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Sl. No.
1.
2.
Stability Of Q Point
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Marks
Signature
Circuit Diagram:
Rectifier using Capacitor filter
Design Equations
Filter type
Capacitor
Inductor
Ripple factor
2900
R 1335
L-section
1.195
PI-section
7310 1 2
Model Graph for computing the Ripple factor from the output
waveform
The input waveform is the pure sine wave with amp vm and
frequency=50 Hz
Ripple factor =
Vdc = v2 v1/2
Vrms =v1/22
Result:
Filter
Capacitor
Inductor
L-section
PI-section
Theoretical value
Practical value
2. STABILITY OF Q POINT
AIM:
To study the effect of Beta on the Q-point in different Biasing scheme
Components Required:
1. Transistors
2. Resistors, Capacitors
Apparatus Required:
1. Bread board, Connecting wires
2. Voltmeter, Ammeter
3. Regulated Power supply
Circuit Diagram with typical values
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fixedbias
Fixed bias with Emitter feedback
Collector bias
Collector bias with Emitter feedback
Potential divider bias
RB
RE
RC
RB1
RB2
1
1.13 M
3Kohm
-
2
1.075M
272.6
2.726
-
3
0.5M
2.985K
-
4
0.53M
0.271K
2.713
-
5
0.2726K
2.726K
24.376K
2.89K
VCC = IB RB+VBE
IB=IC/Beta
VCC=(IB+IC)RC+IBRB+VBC
VCC=(IB+IC)RC+VCE
IB=IC/Beta
RE=RC/10
VCC = (IB+IC)RE+IBRB+VBE+IERE
VCC=(IB+IC)RC+VCE+ICRC
RE=RC/10
RB=R1R2/(R1+R2)
(VCC/R1)*RB=IBRB+VBE+ICRC
VCC(R2/(R1+R2))=IBRB+VBE+IERE
VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
2. Measure Collector current ICEQ and Voltage VCEQ.
3. Replace the BJT with different beta values and measure VCEQ and
ICEQ.
4. Based on the observation,mention which biasing circuit is having high
Q point stabiliy.
Fixed Bias
ICQ=
Beta = 300
VCEQ= ICQ=
Beta =390
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ=
Collector Bias
ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ=
Collector bias
with Emitter
feeback
Potential divider
bias
ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ=
ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ= ICQ=
VCEQ=
Result:
R1
R2
RE
RC
RS
RL
VCC
CC1
25.6k
5k
1k
4k
1k
10k
10
CC2
CE
Design Flow
Assume RE = 1Kohm
VCC = Ic Rc + VCE + IC RE
Rc=4kohm
IB=IC/beta
SI= (1+Beta) / (1+Beta RE/(RB+RE))
RB =4.2 K ohm
VBB = IB RB+IC RE + VBE =1.642V
VBB = VCC RB/RB1
RB1=25.6Kohm
VCC=VBB(1+RB1/RB2)=10
RB2=5 Kohm
Note that the value of the coupling capacitors and bypass capacitor
are computed such that the it acts as the short circuit in the midband
frequency
Procedure:
a) Frequency Response of the amplifier
1. Circuit is connected as shown in the figure
2. Single tone signal is applied as the input with the amplitude of around
50mv.Output amplitude is measured as vo
3. Gain of the amplifier is computed as 20 log [Vo/Vi]
4. Frequency response of the amplifier is thus plotted.
5. Also note down the fL and fH as indicated in the graph given below.
6. Compute the Bandwidth of the amplifier as fH- Fl
7. Also compute the mid band gain of the amplifier
Result:
Lower 3dB Point
(with CC=CE=0.1microfarad)
Upper 3dB Point
(with CC=CE=0.1microfarad
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
(with CC=CE=0.1microfarad)
(withCC=CE=22microfarad)
(with CC=CE=22microfarad)
Input impedance
Output impedance
Input impedanc
Output impedance
Lowe 3dB frequency
Upper 3dB frequency
Bandwidth
Components Required:
1. Transistor
2. Resistors, Capacitors
Apparatus Required:
1. Function Generator
2. Decade Resistance Box, Decade Capacitance Box, Bread board,
Connecting wires
3. CRO
4. Regulated Power supply
R1
R2
RE
RC
RS
RL
VCC
CC1
25.6k
5k
1k
4k
1k
10k
10
CC2
CE
Design Flow
Assume RE = 1Kohm
VCC = Ic Rc + VCE + IC RE
Rc=4kohm
IB=IC/beta
SI= (1+Beta) / (1+Beta RE/(RB+RE))
RB =4.2 K ohm
VBB = IB RB+IC RE + VBE =1.642V
VBB = VCC RB/RB1
RB1=25.6Kohm
VCC=VBB(1+RB1/RB2)=10
RB2=5 Kohm
Note that the value of the coupling capacitors and bypass are
computed such that the it acts as the short circuit in the midband frequency
Procedure:
1. Frequency Response of the amplifier
1. Circuit is connected as shown in the figure
2. Single tone signal is applied as the input with the amplitude of
around 50mv.Output amplitude is measured as vo
3. Gain of the amplifier is computed as 20 log [Vo/Vi]
4. Frequency response of the amplifier is thus plotted.
5. Also note down the fL and fH as indicated in the graph given
below.
6. Compute the Bandwidth of the amplifier as fH- Fl
7. Also compute the mid band gain of the amplifier
8. Steps 1 to 7 is repeated without CE capacitor indicating the circuit
acts as the current series feedback system.
Model Frequency Response of the RC Coupled amplifier with and
without feedback.
2.
Result:
With Feedback
Lower 3dB Point
Upper 3dB Point
Bandwidth
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
Without Feedback
R1
1Mohm
R2
1.5Mohm
RE
1.2Kohm
VCC
12v
VB1=7.4v
IB2=IC2/Beta = 0.05mA
IB1=IC1/Beta=IB2/Beta = 0.0005Ma
10 IB1R1 = VCC-VB1
R1=1Mohm(approx)
R2=VB1/9 VB =1.5Mohm(approx)
Note that the value of the coupling capacitors are computed such that
the it acts as the short circuit in the midband frequency
Procedure:
a) Frequency Response of the amplifier
1. Circuit is connected as shown in the figure
2. Single tone signal is applied as the input with the amplitude of
around 50mv.Output amplitude is measured as vo
3. Gain of the amplifier is computed as 20 log [Vo/Vi]
4. Frequency response of the amplifier is thus plotted.
5. Also note down the fL and fH as indicated in the graph given
below.
6. Compute the Bandwidth of the amplifier as fH- Fl
7. Also compute the mid band gain of the amplifier
Model Frequency Response of the RC Coupled amplifier
Result:
6. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Aim
To realize and compute the Common Mode Rejection Ratio of
the differential amplifier using ICCA 3086
Components Required:
1. IC CA3086
2. Resistors, Capacitors
Apparatus Required:
