Marine'Science:'''

An'Introduc1on'

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"Science'is'the'pursuit'of'knowledge'and'
understanding'of'the'natural'and'social'world'
following'a'systema1c'methodology'based'on'
evidence.'B'Bri1sh'Science'Council'

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KNOWLEDGE'='TRUTH'
Facts'

Reliable,'Validated'
Explicit,'Opera1onally'&'
Func1onally'Dened'
Testable'
Systema1c'

Describe'

UNDERSTANDING'
the'rela1onship'
between'facts'

Explain'

Predict'
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The'Blue'Marble'

Earth:''only'known'planet'
to'have'liquid'water'on'
the'surface'
'

70%'of'the'surface'is'water'
'
97%'of'water'is'in'the'oceans'
'

The'rst'photo'of'Earth'as'seen'from'space.''Photo'
taken'December'7,'1972,'by'crew'of'the'Apollo'17'
shu`le,'at'an'al1tude'of'45,000'km'while'travelling'to'
the'moon.'

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OCEANOGRAPHY'or'Marine'Science'
'
'
'
'
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Systema1c'scien1c'study'of'the'ocean''
Goal:''Understand'processes'and'phenomena'

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Oceanography:''
An'interdisciplinary'science'with'4'major'divisions'
Geological Oceanography

Physical
Oceanography
Biological
Oceanography

Chemical Oceanography

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Geological'Oceanography'
Geologic'history'of'the'oceans'
Geology'of'ocean'basins'
Coastal'morphology'&'
processes'

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Physical'Oceanography'
Physical'a`ributes'of'the'ocean'
Mo1on:''Waves,'1des,'currents'
Physical'forcing'factors'

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Chemical'Oceanography'
Chemistry'of'the'ocean'
Chemical'cons1tuents'
Elemental'cycling'

Oceanic'Carbon'Cycle.''Source:'PMEL'Carbon'Group,'NOAA'

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Biological'Oceanography'
Marine'life'and'its'distribu1on,'produc1vity,'life'cycles,'and'
ecosystems'

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Oceanography:''A'Brief'History'

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Ancient'explorers'
Egyp1ans'(~4000'BC):''shipbuilding'&'coastal'pilo1ng''
Phoenicians'(1000''600'BC):''Mediterranean'explorers'
Austronesians'(~3000'BC):''migra1on'and'peopling'of'
Southeast'Asia'and'Central'Pacic'islands'
Polynesians'(2000''500'BC):''Pacic'explorers'

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The'Austronesians:'
The'Balangay'(sailboat)'
Oldest'preBhispanic'watercram'
found'in'the'Philippines'
'
15'm'long,'3B4'm'wide'
Can'carry'60'to'90'people'

http://www.balangay-voyage.com/images/about-images/1-sketchofthebalangay.jpg

Primarily'used'for'trade:''cargo'
Excavated'from'Butuan,'Agusan'del'Norte'
Ships'date'back'to'320'AD'
'

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Polynesians:'Early'Pacic'explorers'

DualBhulled'canoes'
Skilled'navigators'
BWave'ac1on,'currents'
BStars'
BBird'ight'
BS1ck'maps'
'

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'
Greek'classical'knowledge'
Ancient'contribu1ons: ''

Aristotle'(384B322'BC):''Earliest'recorded'natural'
historian'
Historia(Animalium':''1st'trea1se'in'marine'biology;'

Eratothesnes'(265B194'BC)'

Aristotle'

determined'the'circumference'of'the'Earth'without'
leaving'Egypt'(25,000'miles;'40,250'km)'
system'of'la1tude'&'longitude'

Ptolemy'(127B151'AD):''First'world'atlas'(Geographia)'
map'of'the'en1re'Roman'world'showing'la1tude'&'
longitude'

The'world'according'to'Ptolemy'.'

Eratothesnes'

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Middle'Ages'(500''1450'AD)'
Fall'of'the'Roman'empire'
Viking'seafarers'(merchants,'warriors,'pirates)'
TransBAtlan1c'voyagers;'trade'and'coloniza1on'
Reached'North'America'(Vinland'='Newfoundland)'500'years'before'
Christopher'Columbus'

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Voyages'of'Discovery'(1500s''1600s)'
Search'for'resources,'new'&'be`er'trade'routes''

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Voyages'of'Discovery:''Search'for'new'trade'routes'
1487:'
Bartholomew'
Diaz'rounds'the'
Cape'of'Good'
Hope'

1498:'Vasco'de'
Gama'con1nues'
further'eastward,'
reaches'India'

1492:'Christopher'
Columbus'reaches'the'
Americas.'
Original'des1na1on:'
East'Indies'

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Voyages'of'Discovery:'

'

Vasco'Nunez'de'Balboa'(1513)'
First'European'to'reach'the'Pacic'Ocean'(then'South'Sea)'

Vasco'Nuez'de'
Balboa'

Balboas'route'to'the'Pacic.'''
Image:'Wikipedia'

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Voyages'of'Discovery:'

