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1
International
Trade
TRADE IN THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
2
Migration and
Foreign Direct
3
Conclusion
Chapter Outline
International Trade
The Basics of World Trade
Map of World Trade
Trade Compared to GDP
Barriers to Trade
Conclusion
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Learning Objectives
Understand basic terms and concepts as applied
to international trade.
Understand the basic ideas of why countries trade.
Realize the trend of trade over time and the
reason for it.
Understand the different types of trade including
goods, services, migration, and foreign direct
investment.
Understand how and why flows of different types
of trade occur between different types of countries.
2008 Worth Publishers International Economics Feenstra/Taylor
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Introduction
Globalization
Flow of goods and services across borders
Movement of people and firms
Spread of culture and ideas between countries
Tight integration of financial markets
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Organization of Text
Chapters 111
Flows of goods and services, people, and capital
between countries
Policies that governments use to affect these flows
Chapters 1222
Financial aspects of the international economy
How these are affected by countries macroeconomic
policies
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Introduction
International trade and the integration of financial
markets were strong even before World War I.
Many factors over time have disrupted these
flows, positively and negatively.
Migration across countries is not as free as the
flow of goods and services due to different
restrictions.
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Introduction
Foreign Direct Investment is mostly unrestricted
in industrial countries, but not necessarily in
developing countries.
Investments in both developing and industrial
countries are a way for firms to spread their
business and knowledge across borders.
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Questions to be Answered
Why are these international flows so common?
What are the consequences of these flows for the
countries involved?
What actions do governments take to make their
countries more or less open to trade, migration,
and foreign direct investment?
We will develop models to explain the direction of
trade flows and how different groups are affected.
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Other Regions
Oil and natural gas are exported from the Middle East and
Russia.
Exports from these two areas totaled another 10% of world trade.
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Barriers to Trade
In Table 1.2 we saw the differences in the amount
of trade.
Why does this occur?
Import tariffsthe taxes that countries charge on
imported goods
Transportation costs of shipping between countries
Other events such as wars, etc.
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Barriers to Trade
Trade barriers refer to all factors that influence
the amount of goods and services shipped across
international borders.
Barriers to trade change over time as policies,
technology, etc. change.
Figure 1.3 shows the ratio of trade in goods and
services to GDP for a selection of countries over
time.
We can look at important events that have
affected trade.
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Barriers to Trade
The First Golden Age of Trade
18901913
Ended with the beginning of WWI
Significant improvements in transportation
Steamship and railroad
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Barriers to Trade
Inter-War Period
19131920 showed decreases in trade for Europe and
Australia due to WWI and aftermath.
After 1920 the ratio fell in all other countries and was
made worse by the Great Depression which began in
1929.
U.S. adopted high tariffsSmoot-Hawley tariffsin
June 1930, some as high as 60%.
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Barriers to Trade
Inter-War Period
Tariffs backfired as other countries retaliatedthe
average world-wide tariff rate rose to 25% by 1933.
Import quotaslimitations on the quantity of an
imported goodwere also instituted during this time.
High tariffs and restrictions lead to a dramatic fall in
world trade with large costs to the U.S. and the world
economy.
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Barriers to Trade
Inter-War Period
This decline in the world economy lead the Allied
countries to meet after WWII to develop policies to
keep tariffs low.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which
became the World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Barriers to Trade
Second Golden Age of Trade
After WWII, some countries were able to increase trade
back to WWI levels quickly.
The end of WWII, the reduction of tariffs from GATT,
and improved transportation contributed to the increase
in trade.
Shipping container was invented in 1956.
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Barriers to Trade
Figure 1.3 Trade in Goods and Services Relative to GDP
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Barriers to Trade
Figure 1.4 Average Worldwide Tariffs, 18602000
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Map of Migration
Figure 1.5 shows a map of the number of
migrants around the world.
Values shown are number of persons in 2000
who were living (legally or illegally) in a country
different from where they were born.
Two sources of data are used
The bolder the line, the more migrants
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Map of Migration
Figure 1.5 Foreign-Born Migrants, 2000 (millions)
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Map of Migration
Unlike trade, the majority of migration occurs
outside the OECD between countries that are
less wealthy.
Many immigrants come from same continent but
move countries for employment or other reasons.
Given a choice, migrants would like to move to a
higher-wage country.
Unlike trade, there are much more significant
regulations on migration.
Flow of people between countries is much less free
than the flow of goods.
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Map of Migration
Policy makers fear that immigrants from low-wage
countries will drive down wages for a countrys
own lower-skilled workers.
However, international trade can act as a
substitute for movements of capital and labor
across borders.
Trade can raise the living standard of workers in the
same way that moving to a higher-wage country can.
As trade has increased worldwide, more workers are
able to work in export industries.
This allows them to benefit from trade without moving to
another country.
2008 Worth Publishers International Economics Feenstra/Taylor
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Map of Migration
European and U.S. Immigration
Wealthier countries typically have greater immigration
restrictions.
The EU, up to 2004, had an open migration policy
between member countries.
In 2004, ten more countries joined; these countries had
incomes significantly less than the existing members.
Fears of labor inflow led to significant policy disagreements.
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Map of Migration
European and U.S. Immigration
In January 2007, two more countries joined.
This led Britain to announce it would not immediately
accept those workers.
As less wealthy countries have been joining the EU,
the wealthier countries are having many more issues
with free migration.
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Map of Migration
European and U.S. Immigration
In 2005 it was estimated that 12 million Mexicans were
living in the U.S..
This is more than 10 percent of Mexicos population.
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