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4.
12 ADVANTAGES
OF
VANADIUM
STEEL FOR
REINFORCING
BARS
5.
PRACTICAL
FACTORS IN
MAKING AND ROLLING
VANADIUM
STEELS
6.
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
VANADIUM
REBAR STEELS
7.
PROPERTIES OF
VANADIUM
STEELS
8.
USES OF VANADIUM
REINFORCING
STEEL
BARS
Westgate House,
9 Holborn,
London,EC1N 2NE.
Telephone: 01-3531545.
Telex: 25816.
Vanadium
High-Strength
Reinforcing
Bars.
alloying
additions
dissolve quickly
segregate.
.
processes -
vanadium steel reinforcing bars are strong and ductile when made by any
established steelmaking process. High residual nitrogen contents have no
effect on ductility.
.
Can be continuously
cast or ingot cast
with no problems of hot cracking.
Can be reheated for rolling without
even if operational
cracking -
surface irregularities
Are made in sizes up to at least 56 mm diameter vanadium additions can be adjusted so that a constant
maintained over the full range of bar diameters.
cracking -
treatment
Ib/in2
cast without
Can be made in qualities suitable for shop or site welding vanadium steel reinforcing bars are very suitable for prefabricated
structures and for site joints where high stresses have to be carried,
Do not lose strength when welded even in the heat affected zone, their strength is maintained.
on precipitation
and hence they have a greater
at high temperatures
than some alternative
Vanadium
steel is widely used throughout
the world for high-strength
reinforcing
bars although the amount of vanadium added and the level of
other elements vary with conditions from one country to another .
STEELMAKING
~~
,
ROLLING
"
Vanadium
steels can be cast into
ingots, for subsequent rolling into
billets or continuously
cast directly
into billets. Any continuous casting
machine
can in fact
be used,
regardless
of
design.
Even
in
machines in which the radius of the
apron
is small, vanadium
highstrength steels can be cast without
the risk of cracks occuring .in the
billet.
I n some other steels the precipitation
of compounds on which
their strength depends takes place
during the hot bending stage of the
continuous
casting process. This
precipitation
can lead to hardening
When
added
to
liquid
steel,
vanadium,
in any form of alloy
" or compound, dissolves quickly and
;;;;;;.. disperses rapidly. It can beadded to
Europe
Euronorm
E80-69
and
E81-69
Rebend Test:(bl
A sample bar is
bent 90 at room temperature
round a pin of the appropriate
diameter, heated at 100 C for
30 min, and straightened
at
R.T. through at least 20.
Grade
112-18 mmI18-25mmI25-32mmI32.40
(a)
United
I<ingdom
Specification
BS
FeB 40
392
56.9
FeB 50
490
71.1
On bars up to 12 mm diameter
71.1 I
82.~eI
490
569
only;
(b)
14
12
3d
4d
only;
mm
6d
8d
IOd
12d
Bd
10d
12d
14d
d ~ nominal
bar diameter
4449-1969
(a)
when specified
1.15 x Yield
an order
strength
as measured
d = nominal
diameter
of bar;
Germany
DIN
488,
April,
1972
The specification
also includes
a fatigue
test
d = nominal
bar diameter
USA
ASTMA615-72
1.41,
75
517
75.0
690
14 18
(a) .90" only for 1.41 in (35.8 mm) diameter bars
Japan
J I S G 3117,
1969
35.8
42.9, 57.3
100.0
1.693, 2.257
8d(a)
The optimum
composition
of vanadium high-strength
steel used for
reinforcing bars is controlled bya number of factors. The most important
are: the type and design of the steel plant and rolling mill, the bar diameter
and the local cost of other raw materials. In addition, the civil engineers,
depending on their design philosophy,
may require other properties apart
from strength, and this will influence the c~~position.
Design ph.ilosophies
vary from one country to another and this IS one of the most Important
reasons why different specifications have been developed for reinforcing
bars used for similar purposes in different parts of the world.
t,:;
,,}
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~
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,,
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~
',
i=
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~y.
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f1
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:\
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,\
;\:~,
\, ., I
"r;,~",
f~j tXl;c"!
