Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

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Industrial Crops and Products

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop

Corn oil based poly(ether amide urethane) coating

materialSynthesis, characterization and coating properties
Manawwer Alam a, , Naser M. Alandis b
a
b

Research Center-College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 23 November 2013
Received in revised form 9 March 2014
Accepted 19 March 2014
Available online 7 April 2014
Keywords:
Corn oil
Polyetheramide
Urethane
Catechol

a b s t r a c t
Polyetheramide (CPETA) resin was synthesized from N,N-bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) corn oil fatty amide
(HECFA) and catechol through condensation polymerization. CPETA was further cured with isophorone
diisocyanate (IPDI) in different weight percentage (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 wt.%) to obtain poly(ether amide
urethane) (CPETAU). The structural elucidation of HECFA, CPETA and CPETAU was carried out by FT-IR,
1
H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties
of these resins were investigated by standard methods. Thermal behavior was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The corrosion resistance performance
of CPETAU coatings on mild steel strips was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization studies in
different corrosive media (3.5 wt.% HCl, 5.0 wt.% NaCl, tap water) at room temperature. Amongst all the
compositions, CPETAU coatings showed good scratch hardness (2.20 kg), impact resistance (150 lb/inch),
gloss with corrosion rate obtained as 1.377 102 (mm/year) and 2.359 103 (mm/year) in 3.5 wt.% HCl
and 5.0 wt.% NaCl solution, respectively. CPETAU coatings can be safely used up to 250 C.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Vegetable oils (VO) are one of the most important raw materials for chemical industry. VO can be transformed into various
products used in different applications such as biodiesel, soaps,
cosmetics, adhesives, inks, paints and coatings industries (Barnwal
and Sharma, 2005; Maisonneuve et al., 2013; Sharma and Kundu,
2006, 2008; Galia et al., 2009). VO such as linseed, castor, soybean, argemone, Pongamia glabra, Jatropha curcas, rubber seed,
Annona squamosa, sunower and olive are used in the synthesis
of different polymers like alkyds, polyesteramides, polyurethanes,
polyetheramides, polyepoxies, and poly(amine-amides) (Alam
et al., 2009a; Can et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2011; Kumar et al.,
2010; Alam and Alandis, 2012a; Alam et al., 2004, 2010; Alam and
Alandis, 2012b; Alam et al., 2008, 2009b). VOs are good chemical
feedstocks due to many advantages such as presence of functional
groups for chemical transformations, physical, chemical stability,
reduced toxicity, eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and exibility (Guner et al., 2006; Hojabri et al., 2009; Sharmin et al., 2007;
Chaudhari et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2008). VOs are mainly constituted by triglycerides, which are the products of esterication

Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 554738803.

E-mail address: malamiitd@gmail.com (M. Alam).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.023
0926-6690/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

reaction between a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of

fatty acids. The properties and reactivity of triglycerides strongly
depend on their composition (Petrovic, 2008; Scala and Wool,
2005).
Corn oil is extracted from the germ of corn (maize) and used
in the eld of biodiesel, soaps, paints and coatings industries
(Kadioglu et al., 2011; Perkin et al., 2005). Major production
of corn oil occurs in USA, China, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia,
India, France, Argentina, South Africa, and Ukrane (Saso et al.,
2013; Lu and Larock, 2006). Catechol (benzene-1,2 diol) is
a natural compound that was discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract of Catechin. Catechol is widely
used in coordination chemistry as chelating agent and production of pesticides, ne chemicals, and others (Sedo et al.,
2013; Hong et al., 2013).
Polyurethanes are synthesized by the reaction of polyols and
isocyanates. Different isocyanates like toluylene-2,4-diisocyanate
(TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diiscyanate
(IPDI), and others are used for the synthesis of polyurethane for different applications (Petrovic, 2008; Lligadas et al., 2010; Ducruet
et al., 2013). PU nds versatility application in the synthesis of different materials such as foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants and
elastomers.
In this research work we have developed polyetheramide resin
(CPETA) using N,N bis 2-hydroxyethyl corn oil fattyamide (HECFA)

18

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Scheme 1. Synthesis of HECFA.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of CPETA.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of CPETAU.

and catechol through condensation polymerization. CPETA was

further converted into polyurethane (CPETAU) by chemical reaction between free hydroxyl groups of CPETA and NCO group of
IPDI in different percentages (25, 30, 35, 40 wt.%). The prepared
resins were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physico-chemical characterizations of

these resins were performed by standard laboratory methods.

