GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 1
proteins /amino acids

(b)

nitrate will be used up eventually / will run out

(i)

23 + 14 + (3 16) = 85

(ii)

14 / 85 100 = 16.5 (16.47)

if incorrect, one mark is given for the correct fraction
(ii) is marked consequentially on part (i)

(i)

air

(ii)

water / natural gas / methane

(i)

iron acts as a catalyst

(ii)

this increases surface area

and increases the rate of reaction

(e)

e.c

(d)

ctiv

(c)

om

(a)

sulphuric acid

(g)

increase in plant/algal growth

plants/algae die and rot
the rotting process uses up oxygen in the water
lack of oxygen results in death of fish and other wildlife

ww
w.c

he

ma

(f)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

TOTAL 15

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 2
provides raw materials to make useful products
provides jobs for people
adds valuable income to the local community

1
1
1

(b)

THREE from :
-removes a mineral that cannot be replaced
-damages habitats of plants and/or animals
-spoilheaps produced that are unsightly
-named form of pollution from mining eg.noise/more lorries/dust

(ii)

CaCO3 : 100
CaO : 56
CO2 : 44

(i)

100 tonnes limestone 56 tonnes calcium oxide

300 tonnes

168 tonnes
3,000 tonnes

1680 tonnes
marked consequentially on the masses given in (c)

(e)

ctiv

some limestone remains unreacted/does not get hot enough

ma

(ii)

e.c

(s) = solid
(g) = gas

glass making / cement making / building material / neutralising agent for soils

he

(d)

(i)

ww
w.c

(c)

om

(a)

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
TOTAL 15

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 3
anode correctly labelled electrode on left

(b)

Test use damp litmus paper

Result - turns white / bleached

1
1

(c)

kill bacteria in drinking water or swimming pools /

manufacture of PVC or bleach or disinfectants

(d)

2Cl - Cl2 + 2e-

(e)

hydrogen

(i)

solution is alkaline

(ii)

sodium hydroxide

e.c

(f)

om

(a)

1
1

FIVE from :
- run cell with known concentration of salt solution
- measure volume of gas collected after specified time/ time how long to collect a specified volume of gas
- repeat experiment with weaker/stronger concentration of salt solution
- use same volume of solution
- use same electrodes
- use same current
5

(h)

increase current of cell

use different electrodes

ww
w.c

he

ma

ctiv

(g)

1
1

TOTAL 15

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 4
(a)

Al3+
O2-

1
1

(b)

lowers melting point of the aluminium oxide

(c)

ions need to be free to move towards the electrodes

ions are able to move as a liquid / ions unable to move as a solid

1
1

Al3+ + 3e-

(ii)

1
1
1
1
1

(i)

United Kingdom

(ii)

TWO from:
- large amount of electricity not available
- money for construction of plant not available
- lack of suitable trained workforce

ctiv

e.c

method of extraction from the ores is related to a metal's position in the reactivity series
metals at the top of the series need more energy than those lower down

ma

(f)

oxide ions are attracted to the anode

oxide ions lose electrons
to form oxygen gas

he

(e)

Al

om

(i)

ww
w.c

(d)

2
TOTAL 14

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 5
CO2

(a)

C + O2

(b)

sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen in the air and dissolves in water
forming sulphuric acid or 'acid rain'
making the soil too acidic and damages the roots of the trees/
rain water is very acidic and attacks or damages leaves

1
1

(i)

neutralisation

(ii)

CaO : 56
SO2 : 64

1
1

(iii)

32 / 64 56 = 28 tonnes
if incorrect, 1 mark is given for the fraction
mark consequentially on answers to (ii)

(iv)

TWO from :
-do not want sulphur dioxide to escape so best to have excess calcium oxide
-would be difficult to ensure thorough mixing of reactants
-impurities may be present in calcium oxide / may be impure

(i)

reaction is reversible/products break up to reform reactants

(ii)

sulphur trioxide

(iii)

sulphuric acid

om

e.c

ctiv

ma
he

(d)

ww
w.c

(c)

TOTAL 14

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 6

(ii)

line drawn from the reactants to the top of the curve

(iii)

speeds up the reaction / makes the reaction go faster

(i)

70 %

(ii)

