Brief summary

* Justification
* Violence in Peru and the world
* Causes of Violence in Peru
* Family and Juvenile Delinquency
* Psychosocial characteristics of adolescent offenders
* Drugs and Juvenile Delinquency
* Guidelines for the diagnosis (ICD 10)
* Types of crime: Legal Framework
* Prevention of criminal behavior and addictive
* Treatment and social reintegration
* Conclusions
* Bibliography
BRIEF SUMMARY
In recent years in the country and the world in general, especially in large cities, there was an
increase in crime or violence exercised by teenagers or young, who shielded by the group and
encouraged by the effects of drugs committed several criminal acts and cause public safety
problems, affecting society as a whole.
This monograph addresses the problem of youth violence in Peru, and its correlation with the
consumption of psychoactive substances, based on experience in working with young offenders
in the diagnosis and rehabilitation centers.
INTRODUCTION
Violence is a complex social phenomenon of multifactorial nature and causes, which implies an
impulse response, contrary to the rules of peaceful coexistence, affect, prejudice and assaulting
the rights of individuals and society, particularly those related to life freedom, development,
ownership, etc.
Youth violence, that is, that exerted by adolescents and youth is a reality that has been
aggravated in the last 20 years in the country. Among the main causes are: The economic crisis

led to a process of migration to major cities in search of new opportunities, displacement of

families threatened by terrorism, with the consequent family and cultural disintegration,
marginalization and social exclusion, extreme poverty, lack of basic services, health and
education, as well as the lack of jobs and the crisis of values. Thus, the family, especially women
and children, have been violated, creating problems of social inadequacy, manifested mainly in
the proliferation of youth gangs , Barras Bravas and Pira~nitas. Its action ranges from
minor misdemeanors to crimes that require judicial intervention.
Like violence, drug use problem in Peru has increased in recent years. Be considered a major
producer country, there is an alarming increase in domestic consumption of licit drugs
considered as alcohol and snuff, as well as illegal drugs, the production, possession, sale and
consumption are sanctioned by law, such as marijuana, cocaine, coca paste and others. The age
of starting consumption has declined in recent years has shown that criminal behavior is
associated with early intake of both legal and illegal drugs.
JUSTIFICATION
At present, it is common to witness or victim an act of violence in which teenagers are
involved. Attacks on public and private property are common after sporting events, assaults on
passers-by pira~nitas street fights between gangs, etc., Are part of everyday life, mainly in
Lima and other major cities in the country. Teens generally do so in groups and under the
influence of psychoactive substances.
Criminal behavior is associated with early intake of illegal drugs and alcohol abuse and, in turn,
the intake of alcohol and other drugs is associated with early experiences of abuse, sexual abuse
and alcoholism in the family (CEDRO, 1994). In a study conducted in Lima Youth Center
(popularly known as maranguita) in 1999, found that of 470 adolescents confined for
committing various crimes (violations), most reported having consumed alcohol at parties social
gatherings (92%), and illegal drugs like marijuana, terokal and PBC. Also expressed in
interviews that when they committed the offense was under the influence of drugs, mainly
alcohol and PBC.
Therefore this paper aims to approach the understanding of the causes and motivations that lead
teenagers to defy the law and the institutional experience with young offenders who meet a
rehabilitative measure in youth centers and a proposed intervention.DEVELOPMENT
Violence in Peru and the world
Violence is a social phenomenon that is growing in major cities around the world. In Western
Europe misdemeanors and antisocial behavior have grown rapidly, while the incidence of serious
crime has been controlled by the application of modern measures of law enforcement and
criminal justice, and the establishment of sophisticated forms of cooperation international. In
developing countries and Eastern Europe are increasing both minor offenses such as violent
crime. Even in Asia, which recorded a decrease in overall crime between 1975 and 1990, there
has been a considerable growth of property crime, organized crime and drug trafficking in the
cities of over 100,000 inhabitants ( Vanderschueren, 2000).

The same author states that crime patterns are changing. On the one hand, criminals are getting
younger, due in part to the proliferation of street children and street gangs. On the other, violent
crimes such as murder, are increasingly common.
Peru does not escape this reality. Acts of violence have increased significantly in the cities, and
there are participants often minors.
Causes of Violence in Peru
Peru confronts the past several years, economic and social problems affecting the most
vulnerable strata of the population, especially the mother and child. Thus we note the rapid and
disorganized growth of the population to basic services are lacking, an increase in the cost of
living at the expense of purchasing power, increasing unemployment and underemployment,
family disintegration and terrorism, problems that reflected in the calls by UNICEF as Children
in especially difficult circumstances, such as street children, victims of gun violence, working
children, abused, offenders, etc. ..
The total population is 22, 639.443 inhabitants (INEI, 1993). Poverty affects 13 million Peruvians
who have INCOMES insufficient to cover the basket and approx. 4.5 million live in extreme
poverty, of whom 596 000 are children under 04 years and one million one hundred thousand,
between 5 and 14 years. More than 15 years of terrorist violence left 30 000 orphans, 12 000
disabled people, not counting the dead children and its disastrous consequences for social
structures.
The poor living conditions exacerbated by the existence of families with many children
abandoned by the father, driving many children to work. The census of 1993 (INEI), found that
one in 14 children are workers (435 thousand). These children usually grow without further
opportunities to study and acquire adaptive behavior patterns to the hostile reality that the
street presents, including psychoactive substance use and crime.
Family and Juvenile Delinquency
The family as the first social of the child, has great influence on the behavioral patterns and
relationship with the world around him. So when the family does not develop a functional link
protector, promoter and harmonious maladjustment may occur.
According to Amanda Vega (1994), family characteristics most frequently associated with crime
are:
* The parent antisocial behavior.
* Monitoring and ineffective discipline.
* Disputes and family disharmony, poor parent-child relationships.
* Large families and social marginalization.

Vacca (1998), explains that a dysfunctional family can lead to one or more of its members to
develop a certain disease, defining it as a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and indeterminate
permanently presenting one or more members of a family, and to relate to their membership
creating a climate conducive to the emergence of specific diseases and nonspecific.
The same author refers to the various types of dysfunctional families psychopathological foster a
climate within the same, which will affect in varying degrees of family members, determining
specific conditions:
* Dysfunctional families neurotigenicas
* Dysfunctional families psicotigenicas
* Psicopatogenicas Dysfunctional families and
* Dysfunctional families adictogenicas
Each one of them and in contact with risk factors compatible with each of its members and / or
predictive factor for hatching and can trigger the respective psychopathology. Therefore, the
addition would take place by the conjunction of a number of risk factors that predispose, or
facilitate expose a person develops a pathological bond with a spa, activity, device or person in a
subsequent trigger addiction. The ability to hook up and create an addiction is now maximized
if the individual has a positive predictive factor, based on a predisposition inherited organic
(biochemical, neurological, physiological and psychological), also depending on the type of
addiction developed, for example, For SPA, it is noted that crack users quickly develop a
secondary psicopatizacion. This possibility is reduced if the individual has sufficient protective
factors to deal with the risks to everyone at some point, we are exposed. For example we can
cite as protective factors having a satisfying job, to belong to sports clubs, rationally organize
your time, be assertive, etc..
Among the risk factors we have the macro, which are those belonging to the social structure as a
permissive attitude of society to certain substances, peer pressure, accessibility for a drug, the
advertisements that promote consumption and spending, social exclusion, corruption, poverty,
lack of job opportunities and self-study in general, etc..
Microsocial factors are referred to the family system, the distribution of roles and responsibilities,
beliefs, parenting patterns, etc. Mainly families called Adictogenas Dysfunctional Families are
those that promote drug use both conventional and unconventional. In this case report abuse
among members, abuse of illegal drugs, obsessive and compulsive behaviors, pathological
alliances, stiff rules and communication problems, among others.
The property of an individuals personality can be an individual risk factor, when there are
dysfunctional traits such as low tolerance to stress, low self-esteem, poor repertoire of social
skills, impulsivity, and feelings of loneliness, curiosity and lack of emotional support.
Thus it can be said that the acquisition of an addictive behavior, whether conventional or not,
has a multi-causal etiology, ie, takes place due to a combination of individual and environmental

