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Chapter
9
Popula3on
Inversion
Dinesh
Kabra,
Phys.
IITB
Contents
Inversions
and
2-level
systems
Radia3ve
decay
rates
radia3ve
vs
collisional
Steady-state
inversions
in
3
and
4-level
systems
3-level
where
middle
level
is
Eu
3-level
where
highest
level
in
Eu
4-level
system
Radia3on
trapping
Electron
collisional
thermaliza3on
Absorp3on
within
gain
medium
Excited
state
absorp3on
Ground
state
absorp3on
As
the
popula3on
leaves
level
l,
the
ra3o
Nl/N
begins
to
drop
below
1.
When
it
reaches
0.5,
no
more
energy
will
be
absorbed,
because
the
value
of
exponent
is
zero.
The
gain
medium
at
this
point
is
actually
transparent
at
the
frequency
ul!
Nu
can
never
exceed
Nl.
Hence
in
two
level
system
it
is
impossible
to
get
popula3on
inversion
and
we
will
see
how
can
we
overcome
from
this
J
Very
small
at
room
temp
for
values
of
Eul
associated
with
visible
lasers
No
external
pumping
occurs
from
level
l
to
level
u
Also
Highlights:
Ra3o
of
il/
iu
to
be
as
small
as
possible
(atoms
goes
to
level
u
rather
than
back
to
level
l)
ul
should
be
small
(long
lived
u
level
is
referred
as
metastable
level)
The
last
point
tends
to
confuse,
dont
we
want
radia3ve
decay
from
u
to
l?
What
can
be
gained
by
suppressing
this
component?
Decay
from
level
u
to
level
l
is
predominantly
radia3ve,
i.e.,
&
Inversion
is
produced
if
We
are
including
degeneracy
factors
here,
as
this
type
of
3-level
system
is
generally
used
for
gas
lasers.
All
together,
the
condi3on
for
gain
becomes:
In
gases
collisional
decay
processes
are
negligible
compared
to
radia3ve
decat
due
to
much
lower
atomic
density
in
comparison
to
solids,
hence
Thus
we
have
4-
Level
Laser
A
4-level
laser
is
a
combina3on
of
already
discussed
two
3-level
systems,
see
gure
For
reasons
iden3cal
to
those
stated
for
3-level
systems
we
neglect
the
upward
excita3on
processes
il,
oi,
lu,
li
and
ui.
We
can
also
neglect
the
decay
processes
il,
lo,
and
uo.
The
reasoning
behind
this
simplica3on
if
that
the
4-level
laser
the
generally
used
only
with
solid-state
laser
materials,
for
which
collisional
decay
rates
are
inversely
propor3onal
to
energy
separa3on.
ul
=
Aul
Note
that
levels
l
and
o
are
generally
very
closely
spaced,
so
that
lo
and
ol
cannot
be
considered
negligible.
4-
Level
Laser
The
steady-state
rate
equa3ons
are
wrisen
as
follows:
4-
Level
Laser
We
thus
nd
the
ra3o:
We have used the Boltzmann rela3onship for the ra3o 0l/ l0.
Overall
eect
is
that
there
is
a
rapid
collisional
decay
(on
the
order
of
10-13
s)
from
I
to
u
and
from
l
to
0
this
ensures
that
u
is
highly
populated
while
level
l
is
sparsely
populated
(but
not
too
sparselythe
energy
separa3on
l0
is
very
small,
so
it
would
be
incorrect
to
assume
Nl<<
N0).