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SURANAREE
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
windward
(+)
elevator shaft
leeward
(-)
Sidesway of Buildings
Story Drift:
Basic of Bracing
H
h
Co
pr
ns
Te
Dual-functioning Bracing:
H
io
io
ns
ns
n
Te
Te
H
X-bracing:
es
io
s io
Opening
Vertical bracing
Vertical bracing
Vertical bracing
Vertical bracing
14,960 C
,8
9
14,960 T
4.5 m
3,400 kg
T
21
8
,
14
13,880 C
30,575 C
10,480 C
4.0 m
H3
33
6,
6,000 kg
14,960 T
H2
4.0 m
4,480 C
4,480 C
20
H1
13,880
4.0 m
30,575
30,575
Soft-story
failure mode
Earthquake
Earthquake
Beam-sway mechanism
Column-sway mechanism
5th floor
Bracket-type Bracing:
D-Braced EBF
Split-K-Braced EBF
V-Braced EBF
Split-K is the best because large moments are avoided near the column
Forces in EBF
D-Braced EBF
Split-K-Braced EBF
e
Intermediate stiffener
plate both sides for
link length e > 62.5 cm
Link length e
CL of brace
must intersect
CL of beam at
edge or inside
link
X-braced CBF
K-braced CBF
V-braced CBF
Solid-wall tube
(a)
(b)
Name
City
Country
1
2
Petronas Tower 1
Petronas Tower 2
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Sears Tower
Feet
Metres
Stories
Malaysia 1483
Malaysia 1483
452
452
88
88
Chicago
USA
1450
442
110
Shanghai
China
1380
421
88
**5
Citic Plaza
Guangzhou
China
1,283
391
80
Shenzhen
China
1,260
384
69
Empire State
New York
USA
1250
381
102
Central Plaza
Hong Kong
China
1227
374
78
Bank Of China
Hong Kong
China
1209
369
70
10
The Center
Hong Kong
China
1148
350
79
11
T & C Tower
Kaohsiung
Taiwan
1140
348
85
12
Aon Center
Chicago
USA
1136
346
80
13
John Hancock
Chicago
USA
1127
344
100
14
Dubai
UAE
1,053
321
60
15
Baiyoke Tower II
Bangkok
Thailand
1,050
320
90
3 @ 23 m = 69 m
4.6 m typ.
FUTURE TALLEST?
Planned Shanghai tower may rise 500 meters.