factors must be taken into account in prevention and treatment with designed to monitor and /
or decrease and extinction as appropriate those elements of risk and predictive, and
strengthen, promote and increase the protective factors or functional.
Psychosocial characteristics of adolescent offenders
Young offenders have a personality marked by marginalization, neglect, emotional, economic
and cultural deprivation and abuse in general, which makes it an impulsive person, rebellious,
resentful, impressionable and insecure and is vulnerable to multiple stimuli Street offers,
allowing you to integrate and meet unmet emotional needs. Thus begin to test liquor and other
drugs like marijuana and terokal, then try stronger drugs like PBC, consuming many times to
get value in the commission of the crime, and lack thereof, with the anxiety that because they
will be one of the reasons for agencies of MONEY quickly through the crime.
In an unpublished research Multidisciplinary Team Youth Center of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation
of Lima (1995), conducted in 197 adolescents who met the inpatient rehabilitative measure for
making an infringing act, it identified some specific psychosocial characteristics of this
population:
* The majority of adolescents had running away between 07 and 15 years of age, slowly peeling
her family and closer to the street, joining other children with similar characteristics.
* Inclusion in the workplace early informal shining shoes, washing cars, collector combination,
begging, selling sweets, etc.
* Consumption of various drugs, alcohol is the most mentioned, which is consumed at parties or
nightclubs. The terokal is common in these groups, particularly so-called pira~nitas and coca
paste is more common in older adolescents and greater experience in the crime.
* Language is presented limited, simple and direct, using slang and idioms.
* They have a tendency to live in the present, seeking immediate gratification, because past
experience frustrating and a pessimistic perception of the future.
* External locus of control, consider that the events of an individual are determined by the
destiny or fate.
* Low level of schooling (55% of the sample did not complete primary level).
* Start early sexual.
* Deficit in valuation training.
* Source of marginal urban areas of the city of Lima (San Juan de Lurigancho, Comas, Villa
Maria del Triunfo, etc.).
* Children of migrant parents.

* Low willingness to learn, for possible food deficits, little promotion, workload early in the
attention deficit).
* Source of dysfunctional and disorganized homes. Large percentage referred to problems of
violence in the family.
* Large family (usually has between 04 and 09 siblings).
* Lack of role models and appropriate identification. Many parents have committed acts against
the law, alcohol and other drugs, violence, etc..
* Personality unstable and immature, with impulsive traits, suspicion and hostility.
* Low self-esteem.
Craft (1974), notes that the psychopath is characterized by being unable to respond emotionally
in situations where normal people would be expected to do so and have an irresistible tendency
to act impulsively. The salient features would be aggressiveness, absence of feelings of guilt
about inappropriate behavior, inability to behavior modification through punishment and lack of
motivation for altruistic projects.
Drugs and juvenile delinquency
The problem of drug use and its relationship to youth violence is an issue that is becoming
increasingly important in society. The age of onset is decreased and there is an increased intake
of various drugs associated with maladaptive behaviors. Thus, the social maladjustment can lead
to drug use or vice versa, in the first case we speak of primary psychopathy and the second of
secondary psychopathy.
Psychopathy, also known as antisocial personality disorder or personality disorder (ICD 10), is
characterized by ongoing criminal or antisocial acts is an inability to adapt to social norms.
F91 disorder (ICD 10)
The disorder is characterized by persistent and repeated antisocial behavior, aggressive or
challenging. In its most extreme violations can reach the standards, over which would be
acceptable to the character and age of the individual concerned and characteristics of the society
in which they live. It is therefore of serious deviations than simply evil child or adolescent
rebellion. antisocial or criminal acts are not isolated, by themselves a basis for diagnosis, which
involves permanently of behavior.
The conduct disorders are often associated with adverse psychosocial environment, including
unsatisfactory family relationships and school failure, and occurs more frequently in boys. The
distinction between conduct disorders and emotional disorders is well defined, while
differentiation of hyperkinetic disorder is less clear and often overlap between them.
Diagnostic guidelines (ICD 10)

We must take into account the childs developmental level. Tantrums, for example, are part of
normal development at age three and their mere presence should not be an indication for the
diagnosis. Similarly, rape civil rights of others (such as a violent crime) is not within the reach of
most children of seven years old and therefore not a diagnostic pattern for this age group.
The forms of behavior in which the diagnosis can be based on the type of the following:
excessive levels of fighting or bullying, cruelty to other people or animals, severe destruction of
others property, fire, theft, repeated lies, breaches of school and running away, frequent and
severe tantrums, taunts, challenges and serious and persistent disobedience. Any of these
categories, if intense enough for diagnosis, but dissocial acts are not isolated.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM, DSM-IV now the
APA (American Psychriatic Association) diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder (up to 17 years
old) are (is required presence of 03 criteria in the past 12 months or at least one criterion for the
last 06 months):
Aggression to people and animals
* Often bluff, threatens or intimidates others.
* Often initiates physical fights.
* A used gun can cause serious physical harm to others (bat, brick, knife, broken bottle, gun,
etc.)..
* Has been physically cruel to people.
* Has been physically cruel to animals.
* He stole the victims face.
* Has forced someone into sexual activity.
Destruction of property
* Has deliberately engaged in fire with the intent to cause serious damage.
* Has deliberately destroyed others property.
Dishonesty or theft
* He has violated the home, the house or someone elses car.
* Often lies to obtain goods, favors or to avoid obligations.
* Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim.

Serious violations of rules

* Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning this behavior at 13 years of
age.
* It has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in his parents house or in a
substitute (or just once without returning for a long time.)
* Usually be cow at school, starting the practice before age 13.
Because the clinical experience of professionals working in youth centers in the country, is also
taken into account in the diagnosis with juvenile offenders, the presence of cuts and scars on the
skin, and tattoos and their symbolism.
Primary psychopathy occurs early, usually in childhood and adolescence. Called primary because
its appearance and development predates the beginning of a drug. Can be predicted from the 07
or 08 years of age, observing some behaviors that differentiate it from other children his age
and the challenge to the authority of parents and corporal punishment, frequently lies, cruelty to
animals and other children, etc. In the homes of these children has found that there is violence
by one parent, verbal, physical or sexual, constituting the so-called dysfunctional families
psicopatogenicas.
In these children has found high levels of anxiety, looking for games or activities that involve risk
or danger, without considering the consequences. Upon reaching adolescence may leak from the
house, bed wetting, mugging or street and searching and integrating marginalized groups such
as gangs, hooligans, etc.
Noyes (1990), describes these teenagers as belligerent, sullen, lying, manipulative, stubborn,
defiant, boastful, unashamed, unhappy and resistant to parental authority, unscrupulous.
Secondary Psychopathy primary difference in etiology, ie the origin of the table and not in its
phenomenology, since it is very similar in both cases. Thus the individual who is exposed to a
psychoactive substance is developing psychotic features, which has been termed a process of
psicopatizacion (Oliver, 1979). This process involves the acquisition of an anti-social behavior
that arise in the drug user, being more evident in consumer PBC.
Psicopatizacion process affects the metabolism, physiology, psychology, consumer behavior, but
mostly there is a deterioration in their cognitive system, replacing its social conscience and
individual production adapted and the other that lets you eliminate the guilt and conflict that
consumption will brings. Thus the affective cognitive dissonance is eliminated through the
restructuring of its arguments, values, beliefs and attitudes about drugs and their consumption.
As all cognition produces an emotion, restructure their emotions and behavior, becoming numb,
detached with their families and loved ones.
Types of crime: Legal Framework