The thermal stability and curing behavior of these resins were
investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings of CPETAU were prepared
on mild steel strips of standard sizes to evaluate their physicomechanical behavior. The corrosion resistance performance was

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements at room

temperature. The knowledge added in the above area would be
pioneering and lead to great reliability of these materials for technological exploitation.
2. Materials and methods
Corn oil (Aa International Company, Jeddah) was procured
from local market. The fatty acid composition of corn oil was
determined using methyl esters on Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series
II gas chromatography with FID detector. The fatty acid composition of Corn oil was obtained as: linoleic acid 58.3%, oleic
acid 26.1%, palmitic acid 10.5%, linolenic 1.1%, stearic acid 2.1%.
Diethanolamine (Riedel-deHaen, Germany), Methanol, Catechol
(BDH Chemicals, Ltd. Poole, England), Isophorone diisocynate
(3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylisocyanate) (Acros
Organics, USA) were used as received.
FT-IR spectra were taken on FT-IR spectrophotometer (Prestige21, FT-IR-8400S, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto Japan) using NaCl
cell. 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on a Jeol
DPX400 MHz using deuterated chloroform (CDCl3 ), deuterated
dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO) as solvent and tetramethylsilane
(TMS) as an internal standard. Thermal analysis was carried out
by TGA/DSC1 (Mettler Toledo AG, Analytical CH-8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland), in nitrogen atmosphere at heating rate of
10 C/min. The physico-chemical characteristics such as iodine
value (ASTM D1959-97), hydroxyl value (ASTM D1957-86) and
refractive index were observed by standard methods. Scratch hardness (BS 3900), impact test (IS:101 part 5 s1 , 3,1988) and bend test

Fig. 1.

19

values(1/8 inch conical mandrel, ASTM D3281-84), Pencil hardness

(Wolff-wilborn tester, sheen instruments, England) and specular
gloss of the coating was found 130 5 m measured at 45 by Gloss
meter (Model RSPT 20; digital instruments, Santa Barba, CA, USA),
Elcometer (Model 345; Elcometer instruments, Manchester, UK).
The corrosion resistance behavior of the CPETAU coated mild
steel(MS) substrate by potentiodynamic polarization measurement
studies using potentiostat analyzer of Gill AC (ACM Instruments,
UK) in different aggressive media: 3.5 wt.%HCl, 5.0 wt.% NaCl, and
tap water (Cl ion 163.303 ppm) for evaluation of their corrosion resistance behavior. The corrosion inhibition efciency of
coatings was assessed relative to bare mild steel panels (Fe = 99.51%,
Mn = 0.34%, C = 0.10%, P = 0.05%). The potentiondynamic polarization curves were prepared by polarizing the working electrode at
250 mV in relation to the free corrosion potential at a scanning
rate of 1 mV/s (exposed surface area 1 cm2 ). The electrochemical
system was completed with a platinum counter electrode, calomel
as reference and coated mild steel as working electrode. The measurements were performed in triplicate. The inhibition efciency
of the coating was determined using corrosion current of bare mild
steel and coated mild steel (Alam and Alandis, 2012b).
IE(%) =

0
Icorr
Icorr
0
Icorr

100

0
Icorr
and Icorr are the corrosion current density of bare mild steel
and coated mild steel.
The average molecular weight (Mw and Mn) and polydispersity index (PDI; Mw/Mn) were measured by gel permeation

H NMR spectra of corn oil.