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Ferdinand'Magellan'sails'westward,'rst'to'circumnavigate'the'
globe'(1519B1521)'

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Set'out'with'265'
men'in'5'ships.''
Voyage'ended'
with'18'men'
onboard'1'ship,'
Victoria((25.9(m(
long,(6.7(m(
wide).'
Source:'www.jpub.com/oceanlink'
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Voyages'of'Discovery:'Sir'Francis'Drake'

Circumnavigated'the'globe'on'a'single'expedi1on'(1577B1580)'

Source:'www.jpub.com/oceanlink'

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Early'Voyages'of'Scien1c'Discovery:'18th''19th'
century'
Expanded'geographic'&'scien1c'knowledge'
Necessary'to'maintain'mari1me'&'economic'superiority'

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Early'Voyages'of'Scien1c'Discovery:'''

Capt.'James'Cook'

Capt.'James'Cook'
Sails'the'Polar'Seas'

1768''1771:'HMS'Endeavor 'Charted'New'Zealand'&'Australian'coast'
1772''1775:'HMS'Adventure'and'HMS'ResoluCon:''circumnavigated'the'
world,'eastward'along'60oS'
1778''1779:'Pacic'Ocean,'Hawaiian'islands,'Bering'Sea'
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Early'Voyages'of'Scien1c'Discovery:'''

HMS(Beagle'&'Charles'Darwin'(1831''1836)(
Mission:''hydrographic'survey'of'Patagonia'&'Tierra'del'
Fuego'
Geology'&'Biology'of'the'South'American'coastline'
Darwins'theories:'
On(the(Origin(of(Species((1859)(
The(Structure(&(DistribuCon(of(Coral(Reefs((1842):((
theory'of'atoll'forma1on(

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Ocean'Science'Begins:'''

HMS(Challenger'(1873''1876)(
Mission:''Does'life'exist'in'the'deep'oceans?'
Naval'corve`e're`ed'with'laboratories,'winches,'sounding'
scope'
New'era'in'ocean'explora1on':''Comprehensive'studies'

Circumnaviga1on'
Sea'water'samples:''Chemical'composi1on'
Observa1ons'of'coastal,'oceanic,'and'deep'water'currents'
Temperature'measurements'at'all'depths'
Nature'of'sedimentary'deposits'on'the'seaoor,'bo`om'topography'
Distribu1on'of'life'forms'at'all'depths'(5000'new'species)'
Data'took'some'20'years'to'analyze,'published'in'50'large'volumes'

First'to'sound'the'depths'now'known'as'the'Challenger'Deep'
'
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Modern'oceanographic'research'
Establishment'of'marine'ins1tu1ons'(Scripps,'WHOI)'
Mul1disciplinary'collabora1ons,'largeBscale'
programs'
Technological'advancements'(instrumenta1on)'
SCUBA'(Jacques'Cousteau'&'Emile'Gagnan,'1943)'
Submersibles'and'ROVs'
Satellite'technology'for'remote'sensing'

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'
Bathyscape'Trieste((1958B1966)'
Submersibles:''

35,797'm;'~11'km'(Challenger'Deep)'

The bathyscape Trieste (left). Walsh & Piccard inside the Trieste (right).
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'
Alvin((WHOI,'built'1964)'
Submersibles:''

2'passengers'to'a'depth'of'4.5'km'(3'mi.)'
Hydrothermal'vent'explora1ons'(1970s)'
RMS'Titanic'wreck'(1986)'
Alvin, 1964 (www.who.edu)

Alvin, 1990.

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'
Jason/Medea((WHOI,'1988)'
ROVs'(Remotely'Operated'Vehicles)''

Depth'of'10'km'(6'mi.)'
Images,'Sample'collec1on'
Hydrothermal'vent'explora1ons'
Underwater'archaeology'

Jason/Medea. Source: WHOI

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'
Studying'the'Ocean'from'Space'
Satellite'Technology:''

Topex/Poseidon:''ocean'circula1on,'sea'surface'height'
SeaWIFS:''Global'ocean'bioBop1cal'proper1es'(Ocean'Color)'

Ocean surface
toopography taken by
Topex/Poseidon. Useful
for monitoring changes in
ocean circulation to
understand Earths climate

Sea Surface Temperature

Ocean color indicates
chlorophyll concentrations
= phytoplankton &
productivity
Source: www.mos.org

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Course'References'(available'at'MSI'library)'

Sverdrup'KA,'Duxburry'AC,'Duxburry'AB''(2005)'An'introduc1on'to'the'worlds'
oceans.''New'York,'New'York:'McGrawBHill'Companies,'Inc.'514'p.'

Thurman'HV'and'Trujillo'AP'(1999)''Essen1als'of'Oceanography,'6th'ed.''Pren1ceB
hall,'New'Jersey.''527p'

''

Nybakken'JW'and'Bertness'MD'(2005)''Marine'biology:'an'ecological'approach.''
San'Francisco'CA:'Pearson'Educa1on,'Inc.''579'p.''

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