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ECOLOGA
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Meteorologa
Geologa
Hidrologa

Evolucin
Sistemtica
Gentica
Fisiologa
Biogeoqumica
Ecologa de Ecosistemas
Ecologa del Paisaje
Ecologa Qumica
Ecologa de Comunidades
Ecologa de Poblaciones
Fisiologa Ecolgica
Ecologa Conductual
Ecologa Evolutiva

Cambio global

Biological invasions

Habitat loss
Climate impacts
Over-exploitations

Pollution

Cambio global es ms que cambio climtico: comprende

mltiples impactos de las actividades humanas sobre el medio
ambiente global

Muchos efectos se retroalimentan e interactan unos con otros

Source: Millennium Ecosystems Assessment

Los ltimos 150 aos

Este aumento de temperatura es de origen

antropognico?

Cul es la variabilidad climtica natural del sistema

terrestre?
Cul es la variabilidad natural de los GEI?

Anomalas de temperatura de los ltimos 1.300 aos elaborado

a partir de mltiples indicadores paleoclimticos

El aumento actual de las temperaturas

superan en 0,5C las temperaturas de los
ltimos 1.300 aos para el HN

Consecuencias en los ecosistemas

Consecuencias en los ecosistemas

Our planet has warmed by 0.13 C per decade since 1956 and will
likely warm more rapidily in the decades to come (IPCC, 2007)

It's Official !!! ... Last Year Was One of the Warmest on Record

1. Last year, the globe sweltered through one of

the hottest years on record.
2. Global average temperature was 14.47C, or
about 0.57C above the 20th century average

(National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration
@ www.sciencemag.org)

Fisiologa Ecolgica y Evolutiva

en un Planeta que se Calienta

The science of the interrelationships between the physiology of

organisms and their environment.

Physiological ecologists address ecological and evolutionary questions

about the controls over the growth, reproduction, survival, abundance,
and geographical distribution, as these processes are affected by
interactions between organism with their current and future physical,
chemical, and biotic environment
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.

Monitor
Forecast

Climate
change
impacts

Mitigate
Adapt

The study of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms

that set the limits for environmental tolerance,
is an active area of investigation that has gained
importance in the current era of climate change
(American Physiological Society 2010)

Diversidad Fisiolgica.. ...es la variabilidad en caracteres fisiolgicos

entre animales y plantas.
La variabilidad fisiolgica son las herramientas de regulacin,
rendimiento y tolerancia
External biotic
Competition
Predators
Behaviour
(innate and learned)

Diet

External abiotic
Oxygen
CO2/H+
Other gases
Atmospheric
pressure
Hydrostatic
pressure

Internal

Salinity

Parasites

Solar radiation
Disease

Humidity

Genetics

Photoperiod

Age

Water

Size

Wind
Gravity
Environmental
temperature

Developmental
stage
Sex hormones
Cycles
(e.g. diel, tidal, seasonal)
Developmental
noise

Anthropogenic

Confronting the Physiological Bottleneck

Denny M & B Helmuth (2010) Integrative & Comparative Biology 49: 197-201

A lack of physiological insight is the

primary impediment to
the successful prediction of the
ecological effects of climate
change
Without a better mechanistic
understanding of how plants and
animals work, we can never be assured of an
accurate warning
of what lies ahead for life on earth

1. Cmo y en que espacio/tiempo la fisiologa ecolgica y

evolutiva converge con la biologa del cambio global?
2.- Tenemos algo que decir?

Vulnerabilidad de los
organismos
al cambio climtico

Atributos que promueven la vulnerabilidad de los organismos

al cambio climtico

1. Sensibilidad al cambio ambiental

2. Exposicin al cambio

3. Resiliencia o habilidad para recuperarse de las

perturbaciones
4. Potencial de adaptacin al cambio

Lmites de Tolerancia Trmica

Qu especies o poblaciones estn mas afectadas (amenazadas)
por el cambio climtico? Por qu?, Cul es el impacto de
cambios trmicos en media y variabilidad?

