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Pre Lab# 4-Upper Invertebrates,

Arthropods
Sahar Khan
BMS 2004
Section A2LB
09/19/2014
Group 2
Sahar Khan
Valentina Ospina
Arup Gope
John Huang

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Introduction:

Anthropodas are known be the most common and the most

successful in the animal phyla. In most cases, not all they have
bilateral symmetry. Their bodies are known to have more than two cell
layers. Along with having two cell layers, they have more than tissues
and organs. They also have a body cavity, which is considered to be a
true coelom. Most of these arthropodas contain a gut with an anus.
This is not in all cases but in most. Their body holds up to four hundred
pairs of jointed legs in most cases again, they have an external
skeleton on their body. This exoskeleton serves the purpose of being a protective
covering for the body, a surface for muscle attachment, a barrier to osmotic flow, and a
sensory interface with the environment (6). They are known have bodies that
are divided into two and sometimes three sections.
They have a nervous system that has a brain and ganglia. Along
with their nervous system they have a respiratory system that comes
in the form of trachea and spiracles. This only happens in most cases
and not all. Along with a nervous and a respiratory system they have
an open circulatory system. And their circulatory system is consisted of
a heart and one or more arteries. They have all of this but they have
no veins what so ever and only most Athropodas has this not all. The
way they reproduce is quite simple, they reproduce sexually and
gonochoristic. But along with reproducing sexually and gonochoristic,
they can also reproduce parthenogentic.

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Along with living everywhere, they feed on everything, especially
due to the fact that they live everywhere. In the Greek language
Arthron means joint and Pous means foot. The five subphyla of anthropods
include: Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda, and Trilobitomorpha. There is
Subphylum Chelicerata. In this subphylum their bodies is consisted of
no antennae, but their bodies come in two parts. In this subphylum
they have three classes. The three classes are Merostomata, Archnida,
Pycnogonida. In the class Merostomata, there are horseshoe and crabs.
In the second class, there are only spiders, mite, scorpions, etc. And
lastly in the last class there are only sea spiders. In the subphylum
Crustacea, the body is separated in three parts. Their thorax however
is separated into eight different parts. Under this phylum there are
eight classes.
The classes are Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda,
Mystacocarida, Copepeda, Branchiura, Cirripeda, and Malalcostraca. In
the first class there are only shrimps. They were discovered in 1955. In
the second class there are only animals that have gills on their feet. In
the third class there are animals that look the same like bivalves. In the
fourth class there are thin shrimps. In the fifth class there are
crustaceans. In the sixth class there are blood-sucking extoparasites. In
the seventh class there are barnacles and lastly in the eighth class
there are crabs, lobsters, etc.

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The subphylum Uniramia. The body is separated in three parts.
And in the three parts, the thorax is separated into three segments.
Under this phylum there are five classes. The Isecta, Chilopoda,
Diplopoda. Symphya. And Paropoda. In the class insecta there are only
insects. In the Chilpoda there are only centipedes. In the third class
there are only millipedes. In the fourth class there are small
centipedes. In the last class there are small animals.
Horseshoe crabs are under the subphylum Chelicerata. They are
known to be aquatic animals. The have gills and only one pair of
compound eyes. They are also known to have fully and well developed
cephalothoraxes. Along with their cephalothoraxes being developed,
their abdomens as well. Horseshoe crabs have tapering and a long
posterior telson. Telsons are known to be the very last parts of the
abdomens. On their dorsal sides, these animals have lateral
compound eyes and simple eyes that come in two. These are found
on the opposite ends of their spines that are located on their anterior
spines. With these opposite sides, the organisms have six pairs of
spines that are known to be movable. Along with their dorsal side on
their ventral side of their prosomas, they have seven instead of six
pairs of appendages.
Spiders are part of the Oder Araneae. The regions that are
anterior in this organism is called the cephalothorax. It has both a head
and a thorax. And the head and thorax are not two separate things,