As we have seen, the substance can lead to delinquency product of a process of secondary
psicopatizacion psychopathic structure can lead to crime and / or consumption. When perpetuate
antisocial acts that violate the rules or principles of coexistence and social equity, the community
is protected by laws that punish such deviations. Thus, the individual is confronted with a legal
system and, according to their age, mental state, severity of the event, circumstances, etc.,
Shall be subject to a judicial process that will determine his innocence or guilt and to be the
case, impose a penalty or deprivation of liberty or freedom under certain conditions.
In the case of minors, the Code of Children and Adolescents down various educational measures,
aiming to rehabilitation:
* Protection for those children up to 11 years of age who have committed an offense. This
includes care at home, participation in an educational program or community integrated care in
a protective setting (group home).
* Warning for teens from 12 to 17 years old and consists of a warning for his behavior by the
family court. The family is also reproached to pay more attention to your childs behavior.
* Provision of Community Services, through which the adolescent is committed to a series of
activities on behalf of their community for a maximum period of six months.
* Probation, where the teen will be under the supervision of a guardian for a maximum of eight
months, who will provide advocacy and guidance in their social and familiar context.
* Restricted Freedom, which is that the teen should meet daily to attend a youth center open to
receiving guidance and occupational training for a maximum period of twelve months.
* Hospitalization, deprivation of liberty for those adolescents who have committed serious acts
(aggravated robbery, drug trafficking, rape, murder, gang harmful) for a maximum period of
three years, except for six years for gang pernicious.
The juvenile justice system in Peru, is designed to achieve rehabilitation to facilitate productive
social integration of adolescents and not simply the imposition of a penalty. Although much has
been achieved in this regard, there is still a long way to go to achieve social peace, since the
problem is multifactorial and its solution requires the commitment and involvement of all
stakeholders.
Currently there are an average of 1000 gangs alone in the city of Lima and 70% of crimes in the
capital are carried by them (El Comercio). These events range from simple theft to outbursts or
assaults with knives or fire, rape and murder.
In the 10 juvenile detention centers administered by the judiciary in the country, 09 are for
adolescents with inpatient rehabilitative measure, ie, have committed a serious offense in
question. Among the most common offenses or offenses are aggravated robbery (42.3%), rape
(19.3%), pernicious gang (8.6%), etc. (See annexes). Many of them claim to have been under
the influence of any SPA at the time of committing the crime.

While the data may not fully represent the reality (a tendency to distort), a large number of
adolescents referred to consume or have consumed alcohol (77.6%). In a smaller proportion
report having used marijuana, terokal and PBC. Interestingly, 11.3% of adolescents had clinical
symptoms of dependence on a SPA.
Prevention of criminal behavior and addictive
The slogan is better safe than sorry is very true. Would avoid much suffering there is greater
solidarity and cooperation, respect and affection for others
When talking about prevention is often identify different levels depending on the timing of
intervention in relation to the problem: primary, secondary and tertiary levels:
Primary prevention refers to interventions to be carried out before the problem arises. Here we
attack the causes or factors that produce and promote through a series of educational activities
aimed at the family, school, neighborhood, peers, etc.
Secondary prevention aims to discover and eliminate a condition, process or problem promptly
or partially remedy, seeking mainly to the early detection of problems that generate a response
for immediate intervention. Thus we have the example of intervention in times of crisis,
providing education to high risk groups, etc. (Loving, 1994).
Tertiary prevention aims to stop or slow the progression of the problem and its consequences. In
the case of individuals who have committed the crime includes activities such as rehabilitation,
therapy and psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration and employment.
Prevention is promoting a culture of peace through the promotion of family, social inclusion, the
development of prosocial behavior and commitment of all actors: mothers clubs, neighborhood
committees, church, police, education sector, health, labor, etc. Only then we will have a more
just and fraternal society.
Treatment and social reintegration
From Lombroso until today, many authors have devoted to the study of psychopathy and its
treatment. Since considered a disease of moral or social madness to a more scientific approach
to clinical and educational. This topic has been addressed from a sociological, biological,
psychological, etc., Contributing to the achievement of greater understanding of the problem and
its solution.
At present holistic approaches predominate in many areas of action and using techniques of
behavioral psychology, systemic therapy, cognitive, emotional, etc. Self-help groups, therapeutic
communities and outpatient management have brought in recent years more elements that
allow for the recovery and social reintegration of the patient. Whatever the treatment approach,
the therapists responsibility to manage or facilitate the treatment process and therefore must
possess the required skills and experience.

First, the therapist must motivate the patient to initiate and continue treatment and involve the
family in the process. The construction of the motivation for treatment of addictive behavior is
essential to ensure or facilitate a successful intervention. Creating the motivation to change in
the patient is the main challenge of the therapist, since without it or with a motivation provided
will not be possible to move towards withdrawal and change of philosophy of life.
In this sense, the therapist must possess great experience, temperance, and knowledge
management, which will facilitate, promote, guide the patient toward the construction of
motivation, starting point for lasting behavioral change.
The first challenge of the therapist is creating the need for change, move the philosophical
foundations underlying addictive behavior, and provide accompaniment and support in the
process, for which it should encourage a climate of trust and understanding.
Youth Centers of the judiciary has been providing comprehensive care to young offenders, who
are integrated into a therapeutic process much like a multi-therapeutic community. Over the past
three years has systematized the experience, which has been reflected in the document entitled
System of Social Reinsertion of juvenile offenders, Technical Paper specializes in regulatory
treatment of young offenders, which includes a series of programs, methods techniques and
instruments are clearly educational in nature, according to the laws and regulations compatible
with human rights, whose contents are summarized below:
Educational Programs in Middle Closed
* Welcome Program: Welcome and Introduction.
* Program I: Approach and Persuasion.
* Program II: Personal Training.
* Program III: Job Training.
Educational Programs in the Open Environment
* Program IV: Youth Residence
* Program V: Orientation to the teenager.
Supplemental Educational Programs
* Intensive Care Program
* Mother Mary Program
* Footprints in the Sand Program

Welcome Program: This program sets the initial approach to adolescents and is prepared to
accept the change process. Welcome proceedings is of vital importance to the adolescent
because it will be the first impression you get from us and our work. We kindly welcome you,
making a tour of the facility, placing it in its rightful environment, presenting to other workers
and their peers by name. The accompanying activities carried out, the practice of counseling and
supervision must be constant.
Program I: The teenager who enter the youth center will begin its social rehabilitation in this
program. The main purpose is to promote adolescent awareness of error and will to change,
through a natural approach to youth, encouraging emotional contact, trust and respect, being
the educator a facilitator in the process of thought, beliefThe accompanying activities carried
out, the practice of counseling and supervision must be constant. Programmed activities are
geared towards the structuring of time and space, development of appropriate health habits,
discipline and good use of leisure time. In this program conducted basic training workshops
therapeutic content as music therapy, crafts, drawing and painting, theater, etc It is important
to approach the family to engage them in the educational process of their children through home
visits and participation in the Parents School.
Program II: Once the program achieved the objectives I, the teen joined an educational process
that involves the acquisition, internalization and development of values inherent in personal
development, changing attitudes toward authority, his family and society, development good
habits of behavior and potentialities through a set of intervention techniques. At this stage, the
adolescent is taking on increasing responsibility through active participation in the educational
process. Teaching values, implies that the teen learn to know, love and bow for all that is noble,
just and valuable. These values are: respect, tolerance, trust, friendship, sincerity, peace,
honesty, cooperation, generosity, gratitude, responsibility, loyalty, among others.
Program III: Once the teen made significant progress in their educational process, is
incorporated into the program, which unlike the two previous programs, is a semi-open. Thus,
the adolescent joins a training process without neglecting technical and occupational training and
personal development. The objective of this program is that the adolescent to develop skills and
abilities in a specific occupation that can compete on equal terms in a labor market increasingly
specialized and demanding. The instruction is taught by qualified teachers in the vocational
workshops to the youth center offers or through agreements with institutions that provide
occupational training inside or outside his premises. It promotes production, savings and
microenterprise development.
Program IV: Program open mode and voluntary, aimed at those young graduates of the system,
which has no option to join his family. So the teen lives in a household with others in similar
situations, sharing experiences and responsibilities under the care and guidance of a family
system partners. At this stage the teenager must have reached appropriate levels of
independence and adaptation to social and productive life in society, therefore is able to deal
with a modicum of control and supervision. On the other hand, the teenager will have jobs
outside the home, work or study is therefore the organization, functioning and tasks will be
planned lead times in an equitable manner, allowing everyone to participate and take
responsibility for the conduct of the house.