70 / 100 300 = 210 tonnes

if incorrect one mark is awarded for the correct fraction
mark consequentially on the answer to (c) (i)

(iii)

low rate of reaction / slow reaction

low temperature makes the catalyst less effective

om

(i)

SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

one mark for correct reactants, one mark for correct products

(ii)

the reaction is too violent / too exothermic

(i)

transition metal / transition element

(ii)

vanadium catalyst is not used up in the reaction

ctiv

(e)

the minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction

ma

(d)

(i)

he

(c)

ww
w.c

(b)

+ 189 kJ

e.c

(a)

TOTAL 13

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 7
amount or percentage of copper present is very small

(b)

reacts in air to form sulphuric acid

this is the cause of 'acid rain'
poisonous / causes pollution scores one mark

1
1

(c)

sulphur dioxide reacted with air or oxygen

to form sulphur trioxide
sulphur trioxide absorbed into concentrated sulphuric acid

1
1
1

copper from the anode/impure electrode forms copper ions or dissolves

copper ions turn to copper on cathode/deposited on cathode/pure copper
impurities are left behind/fall to the bottom of the cell

1
1
1

(ii)

2e-

(iii)

reduction is electron gain

copper ions gain two electrons

(iv)

'anode slime' contains precious metals/named metals

eg. silver, gold

high melting points

form coloured compounds

1
1

QUESTIONSHEET 8

ctiv

1
1

TOTAL 15

(i)

1.03%

(ii)

oxygen

(b)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

fractional distillation
argon
oxygen

(c)

carbon dioxide & water vapour

(d)

(i)
(ii)

1
1

(e)

convert iron to steel (1) by burning impurities (1)

ww
w.c

(a)

ma

(e)

e.c

(i)

he

(d)

om

(a)

in electric bulbs, for risky welding jobs, etc.

fast freezing food, for packing food, making ammonia, etc.

1
1
1
1
1

TOTAL 11

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 9
1

(i)

NO

(ii)

O2

(iii)

NO2

(c)

platinum

(d)

gases are cooled using water

(e)

reacted with water

and oxygen

1
1
1

ammonia solution / ammonium hydroxide

(ii)

neutralisation

(iii)

nitrogen is converted into plant protein

crop yield is therefore increased

1
1

(iv)

10% nitrogen
5% potassium
no phosphorus is present

1
1
1

ma

ctiv

(i)

he

(f)

ww
w.c

(b)

om

air

e.c

(a)

1
1

TOTAL 15

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 10
iron

(b)

3H2
2NH3

1
1

(c)

a reaction in which the products reform the reactants

(i)

increases as the pressure increases

decreases as the temperature increases

1
1

(ii)

temperature 300oC

(iii)

line drawn between 300oC and 500oC lines and is closer to 300oC line

Two from:
- more expensive plant or pipelines as they need to be thicker/stronger
- greater risk of explosion / greater danger to workforce
- higher power costs for compressor

e.c

(e)

pressure 225 atmospheres

ctiv

(d)

om

(a)

lower rate of reaction / reaction takes a long time

(g)

cool down the mixture of gases

ammonia will be the first to turn into a liquid

1
1

(h)

recycled

ww
w.c

he

ma

(f)

TOTAL 14

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 11

(b)

(c)

haematite/magnetite

(i)

carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

this reacts with more carbon

1
1

(ii)

oxygen is removed

(i)

CaCO3

(ii)

limestone removes acid/sandy impurities

CaO + CO2

2
1

om

(a)

molten iron
slag

(e)

need for shift work / unsociable hours

(f)

THREE from :
-near to supply of coal/coke or near to coalfield
-near to a port for import of ore
-good communication links eg. good road or rail links
-availability of skilled workforce

steel
girders for construction / motor car bodies / shipbuilding

1
1

ctiv

ma

he
ww
w.c

(g)

e.c

(d)

1
1
1

TOTAL 15

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 12
(a)

THREE from :
- high demand reduces the Earth's resources
- more fuel burnt that adds to atmospheric pollution/greenhouse effect/increase in
carbon dioxide levels
- bauxite ore will run out/is a non-renewable resource
- problems involved in more recycling to meet the increased demand
- more waste produced from purification of bauxite
- more land used to build HEP plants to meet electricity demand

