WaveMakingResistance

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Contents
1Introduction
2Description
3References
4OtherLessons

Introduction
Wheneverabodymovesinafluidthereispressureforceactingdevelopedthatisactingnormaltothesurfaceofthebody.
Earlierwehaveseenthatifthefluidisnonviscousandcompletelyimmersed,thentheforwardcomponentofthepressureforcewould
cancelwiththeaftcomponentofthepressure(Idealfluidinidealscenario).Butasthebodycomesuptothesurface,thepressuredeveloped
aroundthebodygenerateswaves.Thiswavegenerationisdependentontheairwaterfreesurfaceandgravity.
Thenetforeandaftforcesupontheshipduetofluidpressureactingnormaltoallpartsofthehullisthewavemakingresistance.

Description
Ifabodyisjustbelowthesurfaceofwaterwaveswouldbegeneratedalthoughasmallone.Incaseofsubmarine,theresistancewouldbe
maximumjustbelowthesurface,whereinadditiontothefrictionalresistanceoftheentiresurfacethereiswavemakingresistance(middle
figure).Incaseoffloatingsubmarine,thefrictionalresistancewouldonlybeduetotheimmersedareaapartfromthewavemaking
resistance(leftfigure).Inthethirdcaseofdeeplysubmergedcase,frictionalresistanceissameasthemiddlefigurecase,however,the
wavemakingresistancewillnotbethere.

In1887,LordKelvinshowedtheoreticallythatifapressurepointhasarelativemotionwithwaterthenitcreatesasetofwaves.These
includeasetofdivergentwavesgeneratedthatmovesaft.Therewouldalsobeasetoftransversewavesfollowingbehindthepointwhose
widthincreaseswithdistancefrompoint.Heshowedthattheentirewavesystemisincludedinastraightlinewithahalfangleof19028.
Farawayfromthepressurepointthedivergentwaveswouldbedominateandonlytheywouldbeseen.

Incaseofashipflowinginwaterthebowproducesasetofwavesasshownbelow.Onecanseethefirstcrestoftransversewavecloseto
thebow,andfurtherwavesaftoftheshiparetoosmall.

Thiscanbeclearlyseenintheprofileviewofaship.

Theabovesetconsidersonlythebowsetofwaves.Asthereisahighpressurepointinaftjustliketheforwardend,asetofwaveswould
alsobegeneratedinthesternasshownbelow.

Recollectingfromabove,thepressurepointiscreatedwhenthereisaabruptchangeintheflowlinesofwater.Incaseoftheship,atthe
bow,thereisachangeintheflowalongthewaterline(angleofentrance).Anadditionalpressurepoint,thistimenegativeisgeneratedat
theforwardshoulderduetothechangeinshape.Similarlytherearetwopressurepointsontheaftshoulderandsternasshownbelow.

Wigleyconductedalotofexperimentsbasedonwedgeshapedbodyandcameoutwithveryinterestingresults.
File:ResWRimg8.jpg
Therearefourwavesystemsdevelopedinthebodyasshowninthefigure.Apartfromthisthereisthestationarysystemformedasaresult
ofthepressureatpointsofdiscontinuitiesasdescribedabove.
Thenextfourarewavesgeneratedfromthefourpointsofdiscontinuities.Intheordertheforwardwaveisgeneratedjustaftoftheforward
pointandcreatesagenerationofacrestofthewavewithreducingwaveheightasonemovesaft.Thereisanothercrestontheaftpointof
thebodybecauseofthediscontinuityasshown.
Sincethepressureinforwardandaftshoulderisnegative,thesepointsgeneratetroughasshowninthenexttwowavessystem.Incaseof
shipswithlessprominentshoulder(curved)thesewavesaremuchlessinsize.
Theforwardwaveandthesternwaveareprominentsystemswithcrestbeinggeneratedatthosepoints.
Theresultofthesewavessystemiswhatweseeonthesides.Theresultistheadditionofwavesbylinearsuperposition.Theforwardcrest
isunaffectedandthesternsideisacombinationofthefourwaves.
Onashipweseethedominantwavesaretheforwardwavesystem.Theaftandshoulderwavesareminorbecauseofthesmoothshoulders.
Tomaintainthiswavessystemitrequireslotofenergyandthisenergyisthewavemakingresistance.
Theinterferenceofthewaves(fromthefoursystems)caneitherincreaseordecreasetheresistancedependingonwhetherthesternwaves
addupordecrease.Iftherearetwocrestinthesternpartoftheship,thenthisincreasedwavecrestmeansthattherewouldbemoreforce
supportingmotionandtherebydecreaseresistance.Howeverifthetroughispresentwhichreducethesterncrestthentheforward
componentoftheforceisreducedandtheresistanceincreases.
Thetransversewavesmoveatthesamespeedastheship.Forthedivergentwaves,theaxialcomponentofthewavewillbeequaltothe
speedoftheship.
File:ResWRimg9.jpgFig.showingwaveandcomponent
fortransversewave

fordivergentwave

Dependingontheinterferenceofthewavesystems,theresistancecurveformhumpsatlocations
CwmaximumatFn=0.1730.2050.2690.47

MinimumatFn=

0.187

0.231

0.345

(constant+4oscillatingterms)
File:ResWReq4.png(constant+4oscillatingterms)
File:ResWRimg10.jpg
File:ResWRimg11.jpg
In1898MitchellproposedatheoreticalmethodtoestimatewavemakingresistancecalledThinStriptheoryandthemodifiedonecalled
SlenderStripTheory.Themethodinvolvesindeterminingthenormalpressuredistributiononaflowandthenintegratingtheforeandaft
componentsofthesepressuresoverthehullsurface.
Assumptionsofthetheory:
Fluidisnonviscous
Fluidisirrotational
Hullassumptionisthin(breadthislowcomparedtolength)
Slender(breadthanddepthislowcomparedtolength)

Waveheightissmallcomparedtolength
Nosinkageortrim
Radiationcondition(waveonlyinaftsideandnowaveinforwardsection)
Asecondmethodistocalculatethewavepatterngeneratedbytheshipatagreatdistance,andtodeterminetheenergynecessaryto
maintainthissystem.
AnalternatemethodistousethetheoryofsourceandsinkstomodelthethinshipinaflowdevelopedbyHavelock.
Sourcesink
Observation:Strengthofthesourceisdependentontheslopeofthewaterline
Toreducethewaveheightoftheforwardwave,thehalfangleofentranceneedstobereduced.AsL/Bratioisincreasing(forsame
displacement)thewavemakingresistancewillcomedown.

References
PrinciplesofNavalArchitecture.PublisherSNAME(http://www.sname.org)
ShipResistanceVideoLectures.PublisherNPTELAJointVenturebyIndianInstituteofTechnology&IndianInstituteofScience
(http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?courseId=1045)

OtherLessons
PreviousResistanceTypes,ResistanceDimensionalAnalysis,Frictional_Resistance
NextOther_Components_of_Resistance
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