Causas prximas

Consecuencias ltimas

Ecologa y Evolucin
de la Fisiologa Trmica

Escuela Termodinmica

Escuela Biolgica

MACROPHYSIOLOGICAL
PATTERNS
Climate change is altering phenology and distributions of many
species and further changes are projected for the 21st century.
Can species physiologically adapt to climate warming?

Performance

Curva de rendimiento trmico para

ectotermos

CTmin

CTmax

Temperature

Rendimiento

Temperatura del habitat

Summarizing
1.

We analyzed thermal tolerances of a large number of terrestrial ectotherm (n=1037), endotherm

(n=227), and plant species (n=1816) across the world, and show that tolerance to heat is largely
conserved across lineages.

2.

In contrast, tolerance to cold varies markedly between and within species.

3.

We argue that hard physiological boundaries exist that constrain evolution of tolerances of
terrestrial organisms to high temperatures. In contrast, evolution of tolerances to cold should be
more frequent.

4.

In contrast, species whose climatic preferences are close to their upper thermal limits will unlikely
evolve physiological tolerances to increased heat, thereby being predictably more affected by
warming.

Lecciones desde
el oceano

Biogeografa y estructura-funcin de malato deshidrogenasa

en Lottia digitalis y L. austrodigitalis

Somero GN (2010) Journal of Experimental Biology 213:912-920

Cambio climtico y desertificacin

Summer

Winter

Precipitation (mm)

50

A)

40
30
20
10
0

Summer

Winter

60

l/day)

B)

(6)

50
40

water influx

Plants water content (%)

Vulpea sp.
5.7 summer

70.6 winter

Erodium sp.
2.8 summer

76.9 winter

Protenas
Lpidos
+ O2
Carbohidratos

CO182 + H2O18
*H2O

H*
}

O18
Tiempo
t=0

t = t

CO2

Summer

Winter

60

Water Flux (ml/day)

B)

(6)

50

water influx
water efflux

40
30

(9)

20
10
0

Summer

Osm/kg)

5000
4000

C)
(19)

Winter

Summer

Urine Osmolality (mOsm/kg)

5000
4000

Winter

C)
(19)

3000
2000

(11)

1000
0

Summer

Winter

AQPs

Aquaporins in the Kidney

Urine
Osmolality (mOsm/kg)

2500

(3)

2000
1500
(3)

1000
500

Plasma

0
10

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

Uosm/Posm

8
6
4
2
0

2Ta

Aclimatacin

 a regime with an increased variability in temperatures (in addition to

increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for pronounced
warming during the past 150 years
Schr et al (2004), Nature 427

Aclimatacin a variabilidad
trmica

Atributos fisiolgicos
Atributos de historia de vida (Fitness)

Rendimiento trmico

Metabolic costs

The effect of thermal variability () on metabolic costs

was observed when = 8

Expresin molecular: protenas de shock trmico Hsp70

Los genes codificantes de miembros de la familia de protenas son sobreexpresados
en presencia de estrs trmico

Historia de vida (Fitness)

Physiological thermotolerance may

evolve during constant global warming,
but ..
1.- What about the impact of climatic variability?
2.- What are the life history and demographic costs?

The role of increasing temperature variability

a regime with an increased variability in temperatures (in addition to

increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for
pronounced warming during the past 150 years
Schr et al (2004), Nature 427

Porcellium laevis from different populations and local

population through ontogeny
highland
8 C

3 C
lowland

0 C

Acclimation

Acclimation at temperature variabilty of

0, 3 and 8 C @ mean Ta = 24C

Survival
Thermal performance

Body mass change

Rendimiento trmico
0.30

th

5 week
=8
=3
=0

0.25
0.20
0.15

Roll over speed (s-1)

0.10
0.05

Pmax muestra un efecto significativo de

la poblacin

El efecto poblacional fue significativo

sobre Topt

Las diferencias entre variabilidad

trmica () no fueron significativa sobre
Pmax ni Topt

La amplitud trmica afecta de manera

similar a las poblaciones de altura y de
nivel del mar.

