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UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Ke42.6500 Unit Operations in Environmental Technology
Report on
Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Chemical and physical properties of UDMH ................................................................................ 4
Environment issues concerning UDMH ......................................................................................... 5
Treatment techniques ......................................................................................................................... 6
References ............................................................................................................................................... 9
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Abstract
UnsymmetricDimethylhydrazine(UDMH)isacolorless,volatileliquidthatcontainstwo
nitrogenatomsbondedbyacovalentbond.UDMHsmellsasammoniaanditishighlyreactive.
Itissparinglyharmfulifitexposuretohumanitcausesthroatandnoseirritation,vomitingand
liverdamage.Moreoverirritatingtotheskinandtheeyes.AlsoCarcinogeniceffects(isanagent
directlyinvolvedincausingcancer).
UDMHisusedinHighenergyfuelinmilitaryapplication(rocketpropellant),spacecraftandthe
spaceshuttle,InProductionofchemicalandinthetreatmentofwaterboilerstoprevent
corrosion.
Sincethemainusageisintherocketpropellant,itischallengingtocontrolthepollutionfrom
theproductionstageuntiltheusageinthemilitaryapplicationandotherapplication.
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Introduction
UnsymmetricDimethylhydrazine(UDMH)ismodernchemicalthatenternatureprincipallyby
emanationsfromtheirutilizationasshuttlefuelsandtheprocessorutilizethesechemicals.
NeverthelessUDMHisverytoxicandhascarcinogenicproperties.Itcausesnegativeeffectto
theenvironment.ThetransformationofUDMHtotoxiccompounds.
ThemostcriticalisthatfallofrocketisaccompaniedbythespillofunburnedUDMHwhichis
toxicandriskytohumanhealthandtheenvironment.
InthisarticlewepresentstateoftheartknowledgeaboutUDMHpollutionsourcesandthe
abatementmethods.TheinformationmayhelpindevelopinformationontheUDMH.
Chemicalformula:
CASNumber:57147
Color:Colorless
PhysicalState:liquid
Meltingpoint:58oC
Boilingpoint:63.9oC
Thevaporpressure:157mmHgat25oC
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TheproblemcanbedividedintotwomajorfirstleakageintheproductionofUDMH;Rocket
manufacturestage.Andinthefallprocessresidualfuelremainsinthefueltank,itevaporate,
spilledtotheenvironment.TheUDMHisconvertedintodifferenthighlytoxiccompounds.
Air:
AswementionbeforeUDMHishighlyreactive.Itreactinairwithozoneandrapidlydegraded
anditisoneofthemainreaction.Thereactionratedependonwhetherthereisexcessozone
thanthestoichemetricamountornot.Themainproductofthisreactionishydrogenperoxide
anddimethylnitrosamine(NDMA).Sothemainfactoraffectingrateofthereactioniswhether
thereisexcessozoneornot.
Intheperiodofozonepollutionthereactionwasveryrapidcomparedtonormalconditions.
Water:
TherateofdegradationofUDMHinwaterdependonmanyfactorssuchPH(rateof
degradationishigherinalkalinesolution),presentoforganicmatter,oxygenconcentration,
hardness,temperatureandmetalions.
Soil:
TherateofdegradationofUDMHinsoilisquickerthaninwater.Itdependmainlyon
autoxidation.Themainfactorresponsibleofdisappearanceofthechemicals.Moreoverthe
bacteriainthesoilplaysanimportantrule.
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Treatment techniques
TreatmentofairandwatercontainingUDMHbyoxidationisverychallengingsincethereaction
produceundesiredproductnitrosodimethylamine(NDMA)whichisevenmoretoxic.To
overcomethisproblemwhichhappenedusingozoneorcatalyticoxidationinthepresenceof
CuandFe.Advancedoxidationprocessisusedsuchasphotocatalysiswhichminimizethe
formationofNDMA.MoreoverthereactiondependonthepHofthesolution.
Oneofthecommonformsofadvancedoxidationprocessishydrodynamiccavitationwhich
extentthedegradationofUDMH.
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DevelopeanEfficientprocessesfordisposalanddestructionofUDMHisverychallanging.There
isnoreliabletreatmenttechnologiesthatmeetstheenvironmentaldemandsandenergysaving
critiria.Also,waysofconvertingUDMHintoproductsintheindustrialscaleisnotyet
developed.Butrecentlytheproblemcanbesolvedbyintegratingatreatmentsectionfor
oxidationofUDMHintheProductionplantofmilitaryapplication,spacecraftandthespace
shuttle.AlsoinProductionofchemicalandinthetreatmentofwaterboilers.
Theoxidationreactiontakeplaceinafluidizedbedreactorusingcatalystwhichhashigh
selectivityandactivity.Moreoverthereactormusthavelargeheattransferareatogetridof
thelargeamountofheatcomimgoutoftheoxidationreaction.
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Figure1showstheflowsheetofprocessofUDMHcatalyticdestruction.Firsttank(10)isthe
storagetankofUDMHisfedtothefluidizedbedreactor(1)andairisaddedtothereactorfor
completeoxidation.Anelectriccoilisusedforpreheatingthebedreactor.Alsotheproduct
gasesofreactorpassthroughaheatexchangerforheatintegration.
Thenthegasespassesthroughcyclone(3)toseparatelargeparticlessincethegasescontains
solidparticles.Secondstepisthecatalyticreactorandforfurtherpurification.Thegasespasses
throughtwostagesscrubbers(5,6)tomakesureofcompleteremovalofUDMHparticles.
Moreoverapowdercatalystisaddedtothescrubberliquidforcompleteoxidation.Thenthe
gasenterstheabsorbercondenser(7)forlastpurificationstep.
ThisprocessshowshighefficiencyforUDMHdestructionandoneofthemainadvantageisthat
theprocesscanbeuseasamobileunit;itiseasytotransportittodifferentlocations.
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References
1. Z.R. Ismagilov, M.A. Kerzhentsev, I.Z. Ismagilov, V.A. Sazonov, V.N. Parmon, G.L. Elizarova, O.P.
Pestunova, V.A. Shandakov, Yu.L. Zuev, V.N. Eryomin, N.V. Pestereva, F. Garin, H.J. Veringa
Oxidation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine over heterogeneous catalysts: Solution of
environmental problems of production, storage and disposal of highly toxic rocket fuels
Catalysis Today, Volume 75, Issues 14, 3 July 2002, Pages 277-285
6.
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