REVIEW PAPER

International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, May 2010

Comparative Analysis and Frequency Excursion

of CCGT Plant Using SMES and CES Unit
1

J.Raja1 and B. Dr.C.Christober Asir Rajan2

Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College/EEE, Puducherry, India
Email: rajaj1980@rediff.com
2
Pondicherry Engineering College/ EEE, Puducherry, India
Email: asir_70@hotmail.com
relative to the response of combined cycle power plants
(CCPP) during frequency drops or variations at load
power. Temperature should be maintained (apart from the
first 20 seconds of the disturbance) below certain limits
for the protection of the plant. This paper is based on the
modeling proposed [2] in Kakimoto and Baba (2003) and
Rowen [5] (1983), while the model developed is
integrated with an educational and research simulation
package developed in the Electrical Energy Systems Lab
of NTUA (Vournas et al.,2004). Other similar models are
presented in Kunitomi et al.[3] (2003), Lalor et al. (2005),
Zhang and So (2000), which, however, are slightly
different. For instance, in Lalor and OMalley (2003) [4]
the structure of the steam turbine is more detailed, while
in this paper we use a simplified steam turbine model.In
this paper, we analyze dynamic behavior of a combined
cycle plant for frequency drops. Several dynamic models
of the combined cycle plant have been proposed [1][6].
We combine some of them and build a model for a
single-shaft combined cycle plant. We execute numerical
simulations to see how the combined cycle plant behaves
when the system frequency drops.

Abstract This paper presents a MATLAB SIMULINK

based dynamic model of a combined cycle stand alone gas
power plant and it develops the transfer function model of
load frequency and temperature control loop with SMES
and CES. The aim of this proposed work is to regulate the
frequency and temperature in order to maintain the system
stability and safety of the power plant. Since most of the
loads are induction type and the induction motor speed is
directly proportional to frequency, the frequency has to be
maintained within the limits. If temperature is low, it causes
low efficiency of the heat recovery boiler and maintaining
temperature higher than allowed will reduce life of the
equipment. Hence the temperature has to be regulated to
have safe operation of the power plant. Considering these
backgrounds, it is important to study the dynamic behavior
of the combined cycle plants. Here we developed the
dynamic model for a single shaft combined cycle plant and
the analysis of its response to electrical load and frequency
transients with the effects of SMES and CES unit, reveals
that CCGT with CES gives better dynamic response than
CCGT with SMES.
Index TermsCapacitive energy storage (CES), frequency
control, Gas turbine, super conducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES), stability analysis, Steam turbine,
temperature control.

II. COMBINED CYCLE PLANT MODEL

The CCGT model is shown in Fig. 1, it consists of
the power generation units and the control branches. The
thermodynamic part giving the available thermal power
to the gas turbine and the steam turbine is modeled by
algebraic equations, corresponding to the adiabatic
compression and expansion, as well as to the heat
exchange in the recovery boiler. These equations
correspond to the block Algebraic equations of energy
transform in Fig. 2 These algebraic equations are
presented below (Spalding and Cole, 1973 [6]), From the
adiabatic compression equation the following relation
holds, where x is the ratio of input-output temperatures
for isentropic Compression:

I. INTRODUCTION
The basic principle of the CCGT is simple burning gas
in a gas turbine produces not only power - which can be
converted in to electric power by a coupled generator but
also fairly hot exhaust gases. Routing these gases through
a water-cooled steam is produced, which can be turned
into electric power with a coupled steam turbine and
generator. This set-up of Gas Turbine, waste-heat boiler,
steam turbine and generators is called a combined cycle.
The dynamic response of such power plants to load and
frequency transients is rather problematic, since the
compressor and the fuel supply system are both attached
to the shaft of the unit. Thus rotor speed and frequency
have a direct effect on air and fuel supply,[1] which
introduces a negative effect on system stability (CIGRE,
2003). In addition, combined cycle power plants function
on the temperature limits (above a relatively low power
level) so as to achieve the best efficiency in the steam
generator (CIGRE,2003). This fact raises further issues

X = ( Pr )

(1)
In (1) Pr is the actual compressor ratio. For nominal
airflow (W=1pu), this is equal to the nominal ration Pr0.
When airflow is different from nominal (W1), the actual