20

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

chromatography (GPC) with HT-GPC Module 350A,Viscotek Houstan, TX, USA. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used as an eluent at a ow
rate 1.0 mL/min. Molecular weight calibration was performed with
polystyrene standard. The molecular weight observed of CUPETA
35 is 8356 (Mw), 4645(Mn), and PDI, 1.79.

and reuxed until the theoretical amount of water was collected in

Dean stark trap. The reaction was monitored by TLC and hydroxyl
value determination at regular intervals of time. After completion of
reaction, the solvent was evaporated in rotary vacuum evaporator
under reduced pressure to obtain CPETA.

2.1. Synthesis of N,N-bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) corn oil fatty amide

(HECFA)

2.3. Synthesis of poly(ether amide urethane) (CPETAU)

Diethanolamine (0.32 mol) and sodium methoxide (0.007 mol)

were mixed in a round bottom ask tted with a magnetic stirrer, thermometer and dropping funnel. The contents were heated
at 120 C. Corn oil (0.1 mol) was added drop wise into the reaction mixture over a period of 1 hour. The progress of reaction was
monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) at regular intervals
of time. After completion of reaction, the product was dissolved
in diethyl ether, and washed with 15% aqueous NaCl solution
and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ethereal solution of
HECFA was ltered and solvent was evaporated in rotary vacuum
evaporator to obtain HECFA (Alam and Alandis, 2012b).
2.2. Synthesis of polyetheramide (CPETA)
HECFA (0.02 mol) and catechol (0.02 mol) were dissolved in mixture of xylene (50 mL) and ethyl methyl ketone (25 mL), and 1 mL
dilute sulfuric acid as a catalyst in four necked round bottom ask
equipped with Dean Stark trap, nitrogen inlet tube, thermometer,
and magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture was heated at 105 C

Fig. 2.

13

CPETA and IPDI (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 wt.%) in xylene and ethyl
methyl ketone (1:1) were placed in four neck round bottom ask
tted with cold water condenser, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube
and magnetic stirrer. The reaction was carried out under stirring
at 120 C. The reaction was monitored by TLC and hydroxyl value
determination at regular intervals of time. The solvent was evaporated in a rotary vacuum evaporator at reduced pressure to obtain
CPETAU.

3. Results and discussion

Schemes 13 illustrate the synthesis of HECFA by the aminolysis
reaction of corn oil and diethanolamine, CPETA synthesis by condensation polymerization reaction of HECFA and Catechol and the
formation of CPETAU by addition polymerization reaction between
CPETA and IPDI, respectively. The proposed reaction schemes and
the structures of the nal product were conrmed by the presence
of characteristics bands and peaks in FT-IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR
spectra.

C NMR spectra of corn oil.

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

3.1. Spectral analysis

3.1.1. Corn oil
FT-IR
(cm1 ):
3474;
3008( CCH
CH C); 2926(CH2 , asymmetrical); 2854(CH2 , symmetrical);
1746(C O, ester); 1654( CCH CH C ); 1238, 1163( CCOO C);
1100( CO CC CC).
1H
NMR,
CDCl3 ,
,
ppm:
5.265.27( CCH CH C);
4.074.08(CCH2 COCO CH2 C);
4.23(>CHOCO CH2 C);
2.70( CH CCH2 CCH ); 2.23( OCO CH2 ); 1.941.98( CH2
CH CH ); 1.54( O CO CH2 CH2 CH2 ); 1.191.23( CH2 );
0.800.81(CH3 ) (Fig. 1).
13 C NMR CDCl , ppm: 172.56172.95(C O); 127.89
3
130.04( CH CH ); 68.92( OCH2 CH<); 62.03(>CHOCO CH2 );
31.55( CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH 29.1229.38( CH2 );
27.19
27.21( CH2 CH3 ) 14.07( CH3 ) (Fig. 2).
3.1.2. HECFA
FT-IR (cm1 ): 3425(OH); 1623(C O, amide); 1464(C N,
amide);
2926(CH2 ,
asymmetrical);
2850;
(CH2 ,
symmetrical); 3005( CH CH ), 1 H NMR, CDCl3 , ppm:
0.80(CH3 );
1.1461.251( CH2 );
3.413.46( CH2 OH);
5.2775.310( CH CH ); 4.80 ( CH2 OH) (Fig. 3).
13 C
NMR, CDCl3 , ppm: 14.0914.14(CH3 ); 22.30
32.10( CH2 ); 60.3960.93( CH2 OH); 127.92130.22( CH
CH ); 175.57(C O, amide) (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3.

