calculate the cube root of a number, which is not described in high school
textbooks.

If a number comprises n digits, then its cube root has

or equal to it.
Solved Example
Example 1:

Calculate

digits, where

represents the least integer more than

Solution:
Number of digits in 15625 = 5

Number of digits in cube root of 15625 = 2

23 = 8 < 15 < 33 = 27

a=2
Also, divisor = 3 22 = 3 4 = 12
Step I:
15 a3 = 15 23 = 15 8 = 7
Step II:
76 12 gives Q = 6, R = 4
However, in that case, the actual dividend comes out to be negative in the next step.
Hence, Q = 5, R = 16 is taken.
b=5
Step III:
Gross dividend = 162
Actual dividend = 162 3ab2 = 162 3 2 52 = 162 150 = 12
12 12 gives Q = 1, R = 0
However, in that case, the actual dividend comes out to be negative in the next step.
Hence, Q = 0, R = 12 is taken.
c=0

Step IV:
Gross dividend = 125
Actual dividend = 125 (6abc + b3) = 125 (6 2 5 0 + 53) = 125 125 = 0
0 12 gives Q = 0, R = 0

Also, 15625 is a perfect cube

Points to remember:

First number selection: The first number that is used for calculating the cube root of a number will consist
of the first n digits of the number from left to right, where n is the remainder left after dividing the number of
digits of the number by 3.
If R = 0, then n = 3

Divisor: 3a2

For Actual Dividend:

The 2nd gross dividend remains the same.

From the 3rd gross dividend, subtract 3ab2

From the 4th gross dividend, subtract 6abc + b3

From the 5th gross dividend, subtract 3ac2 + 3b2c

From the 6th gross dividend, subtract 3bc2

From the 7th gross dividend, subtract c3

SIMPLE EQUATIONS
Vedic Mathematics provides various concise methods to solve different types of equations both linear and quadratic!
These methods are extremely useful, especially in those cases, where the conventional methods take a lot of time.
These methods are derived from the Sunyam Samyasamuccaye Sutraof Vedic Mathematics.
Let us first consider the equation (x + a) (x + b) = (x + c) (x + d), where ab = cd, i.e., where the product of the
constant terms on the Left Hand Side equals that on the Right Hand Side.
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Solve (x + 14) (x + 2) = (x + 28) (x + 1)
Solution:
Here, 14 2 = 28 1 = 28
x=0
Example 2:
Solve (x + 21) (x + 3) = (x + 9) (x + 7)
Solution:
Here, 21 3 = 9 7 = 63
x=0
Summary:
If, in the equation (x + a) (x+ b) = (x + c) (x + d), ab = cd,then the root of the equation will be x = 0.

Let us now consider the equation

Solved Examples
Example 1:

Solve
Solution:
(x + 4) + (x 5) = 0
2x 1 = 0

x=
Example 2:

Solve
Solution:
(2x + 16) + (3x 42) = 0
5x 26 = 0

Summary:

(ax + b) + (cx + d) = 0

Let us now consider the equation

the numerators equals that of the denominators.
Solved Examples
Example 1:

Solve

, where (ax + b) + (px + q) = (cx + d) + (rx + s), i.e., the sum of

Solution:
N1 = (4x 8); N2 = (5x 1)
N1 + N2 = (4x 8) + (5x 1) = 9x 9
D1 = (2x + 3); D2 = (7x 12)
D1 + D2 = (2x + 3) + (7x 12) = 9x 9
N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 9x 9
9x 9 = 0
x=1
N1 D1 = 0
(4x 8) (2x + 3) = 0
2x 11 = 0

Example 2:

Solve
Solution:
N1 = (3x + 2); N2 = (2x 3)
N1 + N2 = (3x + 2) + (2x 3) = 5x 1
D1 = (2x + 4); D2 = (3x 5)
D1 + D2 = (2x + 4) + (3x 5) = 5x 1
N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 5x 1
5x 1 = 0

N1 D1 = 0

 (3x + 2) (2x + 4) = 0
x2=0
x=2
Summary:

For the equation

, where the sum of the numerators equals the sum of the denominators, i.e.,
where (ax + b) + (px + q) = (cx + d) + (rx + s), the roots of the equation are given as:
Root I: (ax + b) + (px + q) = 0

Root II: (ax + b) (cx + d) = 0

Lastly, we come to the equation

, where the sum of the denominators on the Left
Hand Side equals that on the Right Hand Side, i.e., where(x + a) + (x + b) = (x + c) + (x + d)
Solved Examples
Example 1:

Solve
Solution:

D1 + D2 =

D3 + D4 =
D1 + D2 = D3 + D4

Example 2:

Solve
Solution:

Summary:

If

be

and (x + a) + (x + b) = (x + c) + (x + d), then the root of the equation will