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."
'"
QUALITIES
(NON-WELDABLE)
'I',
",
,"
n:
!~1~ ,;t;i
~,~~ ;~c
tM~A " ~C
!
*
,,
," ~"
,'$
ing temperatures
which is sometimes
required
when
rolling
carbon-manganese steels.
Never-the-less rolling conditions
which
affect
cooling
rates and
transformation
products
can be
used
together
with
vanadium
additions
and control
of other
elements,
particularly
manganese
and silicon, to achieve the combination of properties
required by a
specification.
The
exact
composition of the vanadium steels will
vary from one works to another
which
would
give rise to steelmaking and rolling problems, would
otherwise will
be required.
usemill
of
vanadium
depend onThe
local
-;I(
IX
\i ,i!X;f:,
\V
\ ~ :' /
conditions
reinforcing
and
specification
re-
bars
is
often
made
quirements.
The low temperature
of the
carbonitride
precipitation
in
vanadium steels (below 700 C) on
which
their
enhanced
strength
depends, means that they do not
partly or completely
from scrap
purchased on the open market. This
scrap
invariably
contains
chromium, copper or molybdenum,
whic~ are not oxidised ?uri~g steelmaking.
They
remain
In the
usua Ily
conditions
require
special
rolling
such as control of finish-
' r;,
,,"'
"!"'1
t'!!1
.CI
!J:..;;
~!1
1f"'
~~~
i~V
V
"'
.,~1
-.\\',:/
;., ~
.
/~
,~
""r ,
f "/,."
:':1
,.;/\1
V'.
1-.
.i,
//
~
r~
~
"~---",~
,,~
~~
.~
~
:!I{
.",.,
~,,:~:
II
1/1
'~
410
59.6
,1. t
0.35
0:25
0.02
> 25
410
54.5
1.3
0.35
0.05
<
490
71.1
1.3
0.40
1.2
A615
-72,
0.25
<
0.03
25
25
30
of eighths
<8
10.
~~
~~,;j (
,,~~
'i;;:
* ASTM
"-"'-
4"
TABLEI
0.32
"
~,
0.35
0.28
'i'~JI
-~--"
STANDARD
Ii
;ir~;:
Ij
"'
!~!~ 11~
'\,f1
'
,~
1ii..;:I!!+
I~~~;;i
,,"v,
72.5
500
of an inch included
in nominal
~
\1
To increase
maximum
diameter
To improve
strength
To improve
strength
bar diameter.
approximately
,;{~
,
!:&i
""
b'
~,
~~
~
:~f
.I"
.}:i
".~
1t
';:1;
'~,;
."3-'
;:'j
,f1Jl
TABLE
II
Composition
High-strength
and Properties
Reinforcing
of some Typical
Weldable grade
Fig. 1. Effect
of Vanadium
on Yield Strength
Bar Steels
"'
~
* ASTM
A615
-72,
of eighths
of an inch included
elements can be present in an allscrap charge and these will contribute about 50 N/mm2 (7,000 Ib/
in2 ). The vanadium addition can be
adjusted to meet the specification
requirements with varying levels of
residual elements.
WELDABLE
in nominal
bar diameter
* approximate
The composition
selected by any
mill will normally be that required
to meet the relevant specification
at lowest cost under the conditions
imposed by the mill characteristics
and the local cost of other raw
materials used in manufactur~.
NE
E
z
I
:1:
t(:J
Z
w
a:
t!/)
O
..1
W
>
~
o
o
o
I
f"
z
w
!I:
fU)
Q
..J
w
0.0
0.05
0.10
VANADIUM,
%
Base Composition,
C
, Mn
Si
%
N
0.24
0.007- 0.01
1.25
0.45
0.15
AI
QUALITIES
Vanadium
is particularly
suitable
for imparting strength to weldable
qualities of re1nforcing bar steels
which
have a lower
maximum
carbon
content
than
ordinary
qualities.
These
steels
usually
contain
about
0.25%C
and
0.03-0.08%
V. Typical
properties
of such steels are indicated in Table
II. The vanadium is added to steels
for bars of all diameters to compensate for the loss in strength
which
results
from
the
lower
carbon
content.