21

3.1.3. CPETA
FT-IR (cm1 ): 3387(OH); 1275, 1097 ( C O C , ether);
1619(C O, amide); 1464(C N, amide); 2926(CH2 , asymmetrical);
2855; (CH2 , symmetrical); 3008( CH CH ); 3087, 1513, 1432,
770, 745(aromatic ring).
1 H NMR CDCl , ppm: 0.850.89( CH ); 1.251.27( CH
3
3
2 );
2.012.04( CH2 , attached double bond) 3.763.82( CH2 ,
attached
amide
nitrogen);
4.25( CH2
attached
O)
5.325.34( CH CH ); 6.836.84(aromatic ring) (Fig. 5).
13 C NMR, CDCl ppm: 14.21( CH ); 2229( CH
3
3
2 ); 31( CH2
attached to amide carbonyl); 52( CH2 attached to amide
nitrogen); 115,120,158(aromatic ring); 176.35(C O, amide)
(Fig. 6).

3.1.4. CPETAU
FT-IR (cm1 ): 3315(OH); 1241, 1094( C O C , ether);
1619(C O, amide); 1464(C N, amide); 2926(CH2 , asymmetrical);
2855; (CH2 , symmetrical); 3007( CH CH ), 1725(urethane NH);
3007,1542,748( CH CH , aromatic ring).
1 H NMR, DMSO-d , ppm: 0.850.87(CH ); 2.002.02( CH
6
3
2 ,
attached double bond) 3.763.82( CH2 , attached amide
nitrogen); 4.30( CH2
attached O) 5.315.33( CH CH );
6.606.73(aromatic ring), 1.46(CH2 , cyclic); 7.90( NH, urethane)
(Fig. 7).

H NMR spectra of HECFA.

22

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Fig. 4.

13

C NMR spectra of HECFA.

13 C NMR, DMSO-d , ppm: 14.49( CH ); 2229( CH

6
3
2 );
31( CH2 attached to amide carbonyl); 52( CH2 attached to amide
nitrogen); 116,119,145(aromatic ring); 176.35(C O, amide); 153
(free NCO); 162(CO, urethane) (Fig. 8).

the resins by chemical reaction with free -NCO groups of IPDI forming urethane linkages. As a result hydroxyl values decrease and also
decrease in iodine values is observed.
3.3. Physico-mechanical properties of coating

3.2. Physico-chemical analysis

Table 1 indicates that hydroxyl and iodine values decrease
from HECFA, CPETA and subsequently to CPETAU25, CPETAU30,
CPETAU35, and CPETAU40. The following trend is correlated to
the reaction of HECFA with Catechol to form PETA resulting in an
increase in molecular weight; the molecular weight of CPETAU further increases with increase in the amount of IPDI. The hydroxyl
values decrease because of the consumption in hydroxyl groups of

The coatings were cured at room temperature. The drying times

of these coatings were found as 30 minutes. According to the results
from Table 2, it can be seen that scratch hardness values were
found to increase up to CPETAU35 after that decrease in scratch
hardness were observed it is likely that the additional NCO group is
liable to give too much cross linking. The optimum required limit,
as result lm showed brittleness because besides urethane formation, there are other secondary reactions which predominate such

Table 1
Physico-chemical characterization of resins.
Resin code*

R. Index

I. Viscosity

S. Gravity

H. Value

I. Value

Corn Oil
HECFA
CPETA
CPETAU25
CPETAU 30
CPETAU 35
CPETAU40

1.4701
1.4891
1.5050
1.512 0
1.5196
1.5230
1.5237

0.6581
0.6989
0.7042
0.7058
0.7166
0.7195

0.918
0.938
0.944
0.950
0.956
0.961
0.963

6.87
4.56
3.63
3.25
2.93
2.57

127
72
38
32
30
29
25

*
Last numeral digit indicate the loading of IPDI.
Acid value of corn oil: 5.91, Saponication value: 189, R. index Refractive index, I. viscosity Inherent viscosity, S. gravity Specic gravity at 25 C, I. value Iodine
value.

