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Lecture 6
Seismic moment
Earthquake magnitude
Richter magnitude scale
M = log A() - log A0()
where A is max trace
amplitude at distance
and A0 is at 100 km
Surface wave magnitude MS
MS = log A + log +
where A is max amp of 20s period surface waves
Magnitude and energy
log Es = 11.8 + 1.5 Ms (ergs)
Seismic moment
Moment = FL
F
Applying couple
to fault
Seismic Moment II
Stress &
strain
accumulation
F
Applying couple
to fault
Can be applied to
seismogenic faults
Elastic rebound along a
rupturing fault can be
considered in terms of
resulting from force couples
along and across it
Seismic moment can be
determined from
a
F
Fault rupture
and rebound
Seismic moment
Seismic moment = Area of fault plane x stress drop of earthquake x
coseismic slip
[NB: Area x stress = force
force x distance = moment]]
provides estimate of overall size of the seismic source
Units: units of moment = newton-metres = Nm =
= joule = J = unit of energy
So seismic moment is also a measure of the energy of the earthquake
Empirical relation between moment and magnitude is
log10 M0 = c M + d
or Mw = 2/3 log10 M0 6
(Moment-magnitude scale (Kanamori)
GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
Seismic moment
M jk
M 11
= M 21
M
31
M 12
M 22
M 32
M 13
M 23
M 33
M = M0
0
M0
0
0
0
0
Note Mij = Mji
l
s
S-waves
Amplitude
dM/dt
30
Pulse duration
Time
GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
Amplitude
Frequency domain
Frequency
f0
Earthquake characteristics
M0 = A s 2 l s
by dimensional analysis slip is:
s = 2 M0 / l2
stress drop with earthquake:
= 2 M0 / 2 w2 l
Note can get from seismogram as rupture length,
l , pulse duration and M0 is proportional to
amplitude
Stress drops in range 1-30 MPa (Kanamori)
Single-force
earthquakes
(landslides) have
much larger stress
drops
Tectonics
Infer seismic and tectonic slip rate
slip rate = (sum of M0) / ( l.w T)
M0 - summing and earthquake catalogue
l.w - overall tectonic setting
T - duration of earthquake catalogue
Find active slip rate (SAF) is 3 cm/yr
Aseismic (creep) rate is 3 cm/yr
Compare with satellite data, GPS
(Aki)
M0 = A s
l
s
Quantitative seismotectonics
a
a
a
a
Seismic moment
Slip
Stress drop
Seismic and tectonic slip rate
3. EMSC rapid source parameter determination - EuropeanMediterranean Seismological Centre - uses P & S waves results in
24 hours
http://www.emsc-csem.org/