Lowland

0.00
0

10

20

30

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
Highland
0.00
0

10

20
Ambient temperature (C)

30

Life history I: body mass

130

Body mass balance (%)

Lowland
Highland

mb was consistently lower at higher thermal

amplitudes (=8) than at lower and no
variation (=3 and =0, respectively)

This suggests a direct relationship between

variation in mb and physiological stress. A
comparatively lower increase in mb may thus
be seen as the inability of an adult to increase
energy intake and maintain its energy budget.

120

110

100

90
0

Ambient temperature variability (C)

100
Highland
Lowland

80

Life history II: Survival

60
40

=0
P = 0.26

20

Cumulative Survival (%)

0
0
100

20

40

60

80

40

60

80

40

60

80

80
60
40

=3
P = 0.98

20
0
0

20

100
80
60
40

=8
P= 0.02

20
0
0

20

Time (d)

Highland individuals exhibit higher survival

values than lowland ones under greater thermal
amplitude

Life history IV: Final body mass

Body mass P. laevis maintained during 20 wks. under different treatments of thermal amplitude (0, 4
and 8 C).

100

Body mass (mg)

80

60

40

20

Thermal amplitude (C)

Poblacin: efectos demogrficos

Diseo experimental
(Tribolium confusum escarabajo de la harina)

2 4 8 16 parejas @ 0 C y 8 C

Ni
progenie

Nf

Ecuacin de Ricker para la funcin reproductiva

o funcin-R

N t 1 Q

R = Rm 1

Donde Nt-1 es la abundancia a tiempo t-1; R es la tasa de crecimiento per capita R = log(Nt/Nt-1); Rm es la
tasa maxima de crecimiento per capita; K es la densidad en equilibrio y Q es un factor de no-linealidad
(Berryman 1999)

Parametros estimados, intervalos de confianza y R2 para el modelo de Ricker ajustado a

datos experimentales de Tribolium confusum creciendo a dos regimenes trmicos de

variabilidad. Las diferencias significativas de muestra en rojo (tasa mxima de crecimiento

per capita).

5
Ta = 24 0 C

Parametro

Estimado

95% CI

Rm

3.7

3.3-4.1

34.5

26.0-56.7

0.8

0.6-1.1

Ta = 24 8 C
R2

0.75

Parametro

Estimado

95% CI

Rm

2.7

2.2-3.1

38.9

27.3-82.4

1.0

0.7-1.6

R2

0.6

La sobrevivencia de las moscas al coma por fro o calor depende

de su historia trmica

La tasa de crecimiento poblacional de Drosophila melanogaster

depende del ambiente trmico

Organismal distribution limits and responses to climate change depend on how

physiological performance varies as the environment shifts between optimal and extreme
conditions

En Resumen
Physiological ecology meets climate change

Causas prximas
Tolerancias trmicas
Tasa metablicas
Hsp70

Consecuencias ltimas
Factores demogrficos
Historia de vida
Distribucin

El cambio climtico afecta a los organismos en

todos los biomas y ecosistemas. Se predice que

Dado un tiempo suficiente y la existencia de dispersin, las

especies podran moverse hacia condiciones climticas mas
favorables

Las especies podran ajustarse a nuevos ambientes a travs de

plasticidad conductual, plasticidad fisiolgica o adaptacin

Las fallas en alguna de estas respuestas culminara en colapsos

demogrficos y extinciones

Sinervo et al (2010). Science

Respuesta Ecolgica

Genotipo
Respuesta Evolutiva

(media y varianza)

Fenotipo

Ambiente

Rendimiento
Fisiolgico

Cambio Climtico

Historia de Vida

Muchas Gracias