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International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, May 2010

from which we obtain for the actual exhaust temperature

similarly to (5):
t f [ l ( l 1) t ]
(9)
te =

compression ratio is Pr =Pro * W

X= ( Pro *W )

-1

(2)

From the definition of compressor efficiency

c =

t d,is -t
t d -t

The power produced by the gas turbine is proportional to

temperature difference (tfte), and the mechanical power
consumed in the compressor is proportional to (tdti).
Both are also proportional to airflow W (we assume that
the mixture of air and gas is almost equal to airflow).
Therefore the net power converted to mechanical is:

(3)

From which, based on the definition of X in (1)

td =

t1 (1+X-1)
c

(4)

The gas turbine inlet temperature depends on the fuel to

air ratio (assuming that air is always in excess). The
temperature rises with the fuel injection Wf and decreases
with airflow W. From the energy balance equation in the
combustion chamber, the following normalized equation
results in
Wf =

W(t f -t d )
(t fo -t do )

Wf
W
Similar to (4), the gas turbine efficiency is given by
t f =t d +(t fo -t do )*

t =

tt,is -t
tt -t

E g = K o [(t f -t e )-(t d -t i )]* W

The thermal power absorbed by the heat exchanger of the

recovery boiler is proportional to airflow and exhaust
temperature.

(5)

E S = K 1* t e *W

Tf
Tc ,is

(11)

The control branches and the transfer functions are shown

in Fig 1 Note that in the control loop temperature
variables are replaced by normalized variables Tf, Te
defined as:

(6)

Tf =

(7)

t -273
t f -273
& Te = e
t eo
t fo

(12)

Note that tf and te are in Kelvin degrees. While tf0 and te0
are in Celsius. Thus, for normalized conditions Tf = Te=1
(pu).As it can be easily observed, there are eight
independent variables in the algebraic equations (2),(4),
(6) and(9)-(12). Thus, in order to solve the system during
dynamic simulation it is necessary to define fuel flow and
airflow, as shown in the corresponding block of Fig. 1
&2.

For the adiabatic expansion, noting from (3) that the right
hand side is the same as in the compression (the mass that
enters the compressor is the same with the one in the
output of the gas turbine) we have:
X =

(10)

(8)

III. SMES SYSTEM

The SMES unit contains DC Superconducting coil and
converter which are connected by Star-Delta/Delta-Star
transformer. The control of the converter firing angle
provides the DC voltage Ed appearing across the inductor
to be continuously varying within a certain range of
positive and negative values.
Psmi (t)= di Idio +Idi di
(17)
The inductor is initially charged to its rated value Ido by
applying a small positive voltage. Once the current
reaches the rated value, it is maintained constant by
reducing the voltage across the inductor to zero since the
coil is Superconducting and energy stored in a SMES is
derived from Ref [13].

Figure 1. MATLAB SIMULINK Model of Single shaft

CCGT Model with Temperature and Speed Control Loop

IV. CES SYSTEM

A Super capacitor is an electro chemical device
consisting of two porous electrodes, an ion exchange
membrane separating the two electrodes and a potassium
hydroxide electrolyte. In many ways, an ultra capacitor is
subject of same physics as a standard capacitor. That is
the capacitor is determined by [14] the effective area of
Figure 2. Sub System

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International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, May 2010

of combined cycle power plant without controller, in the

presents of step input signal. Response shows that
increase in load decreases the turbine speed N and
frequency f, increases fuel flow Wf, exhaust temperature
Te and CCGT its stability. (ii) Fig. 4 shows dynamic
response of combined cycle power plant with speed
control and without temperature control for step input, in
this case once again the power system becomes unstable
but the magnitude of oscillation reduces. This paper
analyses dynamic behavior of CCGT with SMES, CES
separately, realistic performance of power system with
the presents of step signal. The obtained results can be
summarized as follows. (iii) The simulation model and
dynamic response shown in Fig. 5&6, reveals that the
speed control loop is necessary for the stability of the gas
power plant, as frequency feedback in the fuel flow and
air flow render the plant very sensitive to disturbances.
The model and the stability of a single shaft combined
cycle plant as well as its control loop is analyzed. Thus
by implementing the speed control loop the stability of
the plant is improved and it is tabulated in Table I the
system ends up in the stable state.

