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Functions
To control the location of cracks
that may form when the slab
"contracts" due to drying
shrinkage or temperature changes
Fresno
Straightedge
Diagram
Float
Edger
Work Organization
o Calculation the quantity of materials
- Using images 1 and 2 above and in a bid to also demystify the raft
foundation cost, this article will deal extensively on how to calculate your
concrete materials like cement, sand and granite that you will use for the
foundation.
- Often time concrete are mostly mixed in 1:2:4 ratio, when you see such
specification it simply means one bag of cement to four head pans of sand
and eight head pans of granite.
- Notice that first number represent a bag of cement which is equivalent to
two head pans, hence the sand is taken as four head pans and the granite
represented by 4 in the ratio is taken as eight head pans.
- To do this calculation, add the sum of ratio 1+2+4=7
- Calculate the cubic volume of concrete for foundation.
- Going by the previous article the total length of trench was taken as 65.6m.
Height of concrete beam is 1.1m or 1100m from image 2 and width is
0.225m or 225mm, therefore total volume of concrete beams =65.6m x 1.1
x 0.225 =16.236. Now divide 16.236 by the sum of the ratio which is 7,
16.236/7=2.31943m3. Taking a constant, the volume of a bag of cement is
0.035m3. Divide 2.31943 by 0.035 = 66 bags of cement to do all the
concrete beams, however dont forget that cement and sand will also be
used for the blinding before the concrete beams are placed.
- For the sand reqd., multiply 2.31943m3 by 2 to know the volume since it
is in ratio of 1:2:4 Therefore volume of sand requires =4.63886m3. If we
Leveling Concrete
o Landmarks
o Concrete leveling
Concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete
surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon. It is a cheaper
alternative to having replacement concrete poured, and is commonly
performed at small businesses and private homes as well as at factories,
warehouses, airports and on roads, highways and other infrastructure.
o Leveling and flatness tolerances
If the sculpture you want to create is orthogonal in shape you will want to
make a form out of plywood and 2x4's in order to contain the concrete until it
is set. When the concrete is set you can remove the form and your sculpture, or
part of it will be cast in the shape of the inside of the mold you have created.
ii if you want to create a sculpture of a more organic nature using concrete, your
task will require a different technique . you will need to build a steel
framework using steel, rebar, and "pencil" rod (up to 1/4 steel rod) welded
together in the basic shape of your sculpture. You will also need to add
fiberglass to your concrete mixture, and the mixture will be a little drier than
for pouring as you will be applying it to your framework by hand.
iii Using mold:
o Tooling of concrete
i
Straight edges:
This process removes excess concrete and brings the top surface of the
concrete to proper grade.
There are a wide variety of scree ding tools-both hand tools (wood and
magnesium) and mechanical tools (vibratory, oscillating, and roller)
ii Concrete tampers:
Most tamping is done with the finisher standing in the wet concretethough there are roller tampers that can be used from outside the
forms.
Tamping should only be done on low slump concrete. With high slump
concrete, the coarse aggregates sink naturally and tamping can cause
segregation of the aggregates.
Be careful when using these tools not to close up or seal the surface
of the concrete, which may cause blistering or scaling.
Use a bull float for areas too large to reach with a darby, though it
may produce a wavier surface.
iv Edgers:
Edgers produce a neat rounded edge along the slab perimeter which
helps the slab resist chipping and spalling damage after the forms are
removed. Perform edging after the bleedwater disappears from the
concrete surface, but before the forms are removed.
On most floors, edging will not be required, but on patios, curbs,
sidewalks, and driveways, it produces a tighter, cleaner looking edge
that is more resistant to chipping.
Groovers:
vi Floats
vii Trowels:
viii Fresno:
o Control joints
i
ii The most widely used method to control random cracking in concrete slabs is
to place contraction/control joints in the concrete surface at predetermined
locations to create weakened planes where the concrete can crack in a straight
line. This produces an aesthetically pleasing appearance since the crack takes
place below the finished concrete surface. The concrete has still cracked which
is normal behavior, but the absence of random cracks at the concrete surface
gives the appearance of an un-cracked section.
iii Concrete slabs-on-ground have consistently performed very well when the
following considerations are addressed. The soils or granular fill supporting
the slab in service must be either undisturbed soil or well compacted. In
addition, contraction joints should be placed to produce panels that are as
square as possible and never exceeding a length to width ratio of 1.5 to 1
(Figure 1). Joints are commonly spaced at distances equal to 24 to 30 times the
slab thickness. Joint spacing that is greater than 15 feet require the use of load
transfer devices (dowels or diamond plates).
iv
v
vi Joints may also be sawed into the hardened concrete surface. It is important to
understand that the longer sawing is delayed the higher the potential for cracks
to establish themselves before sawing is complete.
vii This means that any cracks that occur before the concrete is sawed will render
the sawed joint ineffective. Timing is very important. Joints should be sawed
as soon as the concrete will withstand the energy of sawing without raveling
or dislodging aggregate particles. For most concrete mixtures, this means
sawing should be completed within the first six to 18 hours and never delayed
more than 24 hours. Early-entry saws are available which may allow cutting to
begin within a few hours after placement.
Contraction/control joints must be established to a depth of the slab thickness. Proper joint
spacing and depth are essential to effective control of random cracking.
viii
o Bindings
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
Curing Concrete
Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and
kept within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased
strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks
in the concrete, which severely impacts durability.
o By humidification
i
Mist the concrete with a garden hose to keep the top moist while it settles
every 12 hours for 3 days. Cover exterior concrete with either building paper
or burlap between misting.
ii Misting concrete:
iii Cover:
iv Interior concrete doesn't need to be misted, but you must make sure nothing
disturbs it.
v
Precaution: Don't poor concrete on hot days. Direct sunlight ruins concrete by
causing it to dry too quickly.
iii
Protecting concrete
o Physical protections against the effects of weather
Exposed surface need to be covered with some type of sheet material to hold
moisture in the concrete
ii Such as curing paper and plastic film.
iii Tar paper can also be used, but it normally stains concrete.
iv Wet covering material can also be used such as burlap or moisture-retaining
fabrics.
Use of equipments
i Use a cure-and-seal as part of the finishing process.
ii This provides a good cure and leaves behind an acrylic membrane to protect
the floor from typical construction traffic and debris.
iii A cure-and-seal will cost about $0.04 to $0.08 per square foot, depending on
the type of product used and the job size.
iv However, it could limit how you finish the concrete and what type of
topcoating you can apply. Be sure to confirm that the cure-and-seal is
compatible with whatever final finish or coating you plan to use.