Program V: Program open mode for teenagers of both sexes subjected to educational measures
in the wild or semi-freedom. The work done is a preventive promo, which offers a range of
activities articulated personal and occupational training to teens and family counseling through
the Parent School and the active participation of the community in this process. This program
takes place in youth centers open type, called Adolescent Counselling Service (SOA), meeting a
range of activities during the day and then go to school or work and return to their homes,
therefore, Hours are flexible, adapting to the needs and interests of its users. The Orientation
Program provides teen intervention arrangements 04 according to the socio-educational measure
imposed: Provision of Community Services, Probation, restricted freedom and the benefit of
semi-freedom.
Intensive Care Program, Attention in closed mode, aimed at adolescents with severe behavioral
problems and resistant to proposals for change based on an educational process. It is therefore
essential to provide intensive care special care involving security, discipline and inappropriate
behavior modification, counseling and ongoing psychosocial counseling and an individualized
approach.
Mother Mary Program, program is aimed at those young offenders to measure hospital, which
are in the process of gestation, mothers and children. Here mothers, mothers and their children
receive comprehensive health care and education and training in early learning. Teenage
mothers are integrated with the activities of other programs according to their needs and
motivations.
Footprints in the Sand Program, aimed at teenagers Program graduates, in order to perform
monitoring, support, serve psychologically, spiritually and promote effective reintegration to the
family and society through inclusive activities.
Programs have the following phases:
* Reception: warm and sincere welcome to the teenager, presentation to their new living group
and information on program objectives.
* Intervention: Integrating educational activities adolescent respective program, as an active
agent in the process of change.
* Reinforcement: Motivation to continue to develop, support and guidance, assessment and
preparation for inclusion in the next program.
In each of the programs they develop a series of systematic activities in 07 areas of
intervention, which are in constant interaction:
* Personal Area Attention needs timely, comprehensive assessment and individualized
intervention and adolescents.
* Socio-recreational area, It is aimed at promoting the development of social skills, self-esteem,
wise use of time, etc

* Area of education, values education is taught through morning meetings, learning modules,
educational modules, training workshops, etc., Allowing the adolescent acquire skills and positive
attitudes.
* Work area, activities aimed at developing knowledge and technical and occupational skills,
through workshops and occupational training, allowing the adolescent to better compete in the
labor market.
* Family Area, Set of activities designed to engage, educate and prepare parents or guardians of
adolescents, ensuring real support to the educational process through the School for Parents,
family visits, family counseling, family involvement in activities socializing center.
* Area of spiritual formation activities to develop the Faith, the search for meaning and the
acquisition of moral beliefs through prayer meetings, Paraliturgy, Pastoral and Other.
* Area of community outreach, activities aimed at achieving community involvement in the
educational process, through campaigns, advocacy and community outreach, education and
employment agreements, etc.
In the cases of clinical signs of dependence SPA has worked closely with the specialist. In the
case of the Youth Center in Lima, Callao CADES coordinated with, who provided a prevention
program to 30 adolescents at risk and a treatment program for 30 adolescents with symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Violence is a complex social phenomenon of multifactorial nature and causes, which implies an
impulse response, contrary to the rules of peaceful coexistence, affect, prejudice and assaulting
the rights of individuals and society, particularly those related to life freedom, development,
ownership, etc.
Youth violence, that is, that exerted by adolescents and youth is a reality that has been
aggravated in the last 20 years in the country, mainly in large cities, making it one of the most
critical problems, together with the lack employment and production and consumption of drugs.
The age of onset is decreased and there is an increased intake of various drugs associated with
maladaptive behaviors. Thus, the social maladjustment can lead to drug use or vice versa, in the
first case we speak of primary psychopathy and the second of secondary psychopathy.
Early intervention and comprehensive, along with the ability of the therapist, family involvement
and patient motivation to change, are important factors in recovery and family and social
reintegration.
While treatment is necessary, this is usually lengthy, costly and not always the expected results.
It is therefore necessary to promote prevention through educational programs for at-risk
populations, which can foster protective factors and social structures to create more effective,
robust and fair.

Breve resumen

* Justificacin

* La violencia en el Per y el mundo

* Causas de la violencia en el Per

* La familia y la delincuencia juvenil

* Caractersticas psicosociales de los adolescentes infractores

* Drogas y Delincuencia Juvenil

* Pautas para el diagnstico (ICD - 10)

* Tipos de delitos: Marco Legal

* Prevencin de la conducta delictiva y adictiva

* El tratamiento y la reinsercin social

* Conclusiones

* Bibliografa

Breve resumen

En los ltimos aos en el pas y el mundo en general, especialmente en las

grandes ciudades, se produjo un aumento de la delincuencia o la violencia
ejercida por los adolescentes o jvenes, que, envueltos en el grupo y alentados
por los efectos de las drogas cometido varios actos delictivos y causan pblica
problemas de seguridad, que afectan a la sociedad como un todo.

Esta monografa aborda el problema de la violencia juvenil en Per, y su

correlacin con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, basada en la
experiencia en el trabajo con jvenes infractores en los centros de diagnstico
y rehabilitacin.

INTRODUCCIN

La violencia es un fenmeno complejo social de la naturaleza y causas

multifactoriales, lo que implica una respuesta de impulso, en contra de las
reglas de la convivencia pacfica, el afecto, el prejuicio y la agresin a los
derechos de los individuos y la sociedad, en especial los relacionados con la
libertad de vida, el desarrollo, la propiedad, etc. .

La violencia juvenil, es decir, la ejercida por los adolescentes y los jvenes es

una realidad que se ha agravado en los ltimos 20 aos en el pas. Entre las
principales causas son: La crisis econmica llev a un proceso de migracin a
las grandes ciudades en busca de nuevas oportunidades, el desplazamiento de
las familias amenazadas por el terrorismo, con la familia y la consiguiente
desintegracin cultural, la marginacin y la exclusin social, la pobreza
extrema, la falta de bsica los servicios, la salud y la educacin, as como la
falta de empleo y la crisis de valores. Por lo tanto, la familia, especialmente
mujeres y nios, han sido violados, creando problemas de inadecuacin social,
la que se manifiesta principalmente en la proliferacin de las pandillas
juveniles "," Barras Bravas "y" Pira ~ nitas. "Su accin abarca desde delitos
menores a delitos que requieren intervencin judicial.

Al igual que la violencia, el problema del consumo de drogas en el Per se ha

incrementado en los ltimos aos. Ser considerado un pas productor

importante, hay un aumento alarmante en el consumo interno de drogas lcitas

considerados como alcohol y tabaco, as como las drogas ilegales, la
produccin, la posesin, venta y consumo son sancionados por la ley, como la
marihuana, la cocana, la coca pegar y otros. La edad de inicio de consumo ha
disminuido en los ltimos aos ha demostrado que el comportamiento criminal
se asocia con el consumo precoz de drogas legales e ilegales.