(ii)

oxygen formed at the anode

reacts with the carbon forming carbon dioxide gas

(i)

Al3+

(ii)

molar mass of oxygen = 32 g

each O2 releases 4 electrons to form 4/3 aluminium
4/3 27 10 = 360 tonnes

3e-

Al

ma

ctiv

anode connected to +; cathode to

electrolyte the solution
aluminium metal the bottom layer

he

(d)

(i)

ww
w.c

(c)

e.c

om

(b)

TWO from :
- large amount of impurities present in ore/
only one tonne of metal formed from every 4 tonnes of ore
- large amounts of energy required in the extraction process/ uses large amounts of electricity
- special equipment required to cope with the high temperatures involved

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

TOTAL 14

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 13
(i)

oxygen

(ii)

vanadium(V) oxide

(iii)

water

(iv)

(s)

(v)

toxic nature of the gas/forms acid rain

(vi)

hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen

O2 (g)

om

(vii) dangerous reaction/ a sulphuric acid mist is formed

ctiv

e.c

(viii) paints/fertilisers/car batteries/detergents/plastics/cleaning metals/ many more

QUESTIONSHEET 14

(c)

TOTAL 9

iron behaves as a catalyst in speeding up the reaction

(iii)

heat speeds up the reaction

(i)

as the pressure increases % of ammonia also increases

as the temperature increases % of ammonia decreases
construction cost or plant too dangerous

1
1
1

ma

(ii)

(ii)

2 (l)

N2 (1)

sulphuric acid

he

(b)

(i)

ww
w.c

(a)

TOTAL 8

QUESTIONSHEET 15
(a)

(b)

(i)

(I) coke
(II) limestone

1
1

(ii)

slag

(i)

carbon monoxide

(ii)

256 + 3 16
=160

1
1

(iii)

1 mole of Fe2O3 gives 2 moles of Fe

320 tonnes gives 224 tonnes of iron

1
1
TOTAL 8

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 16

(ii)

breaking down a substance by electricity

(iii)

reduce energy/lower the melting point of the aluminium oxide

(iv)

ions must be mobile

(v)

oxide O2

(i)

near power station (1) electrolysis needs electricity (1) OR

good transport system (1) import of bauxite/export of aluminium (1)

(ii)

making our resources last longer/cheaper metals/ lower energy costs

(i)

conducts heat

(ii)

conducts electricity

(iii)

does not corrode

om

QUESTIONSHEET 17

(b)

1
1
1

TOTAL 11

One each for:

sodium ----- electrolysis
zinc ----------reduction with coke
copper ------heat sulphide with oxygen

(ii)

most reactive metals need electrolysis

least reactive by heating

1
1

(iii)

carbon

(i)

displacement/ oxidation reduction/ reduction

(ii)

sodium more reactive than titanium

he

(i)

ww
w.c

(a)

e.c

(c)

cost of electricity

ctiv

(b)

(i)

ma

(a)

TOTAL 8

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 18
1

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(i)

heating up incoming air

(ii)

Two from:
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

om

(c)

carbon

e.c

(b)

(i)

QUESTIONSHEET 19

ctiv

(a)

2
1

TOTAL 8

nitrogen is very unreactive

(b)

products turn back into reactants

(c)

a catalyst/ iron catalyst

(d)

returned to reaction/recycled/used again

(e)

strong smell
alkaline/ red litmus paper turns blue

1
1

(i)

ammonium nitrate

(ii)

contain a lot of nitrogen

improves crop yield

he

ww
w.c

(f)

ma

(a)

1
1
1
1

1
1

TOTAL 10

GCSE CHEMISTRY

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 20

(ii)

Two from:
on roads in winter, seasoning, preserving food, glazing earthenware, curing bacon

(i)

strong alkali

(ii)

Two from:
soap, paper, dyes, rayon

om

gas
bleach

(ii)

Two from:
treating water, swimming pools, making plastics, dyes, hydrochloric acid, solvents,
refrigerants,bleaches

ctiv

e.c

(i)

ma

(c)

sodium chloride

he

(b)

(i)

ww
w.c

(a)

1
1

TOTAL 10