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Fig. 5.

23

H NMR spectra of CPETA.

as allophanate formation. All the coatings passed 250 lb/in. impact

test, which showed good interaction between metal and polymer
coating due to the presence of polar groups such as carbonyl, urethane group present in the polymeric chain. The coatings pass bend
test 1/8 in. on conical mandrel due to the presence of alkyl chain of
oil. The coatings showed gloss values between 66 and 75 at 45 and
pencil hardness test maximum 8H passed, showing good binding
between substrate and polymer coating.
3.4. Corrosion tests
The potentiodynamic polarization studies of CPETAU coated MS
and bare MS(blank) panels were carried out at room temperature
in various corrosive media such as 5wt.%NaCl solution, 3.5wt.%HCl
solution and tap water for 380 h, 425 h and 144 h immersion
time, respectively. Fig. 9 shows the Tafel plots of bare mild steel,

CPETAU25, CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and CUPETAU40 coated MS in

5 wt.% NaCl solution after 380 h immersion. Table 3 illustrates the
corrosion parameters for bare MS and coated MS with CPETAU
coatings in 5 wt.% NaCl solution. It is mentioned that the values increased noticeably from CPETAU25, CPETAU30, CPETAU35,
and CPETAU40 coated MS. These results indicate that CPETAU
coatings can act as protective layer on mild steel and improve
the overall corrosion performance. The corrosion current values
were found to decrease with increase the amount of IPDI in CPETA
resins likely CPETAU25, CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and CPETAU40.
The corrosion rate for bare steel was found to be 2.676 mm/year
and it is minimized by polymeric coating of CPETAU25,
CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and CPETAU40 to lower value 2.359
103 mm/year.
Fig. 10 shows the polarization curves of CPETAU coated
MS in 3.5wt.% HCl solution. For example (Table 3) the

Table 2
Physico-mechanical characterization of coatings.
Resin code*

S. Hardness (kg)

I. Resistance (lb/inch)

Bend test (1/8 inch)

Gloss (45 )

P. Hardness (pass)

CPETAU25
CPETAU30
CPETAU35
CPETAU40

1.40
1.80
2.20
2.00

150
150
150
150

Passes
Passes
Passes
Passes

66
70
73
75

2H
3H
8H
6H

*
Last numeral digit indicate the loading of IPDI in percentage.
Coating thickness 80125 m.

24

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Fig. 6.

13

C NMR spectra of CPETA.

open circuit potential, the corrosion potential, corrosion current density and corrosion rate changed from 485.08 mV,
7.580 101 mA/cm2 and 8.7862 mm/year for bare MS substrate
to 82.748 mV, 1.182 103 mA/cm2 , 1.377 102 mm/year for
CPETAU40, respectively. These coatings confer barrier properties

to MS panel. The intact organic groups dispersed throughout the

coatings apparently serve to increase the hydrophobicity of the
coatings, repelling water and corrosion ions and enhancing corrosion protection properties, arising due to crosslinked network
structure of CPETAU.

Table 3
Corrosion parameters for coated and bare mild steel strips in different corrosive environments.
Sample code
Mild Steel
CPETAU25
CPEATU30
CPEATU35
CPEATU40
Mild Steel
CPTEAU25
CPETAU30
CPETAU35
CPETAU40
Mild Steel
CPETAU25
CPETAU30
CPETAU35
CPEATU40

Medium
3.5 wt.% HCl
3.5 wt.% HCl
3.5 wt.% HCl
3.5 wt.% HCl
3.5 wt.% HCl
5.0 wt.% NaCl
5.0 wt.% NaCl
5.0 wt.% NaCl
5.0 wt.% NaCl
5.0 wt.% NaCl
Tap water
Tap water
Tap water
Tap water
Tap water