JUSTIFICACIN

En la actualidad, es comn para presenciar - o de la vctima - un acto de

violencia en el que los adolescentes estn involucrados. Los ataques a la
propiedad pblica y privada son comunes despus de los eventos deportivos,
asaltos a transentes "pira ~ nitas" peleas callejeras entre bandas, etc., son
parte de la vida cotidiana, sobre todo en Lima y otras ciudades importantes en
el pas. Los adolescentes generalmente lo hacen en grupo y bajo la influencia
de sustancias psicoactivas.

El comportamiento criminal se asocia con el consumo precoz de drogas ilegales

y el abuso del alcohol y, a su vez, el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas se
asocia con las primeras experiencias de maltrato, abuso sexual y el
alcoholismo en la familia (CEDRO, 1994). En un estudio realizado en Lima
Centro Juvenil (conocido popularmente como "maranguita") en 1999, encontr
que de 470 adolescentes recluidos por la comisin de varios delitos
(violaciones), la mayora inform haber consumido alcohol en las fiestas de las
reuniones sociales (92%), y las drogas ilegales como la marihuana, terokal y
PBC. Tambin expres en entrevistas que cuando cometieron el delito se
encontraba bajo la influencia de drogas, principalmente alcohol y PBC.

Por lo tanto, este trabajo pretende acercarse a la comprensin de las causas y

motivaciones que llevan a los adolescentes a desafiar la ley y la experiencia
institucional con menores infractores que cumplen una medida socioeducativa
en centros juveniles y una propuesta intervention.DEVELOPMENT

La violencia en el Per y el mundo

La violencia es un fenmeno social que est creciendo en las principales

ciudades de todo el mundo. En faltas Europa Occidental y el comportamiento
antisocial han crecido rpidamente, mientras que la incidencia de los delitos
graves ha sido controlado por la aplicacin de medidas modernas de la
aplicacin de la ley y la justicia penal, y el establecimiento de formas
sofisticadas de la cooperacin internacional. En los pases en desarrollo y de
Europa del Este estn aumentando ambos delitos menores, tales como la
delincuencia violenta. Incluso en Asia, donde se registr una disminucin de la
delincuencia en general entre 1975 y 1990, ha habido un crecimiento
considerable de delitos contra la propiedad, el crimen organizado y el trfico de
drogas en las ciudades de ms de 100.000 habitantes (VANDERSCHUEREN,
2000).

El mismo autor seala que los patrones de criminalidad estn cambiando. Por
un lado, los delincuentes son cada vez ms, debido en parte a la proliferacin
de nios de la calle y las pandillas callejeras. En los otros delitos violentos,
como el asesinato, son cada vez ms comunes.

Per no escapa a esta realidad. Los actos de violencia se han incrementado

significativamente en las ciudades, y hay a menudo los participantes menores
de edad.

Causas de la violencia en el Per

Per se enfrenta a los ltimos aos, econmicos y sociales que afectan a los
problemas de los estratos ms vulnerables de la poblacin, especialmente la
madre y el nio. As observamos el crecimiento rpido y desordenado de la
poblacin a los servicios bsicos se carece, un aumento en el costo de vida a
expensas del poder adquisitivo, el aumento del desempleo y el subempleo, la
desintegracin familiar y el terrorismo, los problemas que se refleja en las
llamadas por UNICEF como "Los nios en circunstancias especialmente
difciles", como los nios de la calle, vctimas de la violencia armada, los nios
que trabajan, abusado, delincuentes, etc ..

La poblacin total es de 22, 639,443 habitantes (INEI, 1993). La pobreza afecta

a 13 millones de peruanos que tienen ingresos suficientes para cubrir la
canasta y aprox. 4,5 millones viven en la extrema pobreza, de los cuales 596

000 son nios menores de 04 aos y un millones cien mil, entre 5 y 14 aos.
Ms de 15 aos de violencia terrorista dej 30 000 hurfanos, 12 000 personas
con discapacidad, sin contar los nios muertos y sus consecuencias
desastrosas para las estructuras sociales.

Las malas condiciones de vida agravados por la existencia de familias con

muchos nios abandonados por el padre, conduciendo a muchos nios a
trabajar. El censo de 1993 (INEI), encontr que uno de cada 14 nios son
trabajadores (435.000). Estos nios suelen crecer sin ms oportunidades de
estudiar y adquirir patrones de conducta de adaptacin a la realidad hostil que
la calle presenta, incluyendo el uso de sustancias psicoactivas y la
delincuencia.

Familia y Delincuencia Juvenil

La familia como primer social del nio, tiene una gran influencia en los
patrones de comportamiento y relacin con el mundo que le rodea. As que
cuando la familia no se desarrolla puede ocurrir un protector vnculo funcional,
promotor e inadaptacin armonioso.

Segn Amanda Vega (1994), las caractersticas familiares ms frecuentemente

asociados con la delincuencia son:

* La conducta antisocial de los padres.

* Seguimiento y disciplina ineficaz.

* Las disputas y falta de armona familiar, las malas relaciones entre padres e
hijos.

* Las familias numerosas y la marginacin social.

Vacca (1998), explica que una familia disfuncional puede conducir a una o ms
de sus miembros para desarrollar una determinada enfermedad, definindolo
como "un patrn de conductas inadaptadas e indeterminada que presentan
permanentemente uno o ms miembros de una familia, y de relacionarse con
su pertenencia a la creacin de un clima propicio para la aparicin de
enfermedades especficas y no especficas. "

El mismo autor se refiere a los diferentes tipos de familias disfuncionales

psicopatolgico fomentar un clima dentro de la misma, lo que afectar en
mayor o menor grado de los miembros de la familia, la determinacin de las
condiciones especficas:

* Las familias disfuncionales neurotigenicas

* Las familias disfuncionales psicotigenicas

* Psicopatogenicas familias disfuncionales y

* Las familias disfuncionales adictogenicas

Cada uno de ellos y en contacto con los factores de riesgo compatibles con
cada uno de sus miembros y / o el factor predictivo para incubar y puede
desencadenar la respectiva psicopatologa. Por lo tanto, la adicin se llevara a
cabo por la conjuncin de una serie de factores de riesgo que predisponen,
facilitan o exponer a una persona desarrolla un vnculo patolgico con un spa,
actividad, dispositivo o persona en una adiccin gatillo posterior. La capacidad
de "conectar" y crear una adiccin est maximizado si el individuo tiene un
factor predictivo positivo, sobre la base de una predisposicin hereditaria
orgnico (bioqumica, neurolgicos, fisiolgicos y psicolgicos), tambin en
funcin del tipo de adiccin desarrollado, por ejemplo , para el balneario, se
observa que los consumidores de crack desarrollan rpidamente un
psicopatizacion secundaria. Esta posibilidad se reduce si la persona tiene
factores de proteccin suficientes para hacer frente a los riesgos para todo el
mundo en algn momento, que estamos expuestos. Por ejemplo podemos citar
como factores de proteccin sin un trabajo satisfactorio, a pertenecer a clubes
deportivos, racionalmente organizar su tiempo, ser asertivo, etc ..

Entre los factores de riesgo que tenemos la macro, que son los que pertenecen
a la estructura social como una actitud permisiva de la sociedad a ciertas
sustancias, la presin social, la accesibilidad de un medicamento, los anuncios
que promueven el consumo y el gasto, la exclusin social, la corrupcin, la
pobreza, la falta de oportunidades de trabajo y de auto-estudio en general,
etc ..