1. Function Generator
2. Decade Resistance Box, Decade Capacitance Box, Bread board,
Connecting wires
3. CRO
4. Regulated Dual Power supply
5. Voltmeter and Ammeter
About IC CA3086
Circuit Diagram
Re
60 ohm
RE
1Kohm
RB2
2Kohm
RB1
1Kohm
VCC
12
-VEE
-12
Procedure
1. The output of the differential amplifier is represented as
2. V0=Ad(v1-v2)+Ac (v1+v2)/2
3. The parameter Ad is called differential mode gain and Ac is called
Common mode gain
4. The ratio Ad/Ac is called Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
5. The idea value of the CMRR is infinity.
6. Output vo is measured with v1= -v2=v/2 to obtain Ad =v0/v
7. Output vo is measured with v1=v2=v to obtain Ac =v0/v
8. The ratio Ad to Ac is computed as Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Result
R1
R2
Rd
R1
R2
Rd
Rs
Rs
CC1
120k
85.71k
5.54k
0.554k
CC2
RL
CC1
CC2
RL
CS
Cs
Cc1
Cc2
63.6micro
57.4micro
1.22K
57.4micro
12v
FL
50Hz
Vp
8v
VDSQ
6v
IDSS
7mA
rd
3Kohm VGSQ
Zi=
R1 || R2 = 50Kohm
VGs(OFF) 8V
mu
Av
4.5
5v
Design Flow
2
IDQ=IDSS(1-VGS/VGS(OFF))
= 0.984mA
Rg=Zi=50Kohm=R1 || R2
Let R1=120Kohm
R2=85.71
Av=-mu RL/(RL+rd)
RL=1Kohm
RL=RL || RD
RL=1.22Kohm
Procedure:
a) Frequency Response of the amplifier
Result:
Components Required:
1. Transistor
2. Resistors, Capacitors
Apparatus Required:
1. Function Generator
2. Decade Resistance Box, Decade Capacitance Box, Bread board,
Connecting wires
3. CRO
4. Regulated Power supply
VCC
20 v
RB1
116K
RB2
10K
R3
9K
RE
1K
CE
R
0.1micro 46.7pf
C
10K
Neglect rx
Design Flow
Let RE=1Kohm
RC=(VCC-VCE-IERE)/IC
Let R=10Kohm
RC/R=1.4
hfe>4RC/R+23+29R/RC
hfe>49.3
Frequency of oscillation = fo =
C=46.7pf
R3=R-rpi=9Kohm
Assume VBE=0.5v
R2=IERE + VBE
R2=0.15mA
Let R2 = 10Kohm
Current in R2=1.5/10K = 0.15mA
Current in R1=IB+0.15mA
IB=IC/hfe=1mA100=10microamp
Current in R1=150+10=160microamp
R1=18.5/160microamp
R1=18.5/160microamp = 116Kohm
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Result:
Frequency of
Oscillation
Theoritical value
Practical value
Apparatus Required
PC with Software PSPICE software
Result:
The circuit is realized using PSPICE software and the corresponding
graphs are plotted.
References:
APPENDIX
Another common method used by experienced PSpice users is the use of *.INC (include) files.
These enable us to store frequently used subcircuits that have not yet been added to a library.
Then we access these *.INC files with a single command line in the *.CIR file. Very convenient.
Other files used with PSpice are *.LIB files where the details of complex parts are saved; we
may discuss this later, but it is unlikely that we will engage in LIB file alterations until you are
taking advanced courses.
When we begin using the schematic capture program that is bundled with PSpice, we will
encounter some additional file types. These are the *.SCH (the schematic data, itself), *.ALS
(alias files) and *.NET (network connection files).
PSpice is not case sensitive. This means that names such as Vbus, VBUS, vbus and even
vBuS are equivalent in the program.
All element names must be unique. Therefore, you can't have two resistors that are both
named "Rbias," for example.
The first line in the data file is used as a title. It is printed at the top of each page of
output. You should use this line to store your name, the assignment, the class and any
other information appropriate for a title page. PSpice will ignore this line as circuit data.
Do not place any actual circuit information in the first line.
There must be a node designated "0." (Zero) This is the reference node against which all
voltages are calculated.
Each node must have at least two elements attached to it.
The last line in any data file must be ".END" (a period followed by the word "end.")
All lines that are not blank (except for the title line) must have a character in column 1,
the leftmost position on the line.
o Use "*" (an asterisk) in column 1 in order to create a comment line.
o Use "+" (plus sign) in column 1 in order to continue the previous line (for better
readability of very long lines).
o Use "." (period) in column 1 followed by the rest of the "dot command" to pass
special instructions to the program.
o Use the designated letter for a part in column 1 followed by the rest of the name
for that part (no spaces in the part name).
Use "whitespace" (spaces or tabs) to separate data fields on a line.
Use ";" (semicolon) to terminate data on a line if you wish to add commentary
information on that same line.
The above basic information is essential to using PSpice. Learn and understand these issues now
to facilitate your use of the program.
References
1. Spice: A Guide to Circuit Simulation and Analysis Using PSpice; Tuinenga, Paul W.;
1992, 1988 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.; ISBN: 0-13-747270; (my favorite)
Number Prefix
1012 - "T" or "t"
Common Name
tera
"G" or "g"
"MEG" or "meg"
"K" or "k"
"M" or "m"
"U" or "u"
"N" or "n"
"P" or "p"
"F" or "f"
giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
An alternative to this type of notation, which is in fact, the default for PSpice output data, is
"textual scientific notation." This notation is written by typing an "E" followed by a signed or
unsigned integer indicating the power of ten. Some examples of this notation are shown below:
656,000
= 6.56E5
-0.0000135 = -1.35E-5
8,460,000 = 8.46E6
*name
Va
vs
VWX
vwx
Vdep
+node
4
qe
23
14
15
-node
2
qc
14
23
27
type
DC
dc
DC
DC
value
16.0V;
24m ;
18k ;
-1.8E4 ;
0V
;
comment
"V" after "16.0" is optional
"QE" is +node & "qc" is -node
"dc" not really needed
same as above
V-source used as ammeter
Resistors
Although PSpice allows for sophisticated temperature-dependent resistor models, we will begin
with the simple, constant-value resistor. The first letter of the name for a resistor must be "R."
