Assignment: TB (Compulsory) part A

1. What is the need for computer graphics?

Computers have become a powerfultool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. Computer
Graphics remains oneof the most exciting and rapidly growing fields. Old Chinese saying One picture is
worthof thousand words can be modified in this computer era into One picture is worth of many kilobytes
of data. It is natural to expect that graphical communication, which is anolder and more popular method of
exchanging information than verbal communication, willoften be more convenient when computers are
utilized for this purpose. This is truebecause one must represent objects in two-dimensional and threedimensional spaces.Computer Graphics has revolutionized almost every computer-based application inscience
and technology
2. What is graphics processor? Why it is needed?
To provide visual interface,additional processing capability is to be provided to the existing CPU. The
solution is toprovide dedicated graphic processor. This helps in managing the screen faster with anequivalent
software algorithm executed on the CPU and certain amount of parallelism canbe achieved for completing the
graphic command. Several manufacturers of personalcomputers use a proprietary graphic processor. For
example, Intel 82786 is essentially aline drawing processor; Texas Instruments 43010 is a high performance
general-purposeprocessor.
3. What is a pixel?Pixel (picture element):
Pixel may be defined as the smallest size object or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a
monitor. Any image that is displayed on themonitor is made up of thousands of such small pixels. The closely
spaced pixels divide theimage area into a compact and uniform two-dimensional grid of pixel lines and
columns.
4. Why C language is popular for graphics programming?
Turbo C++ is for C++ and C programmers. It is also compatible with ANSI C standard andfullysupports
Kernighan and Ritchie definitions. It includes C++ class libraries, mouse support,multiple overlapping
windows, Multi file editor, hypertext help, far objects and error analysis. Turbo C++ comes with a complete
set of graphics functions to facilitatepreparation of charts and diagrams. It supports the same graphics adapters
as turboPascal. The Graphics library consists of over 70 graphics functions ranging from high levelsupport
like facility to set view port, draw 3-D bar charts, draw polygons to bitorientedfunctions like get image
and put image.
5. Define resolution.
Resolution: Image resolution refers as the pixel spacing i.e. the distance from one pixelto the next pixel. A
typical PC monitor displays screen images with a resolutionsomewhere between 25 pixels per inch and 80
pixels per inch. Pixel is the smallestelement of a displayed image, and dots (red, green and blue) are the
smallest elements of a display surface (monitor screen). The dot pitch is the measure of screen resolution.
Thesmaller the dot pitch, the higher the resolution, sharpness and detail of the imagedisplayed.
6. Define aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels.
The standard aspect ratio PCs is 4:3, and some use 5:4. Monitors arecalibrated to this standard so that when
you draw a circle it appears to be a circle and notan ellipse.
7. Why refreshing is required in CRT?

When the electron beam strikes a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of asecond and then fades.
As brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen-imagebecomes unstable and gradually fades out. In
order to maintain a stable image, theelectron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and then return
to redraw itnumber of times per second. This process is called refreshing the screen. If the electronbeam takes
too long to return and redraw a pixel, the pixel begins to fade results in flicker in the image.

8. Name the different positioning devices.

The devices discussed so far,

the mouse,the tablet,The joystick

are calledpositioning devices. They are able to position the curser at any point on the screen. (Wecan
operate at that point or the chain of points) Often, one needs devices that can pointto a given position on the
screen. This becomes essential when a diagram is already thereon the screen, but some changes are to be
made. So, instead of trying to know itscoordinates, it is advisable to simply point to that portion of the
picture and asks for changes. The simplest of such devices is the light pen. Its principle is extremely simple.
9.What are pointing devices?

A pointing device is an input interface (specifically a human interface device) that allows auser to input spatial
(i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to a computer. CADsystems and graphical user interfaces (GUI)
allow the user to control and provide data tothe computer using physical gestures point, click, and drag
for example, by moving ahand-held mouse across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches
onthe mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or
cursor) and other visual changes.
10.What is multimeadia?
The word Multimedia seems to be everywhere nowadays. The word multimedia is acompoundof the Latin
prefix multi meaning many, and the Latin-derived work media, which is thepluralof the world medium. So
multimedia simply means using more than one kind of medium.Multimedia is the mixture of two or more
media effects-Hypertext, Still Images, sound, Animation and Video to be interacted on a computer terminal.
11. What are sound cards?
Sound cards: The first sound blaster was an 8-bit card with 22 KHz sampling, besidesbeing equipped with
a number of drives and utilities. This became a king of model for theother sound cards. Next came the Sound
Blaster Pro, again 8-bit sound but with a higher sampling rate of 44 KHz, which supports a wider frequency
range. Then there wasYamaha OPL3 chipset with more voices. Another development was built-in CD
ROMinterface through which huge files could be played directly via the sound card.
12. What is sampling?
Sampling: Sampling is like breaking a sound into tiny piece and storing each piece as asmall, digital sample
of sound. The rate at which a sound is Sampled can affect itsquality. The higher the sampling rate (the more
pieces of sound that are stored) the better the quality of sound. Higher quality of sound will occupy a lot of
space in hard diskbecause of more samples.
13. What is morphing?
Morphing:
The best example would be the Kawasaki advertisement, where themotorbike changes into a cheetah, the
muscle of MRF to a real muscle etc.. Morphing ismaking an image change into another by identifying key
points so that the key pointsdisplacement, etc. are taken into consideration for the change.
14. What is rendering?
Rendering:
The process of converting your designed objects with texturing andanimation into an image or a series of
images is called rendering. Here various parametersare available like resolution, colors type of render, etc.
15. What is warping?
Warping: Certain parts of the image could be marked for a change and made to changeto different one. For
examples, the eyes of the owl had to morph into the eyes of cat, theeyes can alone be marked and warped.
16. Why we use scanner?

Photographs, illustrations, and paintings continue to be made the old fashioned way, evenby visual artists who
are otherwise immersed in digital imaging technology. Traditionalphotographs, illustrations, and paintings are
easily imported into computers through theuse of a device called a scanner.
A Scanner scans over an image such as photo, drawing, logo, etc, converting itinto an image and it can be
seen on the screen. Using a good paint programme, ImageEditor we can do adding, removing colors, filtering,
Masking color etc.
17. What is ganut in Photoshop?
Write yourself...
18. What is a layer?
The concept of layering is similar to that of compositing as we make the different layers bykeying out the
uniform color and making it transparent so that layer beneath becomesvisible. In case of future modifications
we will be able to work with individual layers andneed not work with the image as a whole.
19. What are editing tools? Why it is needed?
You can use the editing tools to draw on a layer, and you can copy and paste selections toa layer.
Many types of editing tools are:i).Eraser tool:
The eraser tool changes pixels in the image as you drag through them.You can choose to change the color and
transparency of the affected pixels, or to revertthe affected area to its previously saved version.
ii).Smudge tool:
The smudge tool simulates the actions of dragging a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color from
where the stroke begins and pushes it in thedirection in which you drag.
20. What is file format?
File Format: When you create an image-either through scanning into your computer or drawing it from
scratch on your monitor or captured through a camera, recorded voice or music from the two-in-one or
recorded connecting a music instrument it must be saved toyour disk. Otherwise it would become an ethereal
artifact that could never again be seenor listened. Once the computers power is turned off, its gone forever
unless it is saved.The method by which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the
fileformat.