ECorr (mV)
485.08
480.95
452.78
447.49
82.748
757.08
501.27
446.65
357.45
304.65
638.42
362.33
333.46
266.89
227.00

i Corr (mA/cm2 )
1

7.580 10
5.876 103
4.448 102
2.939 102
1.182 103
2.309 101
7.773 103
2.967 103
3.351 104
2.036 104
2.217 102
3.983 106
7.917 105
2.327 105
5.955 105

Corrosion rate (mm/year)

Inhibition efciency (%)

8.7862
6.810 102
5.194 101
3.406 101
1.377 102
2.676
8.959 103
3.438 102
3.883 103
2.359 103
2.570 101
4.616 105
9.176 104
2.696 104
6.901 104

92.26
94.09
96.12
99.84

99.91
98.71
99.85
99.91

99.98
99.64
99.89
99.73

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Fig. 7.

25

H NMR spectra of CPETAU.

Fig. 11 represents the Tafel plots of bare MS, CPETAU25,

CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and CPETAU40 coated in tap water. Tap
water contains chloride ions which frequently show detrimental to
metal substrate (Akram et al., 2014). The observation showed that
Ecorr (638.42 vs SCE for MS) showed a positive shift for coated MS.
The value of Ecorr for CPETAU40 was higher than CUPETA25, the Icorr
decreased from bare MS to CPETAU25, CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and
CPETAU40, respectively. The corrosion rate for bare MS was found
to be higher than coated CPETAU. The higher values of Ecorr , lower
Icorr and corrosion rate conrm that the polymer lm put off to
corrosion, it means corrosion ion did not penetrate the polymeric
lm of CPETAU.

3.5. Thermal analysis

DSC thermogram (Fig. 12) of corn oil shows two endotherms,
rst at 27.67 to 2.28 centered at 10.08, second endotherm
starting at 17.6632.25 centered at 24.52. Similarly, DSC thermogram of HECFA also shows two endotherms from 36.36 to 26.97

centered at 32.65, second starting from 26.97 to 3.32 centered at 14.63. DSC thermogram (Fig. 13) of CPETAU35 shows
endotherm starting at 120 C to 252 C centered at 218 C. TGA
thermogram shows the onset of degradation beyond this temperature. This endothermic peak may be correlated to the melting
phenomenon.
TGA thermogram (Fig. 14) of CPETA, CPETAU30, CPETAU35 and
CPETAU40 reveal 5% weight loss at 250 C, 272 C, 285 C and 286 C,
respectively. 10% weight loss in either case is observed at 286 C,
317 C, 324 C and 328 C, respectively. In CPETA and CPETAU30,
50% weight loss occurs at 458 C and 476 C, respectively, while
in CPETAU35 and CPETAU40, for 50% weight loss, the degradation
temperatures were found to be comparable (overlapping) as can
be seen in the thermogram, within the temperature range of 471
to 475 C. In CPETAU30, CPETAU35, and CPETAU40, these degradation temperatures were observed at higher values compared to
CPETA. This difference in temperature is attributed to the presence
of urethane linkages in CPETAU, which confer higher thermal stability. CPETAU35 and CPETAU40 resins can be safely used up to
250 C.

26

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9. Tafel plots of CPETAU coated in 5 wt.% NaCl.

13

C NMR spectra of CPETAU.

Fig. 10. Tafel plots of CPETAU coated in 3.5 wt.% HCl.

M. Alam, N.M. Alandis / Industrial Crops and Products 57 (2014) 1728

27

Fig. 11. Tafel plots CPETAU coated in tap water.

Fig. 14. TGA thermogram of CPETA and CPETAU.

4. Conclusions
Corn oil based urethane modied polyetheramide coatings
cured at room temperature and an eco-friendly coating material.
A new combinations properties of amide, ether and urethane could
be achieved by this approach. Among all the resins, CPETAU35
coatings showed good scratch hardness, exibility, gloss and corrosion resistance performance. Thermal analysis reveals CPETAU35
can be safely used up to 250 C. The approach provides an alternative method to utilization of corn oil.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by King Saud University, Deanship
of Scientic Research, College of Science Research Center.
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Fig. 13. DSC thermogram of CPETAU35.

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