Factores microsociales son referidos al sistema familiar, la distribucin de

funciones y responsabilidades, las creencias, los patrones de crianza de los
hijos, etc. Principalmente familias llamadas "familias disfuncionales
Adictogenas" son las que promueven el uso de drogas convencionales y no
convencionales. En este caso informe de abuso entre los miembros, el abuso
de drogas ilegales, comportamientos obsesivos y compulsivos, alianzas
patolgicas, reglas rgidas y problemas de comunicacin, entre otros.

La propiedad de la personalidad de un individuo puede ser un factor de riesgo

individual, cuando hay rasgos disfuncionales como la baja tolerancia al estrs,
baja autoestima, pobre repertorio de habilidades sociales, la impulsividad y la
sensacin de soledad, la curiosidad y la falta de apoyo emocional.

Por lo tanto, se puede decir que la adquisicin de una conducta adictiva, ya sea
convencional o no, tiene una etiologa multicausal, es decir, se lleva a cabo
debido a una combinacin de factores individuales y ambientales deben ser
tenidas en cuenta en la prevencin y el tratamiento con diseado para
supervisar y / o la disminucin y extincin - en su caso - los elementos de
riesgo y predictivo, y fortalecer, promover y aumentar los factores de
proteccin o funcional.

Caractersticas psicosociales de los adolescentes infractores

Los delincuentes juveniles tienen una personalidad marcada por la

marginacin, el abandono, la privacin emocional, econmica y cultural y el
abuso en general, lo que hace que sea una persona impulsiva, rebelde,
resentido, impresionable e inseguro y es vulnerable a mltiples ofertas
estmulos Street, lo que le permite "integrar "y satisfacer las necesidades

emocionales insatisfechas. As comienzan a probar el licor y otras drogas como

la marihuana y terokal, a continuacin, probar drogas ms fuertes como PBC,
consumiendo muchas veces para "obtener el valor" en la comisin del delito, y
la falta de ella, con la inquietud de que, ya que ser uno de los razones por las
agencias de dinero rpido a travs de la delincuencia.

En una investigacin indita Centro Multidisciplinario Equipo Juvenil de

Diagnstico y Rehabilitacin de Lima (1995), realizado en 197 adolescentes
que cumplieron con la medida de rehabilitacin para pacientes hospitalizados
para hacer un acto infractor, se determinaron algunas caractersticas
psicosociales especficas de esta poblacin:

* La mayora de los adolescentes haba huyendo entre 07 y 15 aos de edad,

pelar lentamente su familia y ms cerca de la calle, unindose a otros nios
con caractersticas similares.

* La inclusin en el lugar de trabajo primeros zapatos informales brillantes,

lavado de coches, combinacin colector, la mendicidad, la venta de dulces, etc.

* El consumo de varias drogas, es el ms mencionado alcohol, que se consume

en fiestas o discotecas. El terokal es comn en estos grupos, sobre todo los
llamados "pira ~ nitas" y la pasta de coca es ms comn en adolescentes
mayores y una mayor experiencia en el crimen.

* Idioma se presenta limitado, sencillo y directo, utilizando la jerga y modismos.

* Tienen una tendencia a vivir en el presente, buscando la satisfaccin

inmediata, porque la experiencia frustrante y una percepcin pesimista del
futuro.

* Locus de control externo, consideran que los acontecimientos de un individuo

estn determinadas por el "destino o suerte."

* Bajo nivel de escolaridad (55% de la muestra no complet el nivel primario).

* Comience temprano sexual.

* Dficit en la formacin de valoracin.

* Fuente de las zonas urbanas marginales de la ciudad de Lima (San Juan de

Lurigancho, Comas, Villa Mara del Triunfo, etc.).

* Los hijos de padres migrantes.

* Bajo la voluntad de aprender, para posibles dficit de alimentos, poca

promocin, la carga de trabajo a principios del dficit de atencin).

* Fuente de hogares disfuncionales y desorganizados. Gran porcentaje a que se

refiere a los problemas de violencia en la familia.

* Ampliacin de la familia (por lo general tiene entre 04 y 09 hermanos).

* La falta de modelos a seguir y la identificacin apropiada. Muchos padres han

cometido actos contra la ley, el alcohol y otras drogas, la violencia, etc ..

* Personalidad inestable e inmaduro, con rasgos impulsivos, la sospecha y la

hostilidad.

* Baja autoestima.

Craft (1974), seala que el psicpata se caracteriza por ser incapaz de

responder emocionalmente en situaciones en las que se espera que las

personas normales para hacerlo y tener una irresistible tendencia a actuar

impulsivamente. Las caractersticas ms destacadas seran agresividad,
ausencia de sentimientos de culpa por el comportamiento inadecuado,
incapacidad de modificacin de la conducta a travs del castigo y la falta de
motivacin para los proyectos altruistas.

Las drogas y la delincuencia juvenil

El problema del consumo de drogas y su relacin con la violencia juvenil es un

problema que se est volviendo cada vez ms importante en la sociedad. La
edad de inicio se reduce y hay un aumento en la ingesta de diversos frmacos
asociados con conductas inadaptadas. Por lo tanto, la inadaptacin social
puede llevar al uso de drogas, o viceversa, en el primer caso hablamos de
"psicopata primaria" y la segunda de "psicopata secundaria".

Psicopata, tambin conocido como trastorno de personalidad antisocial o

trastorno de la personalidad (CIE - 10), se caracteriza por actos delictivos o
antisociales en curso es la incapacidad de adaptarse a las normas sociales.

Trastorno F91 (CIE - 10)

"El trastorno se caracteriza por la persistencia y el comportamiento antisocial

repetido, agresiva o desafiante. En sus violacines ms extremos pueden llegar
a los estndares, ms de lo que sera aceptable para el carcter y la edad de la
persona en cuestin y las caractersticas de la sociedad en que viven. Es por lo
tanto de las desviaciones graves que la simple nio "malo" o rebelin
adolescente. actos antisociales o criminales no estn aislados, por s mismas
una base para el diagnstico, lo que implica de forma permanente de la
conducta. "

"Los trastornos de la conducta a menudo se asocian con el entorno psicosocial

adverso, incluyendo las relaciones familiares insatisfactorias y el fracaso
escolar, y se observa con mayor frecuencia en los varones. La distincin entre
los trastornos de conducta y trastornos emocionales est bien definido,
mientras que la diferenciacin de trastorno hipercintico es menos clara y, a
menudo se superponen entre ellos. "

Pautas para el diagnstico (ICD - 10)

"Tenemos que tomar en cuenta el nivel de desarrollo del nio. Las rabietas, por
ejemplo, son parte del desarrollo normal a los tres aos y su mera presencia no
debe ser una indicacin para el diagnstico. Del mismo modo, la violacin de
los derechos civiles de los otros (como un crimen violento) no est dentro del
alcance de la mayora no los nios de siete aos de edad y por lo tanto un
modelo de diagnstico para este grupo de edad. "

"Las formas de comportamiento en el que el diagnstico puede basarse en el

tipo de las siguientes: los niveles excesivos de conflictos o la intimidacin, la
crueldad a otras personas o animales, destruccin severa de los dems de
propiedad, incendio, robo, mentiras repetidas, las infracciones de la escuela y
huyendo, rabietas frecuentes y graves, insultos, desafos y desobediencia
grave y persistente. Cualquiera de estas categoras, si no estn aislados actos
suficientemente intensas para el diagnstico, pero disociales. "

De acuerdo con el Manual Diagnstico y Estadstico de los Trastornos Mentales

DSM, DSM-IV ya la APA (Asociacin Americana Psychriatic) criterios
diagnsticos para el trastorno de conducta (hasta 17 aos) son (se requiere la
presencia de 03 criterios en los ltimos 12 meses o al menos un criterio para
los ltimos 06 meses):

Agresin a personas y animales

* A menudo Bluff, amenaza o intimida a los dems.

* A menudo inicia peleas fsicas.