In combination
with higher manganese, or nitrogen
additions, vanadium can be used to
produce even higher strengths.
In
most
building
structures
today, high-tensile reinforcing
bars
are employed,
usually with yield
strengths
of
410-460
N/mm2
(60,000--67,000
Ib/in2).
These
steels contain
0.03
to
0.08%
vanadium
depending
on
the
diameter and mill conditions,
but
even higher strength steels up to
700 N/mm2 ( 100,000 Ib/in2) can
be produced as indicated in Fig. 1.
The
U.T.S.
is also raised
by
vanadium
additions
as shown in
Fig. 2. These figures refer to 18 and
30 m m
bars but
with
larger
vanadium
additions
or a small
modification
to the other elements,
such as manganese and silicon, their
properties can be obtained in bars
of 40 mm diameter and even up to
56 mm.
Nitrogen
increases
the
yield
strength of steels and when added
with vanadium provides a higher
strength than when vanadium
is
added alone. This is indicated in
Fig.3. Alternatively,
nitrogen can
be substituted
for part of the
vanadium.
The choice
between
higher vanadium and vanadium plus
nitrogen
depends on local considerations
including
comparative
cosl of vanadium alloys and the
cost of adding the nitrogen.
As with ordinary
qualities the
strength is affected by the residual
elements and the exact composition
of the steel will be dependent on
the quality of the scrap used.
0
0.05
0.10
VANADIUM,
Base Composition,
%
Mn
Si
AI
0.24
1.25
0.45
0.007
0.01
with Vanadium
100
90
80 ~S
~
70
If5O(:J
400:
30
Z
w
f(/)
o
-"
w
20 >=
DUCTI LITY
All specifications
for reinforcing
bars
for
building
construction
contain rigid clauses for ductility,
although
the actual requirements
o
o
o
60 ~
vary from
one specification
to
another. Elongation
in the tensile
test is used as the measure of
ductility,
and minimum
levels are
0.06% V
0.12%
Base Composition,
%
C
0.24
Mn
1.25
Si
0.45
0.17% V
AI
0.01
strengthened
reinforcing
bars
maintain adequate ductility to meet
all specifications,
even in large
diameter bars which are being asked
for increasingly by engineers. The
effect of vanadium on elongation, is
indicated in Fig. 4.
BENDABILITY
Reinforcing
bars used in building
construction
are invariably required
to pass a test to guarantee that they
can be bent on site without cracking. Such tests involve bending the
rolled bar either through an angle
up to 180, or through a smaller
angle followed
by an aging treatment of up to one hour ~t a
temperature
up to 250 c and a
partial straightening
operation
at
room temperature.
WELDABILITY
There is an increasing demand for
reinforcing
bar steels which can be
welded. Many of the bars used for
structures
such as columns
in
bridges, or piles in building foundations, were formerly assembled on
site and tied together; these are
now fabricated in shops by welding
and sent to the site for erection.
Extensive tests have been carried
out on the production
of lap welds
in reinforcing bars made from steels
containing
up
to
0.2%
vanadium
minimum
heat input of 3 kJ/mm
was sufficient
to prevent cracking
in the heat affected
zone when
welding a 30 mm diameter bar.
The demand for weldable reinforcing
bars
for
established
application
is increasing steadily in
Europe and North America,
but
other applications such as their use
in continuous
roadways and runways are also being contemplated.
The change to welding in place of
the
traditional
method
of
by tying
in this application
could
save steel and reduce costs. Greater
use of the weldable
vanadium
steel
qualities
is therefore
expected
in
were
the future.
It was established
that
"
Fig. 4.
f
f
E fact O
d"
ana Ium on
t "l "
uc I It y
Jointing
~
z
o
i=
~
~
z
0
.J
w
0.0
0.05
0.15
0;10
VANADIUM,
Base Composition.
Mn
Si
At
0.24
1.25
0.45
0.007
0.01
An example
subjected
of 25mm
diameter
to severe bending
reinforcing
in a power
bars
station
foundation
(Photograph
10
courtesy
of John
Laing