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Why methylene blue is the stress in the journal? Most frequently used dyes in
all industries
What is adsorption ?
Adsorption is the process by which liquid or gaseous molecules are
concentrated on a solid surface, in this case activated carbon (activated
charcoal). This is different from absorption, where molecules are taken
up by a liquid or gas.
Click here for more information on adsorption.
Charcoal Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC) Activated carbon is also available in special forms
such as a cloth and fibres.
Adsorption is a process where a solid is used for removing a soluble substance from the water. In this process active ca
1500 m2/g). This big internal surface makes active carbon ideal for adsorption. Active carbon comes in two variations: P
treatment, it can adsorb the following soluble substances:
Datasheet Active Carbon
Mineral oil
BTEX
(Chloride) phenol
Odor
Taste
Yeasts
Process description:
Water is pumped in a column which contains active carbon, this water leaves the column through a draining system. Th
through the column constantly, which gives an accumulation of substances in the filter. For that reason the filter needs
easily by oxidizing the organic matter. The efficiency of the active carbon decreases by 5 - 10% 1). A small part of the a
in series, you can assure that you will not have a total exhaustion of your purification system.
Description of adsorption:
Molecules from gas or liquid phase will be attached in a physical way to a surface, in this case the surface is from the a
Macro transport: The movement of organic material through the macro-pore system of the active carbon (macr
Micro transport: The movement of organic material through the meso-pore and micro-pore system of the active
Sorption: The physical attachment of organic material on the surface of active carbon in the meso-pores and m
The activity level of adsorption is based on the concentration of substance in the water, the temperature and the polarit
active carbon, a non-polar substance can be removed totally by active carbon. Every kind of carbon has its own adsorp
Freundlich.
The second curve from active carbon (see figure 2) shows the exhausting of a filter. Normally we place a UV-disinfection
When a substance is attached to a surface is is called adsorption, is this case the substance is attached to the internal s
taken in a solution it is called absorption.
The type of compound to be removed. Compounds with high molecular weight and low solubility are better abso
The concentration of the compound to be removed. The higher the concentration, the higher the carbon consum
Presence of other organic compounds which will compete for the available adsorption sites.
The pH of the waste stream. For example, acidic compounds are better removed at lower pH.
According to this we can classify some chemicals by their probability of being efficiently adsorbed by active carbon in w
1.- Chemicals with very high probability of being adsorbed by active carbon:
2,4-D
Deisopropyltatrazine
Linuron
Alachlor
Desethylatrazine
Malathion
Aldrin
Demeton-O
MCPA
Anthracene
Di-n-butylphthalate
Mecoprop
Atrazine
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Metazachlor
Azinphos-ethyl
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
2-Methyl benzenamine
Bentazone
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl naphthalene
Biphenil
2,4-Dichlorocresol
2-Methylbutane
2,2-Bipyridine
2,5-Dichlorophenol
Monuron
Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate
3,6-Dichlorophenol
Napthalene
Isopropyl alcohol
Urea
Methyl chloride
Type of compound to be removed: In general compounds with a high molecular weight, lower vapor pressure/h
Concentration: The higher the concentration, the higher the carbon consumption.
Temperature: The lower the temperature, the better the adsorption capacity.
Pressure: The higher the pressure, the better the adsorption capacity.
Humidity: The lower the humidity, the better the adsorption capacity.
Physically, activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals force or London dispersion force.
Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, glycols,
strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such
as lithium, sodium, iron, lead,arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid.
Activated carbon adsorbs iodine very well. The iodine capacity, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method
test) may be used as an indication of total surface area.
Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated carbon. This should be of particular concern to
those using the material in filters for respirators, fume hoods or other gas control systems as the gas
is undetectable to the human senses, toxic to metabolism and neurotoxic.
Substantial lists of the common industrial and agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can
be found online.[14]
Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the
adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde (HCOH), mercury (Hg) and radioactive iodine-131(131I).
This property is known as chemisorption.
Methylene blue[edit]
Some carbons have a mesopore (20 to 50 , or 2 to 5 nm) structure which adsorbs medium size
molecules, such as the dye methylene blue. Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range
1128 g/100g).
Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon that has been
processed with oxygen to create millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. This
increases the surface area of the substance from 500 to 1500m2/g, or 300-2,00 square
meters per gram. One pound of activated carbon has the surface area equivalent of six
football fields.
The increased surface area of activated carbon makes the material suitable for adsorption,
a process by which impurities in substances such as fluids, vapors or gas are removed.
Impure molecules are held within the carbons internal pore structure by electrostatic
attraction or chemisorption. The adsorption process helps carbon reduce dangerous matter,
activate chemical reactions, and act as a carrier of biomass and chemicals.
Activated carbon is usually made from charcoal, but can be produced from wood, peat or
even coconut shells. There are over 150 grades of activated carbon, each with their own
uses and applications. Commercially, there are three major product groups:
Micropores generally contribute to the major part of the internal surface area. Macro and
mesopores can generally be regarded as the highways into the carbon particle, and are
crucial for kinetics. Macropores can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy.
The most common process is high temperature steam activation though it can also be manufactured with
chemicals. Along with the raw material, the activation process has a very large influence on the
characteristics and performance of activated carbon.
Our main line of granular activated carbons are produced by steam activation of selected grades of
pulverised and then re-agglomerated bituminous coal. Our powder activated carbon is mainly produced by
pulverisation of the final product.
Steam activation
Chemical activation
Steam
Activation
Steam activation is the most widely used process to activate carbonaceous
materials. Steam activated carbons are produced in a two-stage process.
First, the raw material in the form of lumps, pre-sized material, briquettes or
extrudates is carbonized by heating in an low oxygen atmosphere so that
dehydration and devolatilization of the raw material occurs. Carbonization
reduces the volatile content of the source material to under 20%. A coke or
charcoal (depending on the raw material) is produced which has pores that
are either small or too restricted to be used as an adsorbent.
The second stage, which can take place later in the same kiln, is activation
which enlarges the pore structure, increases the internal surface area and
makes it more accessible. The carbonized product is activated with steam at
very high temperatures. The chemical reaction between the carbon and
steam takes place at the internal surface of the carbon, removing carbon
from
the
pore
walls
and
thereby
enlarging
the
pores.
The steam activation process allows the pore size to be readily altered and
carbons can be produced to suit specific end uses. The pore structure has to
be opened up more for the adsorption of small molecules from a solution, as
in water purification, than for the adsorption of large color molecules in
sugar
decolorization.
Gas phase activated carbons are more difficult and expensive to produce
than liquid phase carbon since they require a longer time inside the
activation
furnace.
Chemical
Activation
Chemical activation is generally used for the production of activated carbon