* Un arma usada puede causar un grave dao fsico a otros (bate, ladrillo,
cuchillo, botella rota, pistola, etc.) ..

* Ha sido fsicamente cruel con las personas.

* Ha sido fsicamente cruel con los animales.

* Se rob el rostro de la vctima.

* Ha forzado a alguien en la actividad sexual.

Destruccin de la propiedad

* Ha provocado deliberadamente incendios con la intencin de causar daos

graves.

* Ha destruido deliberadamente la propiedad de otros.

Deshonestidad o robo

* Se ha violado la casa, la casa o el automvil de otra persona.

* A menudo miente para obtener bienes, favores o para evitar obligaciones.

* Ha robado objetos de valor no trivial y sin enfrentamiento con la vctima.

Violacines graves de las normas

* A menudo se queda fuera en la noche a pesar de las prohibiciones de los

padres, a partir de este comportamiento a los 13 aos de edad.

* Se ha escapado de casa durante la noche por lo menos dos veces mientras

viva en casa de sus padres o en un sustituto (o slo una vez sin regresar
durante mucho tiempo.)

* Por lo general, ser "vaca" en la escuela, a partir de la prctica antes de los 13

aos.

Debido a que la experiencia clnica de los profesionales que trabajan en centros

de jvenes en el pas, tambin se tiene en cuenta en el diagnstico de los
menores delincuentes, la presencia de cortes y cicatrices en la piel, y los
tatuajes y su simbolismo.

Psicopata primaria ocurre temprano, generalmente en la niez y la

adolescencia. Llamado primaria debido a que su aparicin y desarrollo anterior
al comienzo de un medicamento. Se puede predecir a partir de los 07 o 08
aos de edad, la observacin de algunos comportamientos que lo diferencian
de otros nios de su edad y el desafo a la autoridad de los padres y el castigo
corporal, con frecuencia la mentira, crueldad con los animales y otros nios,
etc. En los hogares de estos nios ha encontrado que hay violencia por uno de
los padres, verbal, fsica o sexual, lo que constituye el llamado
psicopatogenicas familias disfuncionales. "

En estos nios ha encontrado altos niveles de ansiedad, en busca de juegos o

actividades que impliquen riesgo o peligro, sin medir las consecuencias. Al
llegar a la adolescencia pueda fugarse de la casa, orinarse en la cama, atraco o
la calle y la bsqueda y la integracin de grupos marginados, como las
pandillas, barras bravas, etc.

Noyes (1990), describe estos adolescentes como beligerante, hosca, la

mentira, manipuladora, obstinado, desafiante, jactancioso, sin vergenza,
infeliz y resistente a la patria potestad, sin escrpulos.

Secundaria principal diferencia Psychopathy en la etiologa, es decir, el origen

de la tabla y no en su fenomenologa, ya que es muy similar en ambos casos.

As, el individuo que est expuesto a una sustancia psicoactiva est

desarrollando caractersticas psicticas, que ha sido denominado un "proceso
de psicopatizacion" (Oliver, 1979). Este proceso consiste en la adquisicin de
un comportamiento anti-social que se plantea en el consumidor de drogas,
siendo ms evidente en PBC consumidor.

Proceso Psicopatizacion afecta el metabolismo, la fisiologa, la psicologa, el

comportamiento del consumidor, pero sobre todo hay un deterioro de su
sistema cognitivo, en sustitucin de su conciencia social y la produccin
individual adaptado y la otra que le permite eliminar la culpa y el conflicto que
la voluntad consumo trae. As, la disonancia cognitiva afectiva se elimina a
travs de la reestructuracin de sus argumentos, valores, creencias y actitudes
sobre las drogas y su consumo. Como todo conocimiento produce una emocin,
reestructurar sus emociones y el comportamiento, volvindose insensible,
individual con sus familias y seres queridos.

Tipos de delitos: Marco Legal

Como hemos visto, la sustancia puede conducir a la delincuencia producto de

un proceso de estructura psicoptica psicopatizacion secundaria puede
conducir a la delincuencia y / o el consumo. Cuando los actos antisociales
perpetan que violan las reglas o principios de la coexistencia y la equidad
social, la comunidad est protegido por las leyes que castigan tales
desviaciones. As, el individuo se enfrenta a un sistema jurdico y, de acuerdo a
su edad, el estado mental, la gravedad del caso, circunstancias, etc., estarn
sujetos a un proceso judicial que determinar su inocencia o culpabilidad y de
ser el caso, imponer una multa o privacin de libertad o la libertad bajo ciertas
condiciones.

En el caso de los menores, el Cdigo de la Niez y la Adolescencia se adoptan

diversas medidas educativas, con el objetivo de la rehabilitacin:

* Proteccin para los nios de hasta 11 aos de edad que han cometido un
delito. Esto incluye la atencin en el hogar, la participacin en un programa
educativo o de atencin integral de la comunidad en un entorno de proteccin
(hogar de grupo).

* Advertencia para los adolescentes de 12 a 17 aos y consiste en una

advertencia por su comportamiento por el tribunal de familia. La familia
tambin se le reprocha a prestar ms atencin a la conducta de su hijo.

* Prestacin de Servicios a la Comunidad, a travs del cual el adolescente se ha

comprometido a una serie de actividades en beneficio de su comunidad por un
perodo mximo de seis meses.

* Libertad Condicional, donde el adolescente estar bajo la supervisin de un

tutor para un mximo de ocho meses, que facilitarn la promocin y
orientacin en su contexto social y familiar.

* Restringi la libertad, que es que el adolescente debe cumplir con todos los
das para asistir a un centro juvenil abierto a recibir orientacin y formacin
profesional por un perodo mximo de doce meses.

* Hospitalizacin, privacin de libertad de los adolescentes que han cometido

actos graves (robo agravado, trfico de drogas, la violacin, el asesinato, la
pandilla perjudicial) por un perodo mximo de tres aos, a excepcin de seis
aos para la pandilla perniciosa.

El sistema de justicia de menores en Per, est diseado para lograr la

rehabilitacin para facilitar la integracin social productiva de los adolescentes,
y no simplemente la imposicin de una sancin. Aunque se ha avanzado
mucho en este sentido, an queda un largo camino por recorrer para lograr la
paz social, ya que el problema es multifactorial y su solucin requiere el
compromiso y la participacin de todos los interesados.

Actualmente hay un promedio de 1.000 pandillas solo en la ciudad de Lima y el

70% de los crmenes en la capital se realizan por ellos (El Comercio). Estos
eventos van desde un simple robo a arrebatos o asaltos con armas blancas o
de fuego, violacin y asesinato.

En los 10 centros de detencin de menores administrados por el poder judicial

en el pas, 09 son para los adolescentes con medida socioeducativa de
hospitalizacin, es decir, han cometido un delito grave en cuestin. Entre los
delitos ms comunes o delitos se agravan robo (42,3%), violacin (19,3%),
pandilla perniciosa (8,6%), etc. (Ver anexos). Muchos de ellos afirman haber
estado bajo la influencia de cualquier SPA en el momento de cometer el delito.

Si bien los datos pueden no representar plenamente la realidad (una tendencia

a distorsionar), un gran nmero de adolescentes que se refiere a consumir o
tener alcohol consumida (77,6%). En un informe proporcin menor teniendo
usado marihuana, terokal y PBC. Curiosamente, el 11,3% de los adolescentes
tena sntomas clnicos de la dependencia de un SPA.

Prevencin de la conducta delictiva y adictiva

El lema "es mejor prevenir que curar" es muy cierto. Evitara mucho
sufrimiento hay una mayor solidaridad y cooperacin, respeto y afecto por los
dems

Cuando se habla de prevencin se suele identificar diferentes niveles

dependiendo del momento de la intervencin en relacin con el problema: los
niveles primario, secundario y terciario:

La prevencin primaria se refiere a las intervenciones que se llevarn a cabo

antes de que surja el problema. Aqu atacamos las causas o factores que
producen y promovemos a travs de una serie de actividades educativas
dirigidas a la familia, la escuela, el barrio, los amigos, etc.