the plates, the separation distances of the electrode and

the dielectric constant of the separating medium. The
transfer function of governor Gg(s) is modified as
follows.
(14)
N + ( (N S )/
)
0
G (s)=
1

1 + S T gi

V. STABILITY OF CONTROL LOOPS

The low-value-select (LVS) function acts like a switch
that activates one of the two control loops (frequency or
overheat) by selecting the lower value of the two control
variables (Tc or Fd).The speed control is vital for the
stability of the system, its temporary interruption by the
LVS during overheat condition is critical. The
calculation of linearized system eigen values is done
separately with and without SMES, CES for the case
where the speed control, or the temperature control,
branch is active. The calculated eigen values are
presented in Table I. This table shows that when the
speed loop is active the system is stable, The other eigen
values of Table I&II demonstrate a satisfactory behavior
of the combined cycle plant. This type of control
(switching between stable and unstable systems) is
typical of sliding mode control systems (Utkin et al.,
1999). It should be noted that a switching system could
temporarily unstable and still maintain its overall
stability if the switching device (LVS in our model)
performs properly. At this point it is necessary to note
that the airflow control branch, which performs the
normal temperature control, has a major influence on the
overall stability of the system. When this branch is
active, it is possible to increase the power generation
without overheating, as a proportional increase of fuel
and air will maintain the combustion temperature
constant according to ref [7].

Figure 7 Dynamic Response of Combined Cycle plant with N &

Temperature Loop (i) Without SMES (ii)

VI.

iv)The gas turbine response is rapid and dominant, the

governor and temperature control plays critical role
during abnormal frequency deviations, the gas turbine
maximum continuous output on the frequency and
ambient temperature is a significant factor but control
system using SMES has been presented as one of the
power full stabilizer for undamped power oscillations.
The SMES is capable of controlling active and reactive
power simultaneously. When reactive power control is
applied. The fluctuation of voltage is suppressed although
the damping of power oscillation is hardly improved. So
the SMES action is irrespective of control loops. (v)
From Table I CES yields superb transient performance
under load conditions. It is the energy stored/absorbed in

RESULT ANALYSIS

There are many power plants in practical power

systems. In this study, we consider a small system
composed of a CCGT and a step load. Their models have
been described in Fig 1 & 2. We consider a single-shaft
CCGT. Its rated output is 32.5MW (Gas turbine 22.9
MW, Steam turbine 9.6 MW). On the gas turbine we use
typical parameters provided in [4], for steam turbine
parameter is taken from [14], for gas turbine parameters
are taken from [12].(i) Fig. 3 shows open loop response
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D.B.,cole,E.H.,
1973,
Engineering
[6] Spalding,
Thermodynamics, Edward Arnold (publishers), London.
[7] Utkin,v., Guldner,J., Shi,J.,1999, Sliding mode control in
electromechanical systems, Taylor & Francis, London.
[8] Vournas,C.D., Potamianakis,E.G., Moors,C., Vanutsem,T.,
2004, An educational Simulation tool for Power System
control and stability, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, USA, Vol.19, pp.48-55.
[9] Zhang,Q.,so,P.L.,2000, Dynamic Modeling of a combined
cycle plant for power system stability studies, IEEE
Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, USA, Vol.2,
pp. 1538-1543.
[10] T.Inoue,y.sudo, A.Takeuchi,Y.Mitani and Y.Nakachi.
Development of a combined cycle plant model for power
system dynamic simulation study, Trans. Inst.
Elect.Eng.Jpn., Vol.119-B, no.7, pp.788-797, 1999.
[11] F.P.de Mello and D.J.Ahner, Dynamic models for
combined cycle plants in power system studies, IEEE
Trans. Power syst., USA, Vol.8, pp.152-158, Feb.1992.
[12] L.N.Hannet and A.khan, Combustion turbine dynamic
model valication fromtests, IEE Trans. power syst., UK,
Vol.8, pp.152-158, Feb, 1992.
[13] Mitani Y,Tisuji K,Murakami Y., Application of Super
conducting magnetic energy storage to improve power
system dynamic performance, IEEE Trans Power System,
USA, 1988, PWRS-3(4), pp. 1418-1425.
[14] Mairaj ad din Mufti, Shameem Ahamed lone, Shiekh Javed
Iqbal, Muzzafer Ahameed, Mudasir Ismail, Super
Capacitor based Energy storage system for improved load
frequency control, Electric power system research, UK,
Vol. 79, (2009), pp. 226-233.

