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I INTRODUCTION
The induction lamp principles were patented in 1907 by P. C. Hewitt [1]. The IEFL is
different from the traditional Fluorescent Lamp (FL) mainly because of the electrodes
absence. The IEFL may operate from hundreds of kHz to tens of MHz [2]. Based on this
context, discharge lamp model is an essential tool for electronic ballast designers. The energy
transfer from the coil windings to the plasma has been subject of several studies in the
literature [3]-[4]. The main difficulty for modeling the IEFL is to determine the equivalent
electrical parameters to represent the lamp discharge behavior in function of resistances and
reactances. Contributions in this direction have been done in [5] and [6], but these consider
the lamp model as a purely resistive characteristic, neglecting cores losses.
The main features of commercial IEFLs are good luminous efficiency, the possibility of
obtaining higher power ratings than fluorescent lamps owing to electrode absence and, most
importantly, very long lifetime. Commercial datasheets indicate lifetime up to 100,000 hours
[7]. Owing to the characteristic of long lifetime these lamps are suitable for street lighting, in
places with difficult access in which the lamp replacement has a high maintenance cost.
Some IEFLs present an external coil, as shown in Figure 1(a), others use a spherical
discharge volume with the coil inside the bulb, as shown in Figure 1(b).
In this paper the lamp and the cores losses parameters are considered to determine the
IEFL electrical model. The lamp used in this paper is ENDURA, 100 W, manufactured by
OSRAM SYLVANIA.
The lamp operating frequency (f) is 250 kHz and the principle of energy transfer from the
coils to the lamp discharge is similar to that in an electrical transformer. The coils act as the
primary side and the plasma created inside the lamp is modeled as an equivalent secondary
winding [8].
(a)
(b)
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 3. (a) IEFL equivalent electrical model. (b) Model with the discharge parameters
referenced to the primary. (c) IEFL simplified model considering the discharge and the cores
parameters. (d) IEFL simplified model.
In IEFL discharge, it can be assumed that the voltages and the currents are nearly
sinusoidal, because at the operating frequency the discharge relaxation time (around 400 s)
is much longer than the driving period (4 s) . Thus, the lamp may be considered as a quasilinear load having constant impedance over the driving period [9]. This allows the lamp to be
modeled as a set of equivalent impedances. However, under dimming operation the lamp
equivalent impedance changes at different lamp power and a model able of emulating the
IEFL behavior during this process is required.
Rlamp
. These magnitudes
represent peak values, and the same abbreviations without apostrophe represent RMS values.
The angle 1 represents the phase angle between lamp input voltage and curren
The proposed lamp model is shown in
Figure 3. The lamp and external coils are analyzed as a transformer. The electronic
ballast provides power to the primary winding and the lamp discharge is the load of the
transformer, secondary side [10]-[11]. There is a capacitive discharge at the IEFL start, which
the required voltage depends on the lamps constructive aspects [12]. The lamp without its
cores separated representation is represented by a resistance (Rlamp2) and a parallel
reactance (X
lamp2
), as shown in Figure 3(a). In Figure 3(b) these values are reflected to the
transformer primary side, considering a unitary transformer coupling coefficient [13]. Figure
3(c) shows the reactance, represented by a capacitor. This capacitive characteristic was
observed during experimental results. However, the lamp plus coil entire reactance,
considering the primary magnetizing inductance (Lcore), presents inductive feature (Leq), as
shown in Figure 3(d). In this paper the IEFL electrical model considers lamp by its capacitive
and resistive characteristics. A variable resistor (Rlamp) represents the plasma real power
consumption and a variable capacitance (Clamp) represents the lamp reactance (X lamp ). The
core losses are performed by another variable resistor (Rcore), and the magnetizing
inductance (Lcore) is considered constant. The leakage inductance and winding ohmic losses
can be neglected, since the coupling coefficient
Figure 6 shows the plasma resistance variation referenced to the primary side as function of
the IEFL real power. It can be observed that when decreasing the IEFL real power, there
is a nonlinear increase in Rlamp(P) . In this case, R lamp(P) may be approximated by a fourth
order polynomial equation.
Figure 7 shows the core equivalent resistance variation as a function of the IEFL real
power. Decreasing the lamp power increases the RMS lamp voltage and consequently the
core losses increase. As can be observed in Figure 7, this is represented by a decrease in
Rcore. Figure 8 shows the lamp capacitance variation (reflected to the primary side) as
function of the IEFL real power.
Figure 10. IEFL voltage and current experimental and simulation results for different bus
voltages. Voltage Scales: 250 V/div. Current Scales: Vertical: 1 A/div. Horizontal Scales: 2
s/div.
V CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposed a methodology to develop an IEFL equivalent electrical model.
Initially, important IEFL features were showed along with the differences of the presented
model with those already proposed in the literature. Obtained results validated the simulation
model for predicting the behavior of the IEFL in steady state. This accuracy is obtained
because the model does not consider only the plasma resistance variation but also the
discharge reactive variation, as well as core losses.
The voltage and current waveforms and the phase angle between them showed similar
characteristics in simulation and experimental results. The proposed methodology is applied
to the IEFL model considering invariable coupling coefficient near unity and may also be
used to different IEFL operation frequencies.
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