The name is followed by the positive node, then the negative node and then the value in ohms or
some multiple of ohms. The value of resistance will normally be positive. Negative values are
allowed in order to permit an alternative model of an energy source. A value of zero, however,
will produce an error. Later, we will introduce special resistor models that will permit additional
analysis methods to be used.
The resistor is not an active device, so the polarity of its connection has no effect on the values of
the voltages and currents reported in the solution. However, the current through a resistor is
reported as that which flows from the node on the left to the node on the right in the source code
line in which the resistor is entered. Thus .PRINT statements and PROBE queries that report
resistor current may show negative values of current depending on the order in which you list the
resistor's two nodes in the *.CIR file. If you want to see the resistor's current as a positive value,
reverse the order of the nodes on the resistor's line in the *.CIR file and re-run the analysis.
Nothing else will be affected and both solutions can be correct.
Examples:
*name
Rabc
Rabc
rshnt
Rbig
+node
31
0
12
19
-node value
0
14k ;
31
14k ;
15
99m ;
41 10MEG ;
comment
reported current from 31 to 0
reported current changes sign
0.099 ohm resistor
10 meg-ohm resistor
*name
Icap
ix
I12
I12
+node
11
79
43
29
-node
0
24
29
43
type
DC
DC
dc
value comment
35m ; 35mA flows from node 11 to 0
1.7 ; "DC" not needed
1.5E-4 ;
-150uA ; same as above
Circuit Example 1
Example_1 EXMPL01.CIR
Vs
1
0
DC
20.0V ; note the node placements
Ra
1
2
5.0k
Rb
2
0
4.0k
Rc
3
0
1.0k
Is
3
2
DC
2.0mA ; note the node placements
.END
The output file EXMPL01.OUT is below. This has been edited to remove extra lines.
Example_1 EXMPL01.CIR
Vs 1 0 20.0V ; note the node placements
Ra 1 2 5.0k
Rb 2 0 4.0k
Rc 3 0 1.0k
Is 3 2 2.0mA ; note the node placements
Example_1 EXMPL01.CIR
20.0 1.0
Since the starting value equals the stopping value, the analysis will only run for one case, i.e., for
Vs at 20 volts. Remember that the only reason we are running the DC sweep statement is to
enable the .PRINT command. The .PRINT command will not work unless there is a sweep
going on. Note: What you enter in the .DC statement overrides any voltage value you may have
placed in the part listing for the source.
Printing DC Voltages
In addition to printing the node voltages in which you type the letter "V" with the node number
in parentheses, you can print the voltage between any pair of nodes; ergo, V(m,n) prints the
voltage from node "m" to node "n."
.PRINT DC V(1) V(2) V(3)
.PRINT DC V(1,2)
.PRINT DC V(3,2)
Printing DC Currents
;
;
;
To print currents, you type the letter "I" with the element name in parentheses. Note that the
reported current is that which flows into the element from the node listed on the left in the *.CIR
file, through the element, and out the node listed on the right in the *.CIR file. If you want to
change the sign of the reported current in a resistor, then swap the two nodes for that resistor.
.PRINT DC I(Ra)
.PRINT DC I(Rb) I(Rc)
Example_2 EXMPL02.CIR
Vs
1
0
DC
20.0V ; note the node placements
Ra
1
2
5.0k
Rb
2
0
4.0k
Rc
3
0
1.0k
Is
3
2
DC
2.0mA ; note the node placements
.DC Vs 20 20 1
; this enables the .print commands
.PRINT DC V(1,2) I(Ra)
.PRINT DC V(2) I(Rb)
.PRINT DC V(3) I(Rc)
.END
The output file EXMPL02.OUT is below. This has been edited to remove extra lines.
Example_2 EXMPL02.CIR
Vs 1 0 20.0V ; note the node placements
Ra 1 2 5.0k
Rb 2 0 4.0k
Rc 3 0 1.0k
Is 3 2 2.0mA ; note the node placements
.DC Vs 20 20 1 ; this enables the Print commands