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they are both combined together. Animals with a posterior part have
abdomen. The prosoma and the abdomen are connected only with a
narrow pedicel. Their legs appeared to be outwards from their
cephalothorax. If the eight legs are not appearing outwards from the
cephalorax then it is from the prosoma. If the cephalorax ever gets
harmed, a carapace that is like a hardened shell will protect it. Spider
spinners are found only at the end of the posterior on the abdomen
and the organs.
These organs are really important for through these organs their
silk is released. The amount of eyes they are capable of ranges from
two to eight. But majority of the spiders have eight eyes. The amount
of eyes they have decides of what lifestyle they have. Spider blood is also
important for its molting process, known as ecodysis (2). Spiders are known to
have a cardiovascular system that is open. The blood is not important
for when oxygen and nutrients need to transport.
Crayfish are known as crawfish, crawdads, etc. They are part of
the Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They are part of the Animalia
Kingdom. The phylum they belong to is the Arthropoda phylum. And
the Subphylum they belong to is the crustacea. The class and order
they belong too if the Malalcostraca and the Decapoda. Their bodies
are still separated into two parts. The head and the midsection and the
tail section. The head and the midsection are called the cephalothorax
and the tail section is called the abdomen. Crayfish do have an

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exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is really important to many organisms. It
is a hard shell that has organs and gives a huge support structure for
the organism itself. It is just like the skeletal system that us humans
have.
Cray fishs exoskeletons are consisted of small hairs, spikes that
are beyond spikey and spines as well. These joints are essential in enabling
the crayfish with movement. These joints stand out as they can be brightly colored and
species of crayfish can be differentiated based on the color of the joints (4). This
organism is known to have a brain along with several other systems.
They consist of a heart, stomach, eyes, anus, and a mouth. Located at the end of
the carapace their gills are located there and through their gills the respiratory system
functions through them. They also have these flaps that are named lateral flaps that are
located on the carapace, and what these flaps do is that they the cover the gills flaps. And
when they cover the gills flap it is called the branchiostegites. Lastly the stomach of this
organism is separated into two chambers. One chamber is the large cardiac chamber that
is anterior and the small chamber that is pyloric.
Grasshopper is an insect. They belong to the Animalia Kingdom. The phylum
that they belong to is the Arthropoda. The subphylum is the Hexaposa. And they are from
the insecta class. Grasshoppers are separated into three sections. These three sections are
the head, thorax, and the abdomen. Their head is consisted of antennae, eyes, and three
very small ocelli. These three ocelli appear to be in a triangular shape. Their occellus is
considered to be their spot for an eye. The grasshoppers have three senses. Their sense to
touch, taste and smell. And they use all three of their senses by their antennae. Their

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thorax is consisted of three pairs of legs, and along with those legs, they also have two
pairs of wings.
And on the sides of the abdomen, the spiracles are located. These spiracles are
responsible for being the opening for the respiratory system. The spiracles are found
inside the body and they then lead to way smaller tubes. And these small tubes are the
tracheas and thats where like us humans air goes in, and passes right through. And
activity of gas exchange occurs. Male grasshoppers do not have this ovipositor (3). Only
females have an ovipositor ventral.
Daphina pulex are known to be the most common species known to any bodies of
water. They have two large antennaes. And they get their food supply from feeding of
food that is microscopic. The way food travels through is that the food they take in goes
through to the mouthparts. A Daphinas body is quite unique. It is compressed, and it is
not segmented like most organisms. It is separated into three regions.
The three regions are the tagmata, a large thorax and a postabdomen. They also
consist of an exoskeleton that covers entirely over the thorax. This thorax is gets covered
is known as the caraspace. These are specialized receptors that can detect chemical
changes in surrounding water. The rostrum is the tapering projection of the head, located
between the antennules (6).
Insects are easily spotted out by the appearance of their exoskeleton. Their
bodies are separated into three parts. Those parts are tagmata, uniramous antennae, and
three jointed legs. There are many organisms that fall under an insect. One common and
popular one is the cockroach. They use their mouth to grab and eat food. Insects are also

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known to have two wings. They have spiracles along with those two pairs of wings.
Insects were one of the first organisms to produce and make sense of sounds (1)
A dichotomous key is basically a step that allows you to find out the identification
of a living organism. They way to read this key is to basically read the choices carefully.
Understand the meaning behind the terms that they key is using. Dont guess any
measurements, use a scale. Use characteristics, and quantitative measurements.