La prevencin secundaria pretende descubrir y eliminar una condicin, proceso

o problema a la brevedad o parcialmente remediar, buscando principalmente a
la deteccin temprana de los problemas que generan una respuesta de una
intervencin inmediata. As tenemos el ejemplo de intervencin en momentos
de crisis, la atencin educativa a grupos de alto riesgo, etc. (Amar, 1994).

La prevencin terciaria tiene como objetivo detener o retardar la progresin del

problema y sus consecuencias. En el caso de personas que hayan cometido el
delito incluye actividades como la rehabilitacin, terapia y rehabilitacin
psicolgica y la reinsercin social y laboral.

Prevencin es la promocin de una cultura de paz a travs de la promocin de

la familia, la inclusin social, el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial y el
compromiso de todos los actores: los clubes de madres, comits de vecinos, la
iglesia, la polica, el sector de la educacin, la salud, el trabajo, etc. Slo
entonces nosotros tendr una sociedad ms justa y fraterna.

El tratamiento y la reinsercin social

Desde Lombroso hasta hoy, muchos autores han dedicado al estudio de la

psicopata y su tratamiento. Desde considerada una enfermedad de la locura
moral o social a un enfoque ms cientfico clnica y educativa. Este tema ha
sido abordado desde un etc. sociolgico, biolgico, psicolgico, contribuyendo
a la consecucin de una mayor comprensin del problema y su solucin.

En la actualidad, los enfoques holsticos predominan en muchos mbitos de la

accin y el uso de las tcnicas de la psicologa conductual, la terapia sistmica,
cognitiva, emocional, etc. Los grupos de auto-ayuda, comunidades
teraputicas y manejo ambulatorio han trado en los ltimos aos ms
elementos que permitan la recuperacin y social reintegracin del paciente.
Sea cual sea el mtodo de tratamiento, la responsabilidad del terapeuta para
administrar o facilitar el proceso de tratamiento y, por tanto, debe poseer las
habilidades y experiencia requeridas.

En primer lugar, el terapeuta debe motivar al paciente para iniciar y continuar

el tratamiento e involucrar a la familia en el proceso. La construccin de la
motivacin para el tratamiento de la conducta adictiva es esencial para
asegurar o facilitar una intervencin exitosa. Creacin de la motivacin para el
cambio en el paciente es el principal reto de la terapeuta, ya que sin ella o con
una motivacin proporcionada no ser posible avanzar hacia la retirada y el
cambio de la filosofa de la vida.

En este sentido, el terapeuta debe poseer gran experiencia, la templanza y la

gestin del conocimiento, lo que facilitar, impulsar, orientar al paciente hacia
la construccin de la motivacin, el punto de partida para el cambio de
comportamiento duradero.

El primer reto del terapeuta est creando la necesidad del cambio, mover los
fundamentos filosficos que subyacen a la conducta adictiva, y proporcionar
acompaamiento y apoyo en el proceso, para lo cual debe propiciar un clima
de confianza y entendimiento.

Centros Juveniles del Poder Judicial ha sido proporcionar una atencin integral a
los menores delincuentes, que se integran en un proceso teraputico muy
parecido a una comunidad multi-teraputico. En los ltimos tres aos se ha
sistematizado la experiencia, que se ha reflejado en el documento titulado
"Sistema de Reinsercin Social de los menores delincuentes", documento
tcnico especializado en el tratamiento regulatorio de los menores infractores,
que incluye una serie de programas, mtodos de tcnicas e instrumentos son
claramente de naturaleza educativa, de acuerdo con las leyes y reglamentos
compatibles con los derechos humanos, cuyo contenido se resume a
continuacin:

Programas Educativos de Medio Cerrado

* Programa de Bienvenida: Bienvenida y presentacin.

* Programa I: Aproximacin y Persuasin.

* Programa II: Entrenamiento Personal.

* Programa III: Capacitacin Laboral.

Programas educativos en el entorno abierto

* Programa IV: Residencia Juvenil

* Programa V: Orientacin al adolescente.

Programas Educativos Suplementarios

* Programa de Cuidados Intensivos

* Programa de Mara Madre

* Huellas en el Programa de arena

Programa de Bienvenida: Este programa establece el primer acercamiento a los

adolescentes y se prepara para aceptar el proceso de cambio. Procedimientos
de acogida es de vital importancia para el adolescente, ya que ser la primera
impresin que se tiene de nosotros y de nuestro trabajo. Amablemente le
damos la bienvenida, haciendo un recorrido por las instalaciones, colocndolo
en su entorno que le corresponde, presentar a otros trabajadores y sus
compaeros por su nombre. Las actividades de acompaamiento realizadas, la
prctica de la orientacin y supervisin deben ser constantes.

Programa I: El adolescente que entran en el centro juvenil comenzar su

rehabilitacin social en este programa. El objetivo principal es promover el
conocimiento de los adolescentes de error y voluntad de cambio, a travs de
un mtodo natural para los jvenes, apoyar emocional contacto, confianza y
respeto, siendo el educador un facilitador en el proceso de pensamiento, de las
actividades que acompaan beliefThe llevan a cabo, la prctica de el
asesoramiento y la supervisin deben ser constantes. Las actividades
programadas estn orientados a la estructuracin del tiempo y el espacio, el
desarrollo de hbitos de salud adecuados, la disciplina y el buen uso del tiempo
libre. En este programa llevado a cabo talleres de formacin bsica contenido
teraputico como terapia de la msica, la artesana, dibujo y pintura, teatro,
etc ... Es importante acercarse a la familia para involucrarlos en el proceso

educativo de sus hijos a travs de visitas domiciliarias y la participacin en la

Escuela de Padres .

Programa II: Una vez que el programa ha alcanzado los objetivos que, el
adolescente se uni a un proceso educativo que implica la adquisicin,
internalizacin y desarrollo de los valores inherentes en el desarrollo personal,
el cambio de actitudes hacia la autoridad, su familia y la sociedad, el desarrollo
de buenos hbitos de comportamiento y potencialidades a travs de un
conjunto de tcnicas de intervencin. En esta etapa, el adolescente est
asumiendo cada vez ms responsabilidad a travs de la participacin activa en
el proceso educativo. Educar en valores, implica que el adolescente aprenda a
conocer, amar y el arco por todo lo que es noble, justo y valioso. Estos valores
son: el respeto, la tolerancia, la confianza, la amistad, la sinceridad, la paz, la
honestidad, la cooperacin, la generosidad, la gratitud, la responsabilidad, la
lealtad, entre otros.

Programa III: Una vez que el adolescente hizo un progreso significativo en su

proceso educativo, se incorpora en el programa, que a diferencia de los dos
programas anteriores, es un semi-abierto. Por lo tanto, el adolescente se une a
un proceso de formacin, sin descuidar la formacin tcnica y profesional y su
desarrollo personal. El objetivo de este programa es que el adolescente a
desarrollar habilidades y destrezas en una ocupacin especfica que pueda
competir en igualdad de condiciones en un mercado laboral cada vez ms
especializado y exigente. La instruccin es impartida por profesores
cualificados en los talleres de formacin profesional a los jvenes centro ofrece
oa travs de convenios con instituciones que proporcionan formacin
profesional dentro o fuera de sus instalaciones. Promueve la produccin, el
ahorro y el desarrollo de la microempresa.

Programa IV: Programa de modo abierto y voluntario, dirigido a aquellos

jvenes egresados del sistema, que no tiene ninguna opcin de unirse a su
familia