the capacitors of CES that starts action following the

disturbance in the system and restores the system nominal
performance quickly before the controlling action form
temperature and speed control loop. So investigation
reveals that the improved combined cycle dynamic
stabilization with the action of CES always consistent
under load condition than SMES and it is irrespective of
temperature and speed control. The plant is designed in
this project is a small single shaft combined cycle plant.
We gathering the information from PONDICHERRY
POWER CORPORATION LIMITED is the combined
power plant which comprises gas and steam power plant.
In PPCL they are generating 32.5 MW. The output
from the gas power plant is about 22.9 MW and from the
steam power plant is about 9.6MW. Now that the project
is finished and compared with the existing works. From
this study it is found that this work may seems to be quite
simple and easy to analyze a real gas power plant.
CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive mathematical model for the CCGT
system fitted with SMES (or) capacitive energy storage is
presented in this paper, the simulation study reveals that
the proposed scheme brings a considerable improvements
in CCGT system dynamic performance and capacitor
stored energy attains a value close to its nominal one after
dealing with a disturbance. The power frequency and
temperature variation due to small load disturbances are
found persist for a long period even with temperature and
speed control loop. The effectiveness of small capacity
CES unit in damping out these oscillations and in quickly
restoring the system states to a new equilibrium has been
established. Thus as compares to SMES, CES quickens
the transient stabilization phenomenon even after the
load, so the application of CES unit may be successfully
practically implemented for improving the small signal
dynamic performance of combined cycle gas turbine.

VII. Biographies
J.Raja was born in 1980 and received his B.E.degree and M.E.
degree in the year 2001 & 2003 respectively, He is currently
pursuing his Ph.D degree in Pondicherry
University,Puducherry,India. He has published
technical papers in International & National
Journals and Conferences. He is currently
working as Assistant Professor in the
Electrical
&
Electronics
Engineering
Department at Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Affiliated to Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India. His
areas of interest are power system Controls and Stability,
operational planning and control.
C.Christober Asir Rajan was born in 1970 and received his
B.E. (Distn.) degree (Electrical and Electronics) and M.E.
(Distn.) degree (Power System) from the
Madurai Kamaraj University (1991 & 1996),
Madurai, India. And he received his
postgraduate degree in DI.S. (Distn.) from the
Annamalai University, Chidambaram. He has
received his Ph.D degree in Power System
from the College of Engineering, Guindy,
Anna University, Chennai, India (2001-2004). He published
technical papers in International & National Journals and
Conferences. He is currently working as Associate Professor in
the Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department at
Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India. His area
of interest is power system optimization, operational planning
and control.

REFERENCES
[1] CIGRE, 2003, Modeling Gas Turbines and Steam
Turbines in Combined-Cycle Power Plants, International
Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems,
Technical Brochure.
Gas
[2] Kakimoto,N., Baba.K.,2003,Performance of
Turbines Based Plants During Frequency Drops, IEEE
transactions on power systems, USA, Vol. 18 No.3,
pp.1110-1115.
[3] Kunitomi,K.,kurita,A.,Tada,Y.,Ihara,s.,price,W.W.,Richard
son,L.M,Smith,G.,2003,Modeling Combined-cycle power
plant for Simulation of Frequency Excursions, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, USA, Vol. 18, No.2, pp.
724-729.
[4] Lalor,G., Ritchie,j., Flynn,D.,o Malley, M.J.,2005, The
impact of Combined cycle gas Turbine Short-Term
Dynamics on Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, USA, Vol.20, No.3, pp.1456-1464.
W.I.,1983,
Simplified
Mathematical
[5] Rowen,
Representation of Heavy duty Gas Turbine, Trans. Amer.
soc. Mech. Eng. , USA, Vol. 105 , pp.865-869.

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