Bibliography:
1. Barber, J. & Conner, W. Acoustic mimicry in a predatorprey interaction.
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of
America. v. 104. no. 22, 9331-9334
2. Beverley, C. & Ponsonby, D. The Anatomy of Insects &
Spiders. San
Francisco, CA: The Ivy Press Ltd., 2003. Chapt. 5, p. 250-252

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3. Lytle, C. & Meyer, J. General Zoology: Laboratory Guide.

15th edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2005
4. McCormack, Robert B. A Guide to Australias Spiny
Freshwater Crayfish.
Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 2012. Chapt. 3, p.31-33
5. Minelli, A. Anthropod Biology & Evolution: Molecules
Development, and
Morphology. London: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
6. Smith, D. & Schenk, M. Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory
Guide. United
States: Morton Publishing Company, 2010. Chapt. 13, p. 264

Post Lab# 4-Upper Invertebrates,

Arthropods

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Sahar Khan
BMS 2004
Section A2LB
09/28/2014
Group 2
Sahar Khan
Valentina Ospina
Arup Gope
John Huang
Udisa Chowdhury

Conclusion:

Horseshoe crabs are under the subphylum Chelicerata. They are

known to be aquatic animals. The have gills and only one pair of
compound eyes. They are also known to have fully and well developed
cephalothoraxes. They have evolved, but only changed a little over
time. Many have said that they havent evolved at all that is known to
be a misconception. They had a common ancestor that was known to
evolved into horseshoe crabs. The reason why people may think they

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dont evolve is because there is a slight difference between the crabs
and the ancestors, but this is no reason that they have not stopped
evolving.
Crayfish are part of the Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They are
part of the Animalia Kingdom. The phylum they belong to is the
Arthropoda phylum. And the Subphylum they belong to is the
crustacea. Crayfish are known to be the first organism that came first.
Them being crustaceans, living in the water. The first ever crustaceans
are known to evolve before the actual first amphibians. Crayfish from
all over, from the northern to the southern they all have came from a
common ancestor. (Smith, 2010)
The evolution of spiders is quite simple. To this day on 40,000
organisms that fall under the categories of spiders, they are members
of the arthropod animal phylum. 400 million years ago, they have
arrived and from there they evolved from the ancestors of crabs.
Spiders known as True Spiders that are known as thin-waisted
arachnids. (Karleskint et. al, 2012). These spiders are known to be one
of the first species that ever lived on land. They have evolved around
400 million years ago. Spiders belong to the Oder Araneae.

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Bibliography:
1. Barber, J. & Conner, W. Acoustic mimicry in a predatorprey interaction.
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of
America. v. 104. no. 22, 9331-9334
2. Beverley, C. & Ponsonby, D. The Anatomy of Insects &
Spiders. San

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Francisco, CA: The Ivy Press Ltd., 2003. Chapt. 5, p. 250-252

3. Lytle, C. & Meyer, J. General Zoology: Laboratory Guide.
15th edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2005
4. McCormack, Robert B. A Guide to Australias Spiny
Freshwater Crayfish.
Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 2012. Chapt. 3, p.31-33
5. Minelli, A. Anthropod Biology & Evolution: Molecules
Development, and
Morphology. London: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
6. Smith, D. & Schenk, M. Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory
Guide. United
States: Morton Publishing Company, 2010. Chapt. 13, p. 264