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INTRODUCTION
Now a days, in hilly areas, due to improper facility in the roads, no of
accidents takes place.Most of accidents takes place in the night time. The reason in
this type of accident is that the driver is not able to see the road path during the
turning condition where the street facility is not available.
So the present invention relates to headlights of an automobile, more
particularly to a direction turning device for headlights of an automobile which
enables to turn direction synchronously with the rotation of the steering and hence
increasing the safety for driving at night or in the darkness.
In this project we have implemented the same needs such i.e the rotation of the
head lights with respective to the rotation of steering using rack and pinion
mechanism.
Even headlights can also be moved in up and down direction with the
effective use of sensor called accelerometer which is controlled by a microcontroller.
In other word up and down movement takes place depending upon the orientation of
vehicle which helps the driver to drive in slope areas.
This type of technology can be implemented in normal vehicles as a very
simple mechanism is used i.e rack and pinion. It will be very cost effective because of
its simpler design and very simple principle.
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The above figure show a four wheeler usually find difficulty to drive
especially at sharp turn. It proves that the problem starts from the headlights which do
not turn with respective to the turning movement of wheel connected to the steering.
This problem can be solved by creating environment where the headlights will
be adaptive and reacts to the steering system of the car and automatically adjust to
illuminate the road wheel. In other words, when the car turns right, the headlights
angles to the right and when the car turns to left, the headlights angles to left. In this
the reflector are fitted on either side of headlamp casing so there will be better beam
reflection.
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LITERATURE SURVEY
DEFINATION OF ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHTS:In this project , since the headlights are controlled by the
steering movement and moves up and down depending upon the
orientation so it is defined as adaptive headlights or Steering
controlled headlights.
HISTORY:We performed a survey on this project with the lorry
drivers, who travel to hill stations often. Based on their queries, we
had indulged in this project.
The present invention relates to a vehicle front lamp
light distribution control system and more particularly to a vehicle
front lamp light distribution control system capable of raising
visibility at the time of cornering by controlling light distribution
means of the front lamp.
According to Japanese Patent Publication No. H523216, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8-183385,
Japanese
Patent
Application
Laid-Open
No.
H11-78675
and
direction
of
the
steering
wheel
by
an
amount
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Tatra
and
1920s
Cadillacs
were
early
headlamp
positioning
system
that
adjusted
the
automatically adjusting direction of optical axes of front lights with respect to steering
angle of steering wheel An electronic control for automobile headlight utilizing a
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The two figure shows that if we implement the technology used in the project, there
will be much better visibility than before method.
METHEDOLOGY
For finding solution we have to study about steering System
Primary function of the steering system is to achieve angular
motion of the front wheels to negotiate a turn. This is done through linkage and
steering gear which convert the rotary motion of the steering wheel into angular
motion of the front road wheels. Secondary function of steering system is:1. To provide directional stability of the vehicle when going straight ahead.
2. To provide perfect steering condition, i.e., perfect rolling motion of the road wheels
at all time.
3. To facilitate straight ahead recovery after completing a turn.
4. To minimize tyre wear.
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Steering coulumn
Tie rod joints
Rack and pinion
Steering column:The automotive steering column is a device intended primarily for connecting
the steering wheel to the steering mechanism or transferring the driver's input torque
from the steering wheel.
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Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straightsided in form, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of
rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to
parallel shafts.
Power Rack-and-pinion
When the rack-and-pinion is in a power-steering system, the rack has a slightly
different design.
Part of the rack contains a cylinder with a piston in the middle. The piston is
connected to the rack. There are two fluid ports, one on either side of the piston.
Supplying higher-pressure fluid to one side of the piston forces the piston to move,
which in turn moves the rack, providing the power assist.
We'll check out the components that provide the high-pressure fluid, as well as decide
which side of the rack to supply it to, later in the article. First, let's take a look at
another type of steering.
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The above shown four plastic wheels are fixed at the four ends. The front two wheels
moves with respective to the steering movement at either left or right. And the rear
wheels fixed and have only one degree of freedom.
Stepper motor
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In an actual DC motor, several such coils are wound on the rotor, all
of which experience force, resulting in rotation. The greater the current in
the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the faster the wire moves because
of the greater force created.
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STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full
rotation into a number of equal steps. The motors position can then be commanded
to move and hold at one of these steps without any feedback sensor (an open-loop
controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application.
WORKING
DC brushed motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their terminals.
The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input
pulses (typically square wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft
position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively
have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece
of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as
a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given
power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned
to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. This
means that when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the
gear rotates slightly to align with the next one. From there the process is repeated.
Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a
full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.
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ELECTRIC POWER
MECHANICAL OUTPUT
GENERATION OF POWER
Mechanical input
Electric output
RACK:-
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It is a part which is used to covert the rotary motion of steering wheel into
reciprocating motion in order to turn the headlights and the wheel into left and right
direction. In this project the type of material used is plastic as a rack.
PINION:It is a part which is fixed above the rack to receive the rotary motion of the steering
and to transmit to wheels through the rack. In this also type of material used is
plastic .
MILD STEEL:In this project, the material used for connecting parts is mild steel such as for linkages
and to connect the steering to rack and to make housing,etc
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Abrasive wear
Toughness
Tensile strength
Hardness
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Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Description
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Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. When 1s are written to port 0
pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to
be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program
and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
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This controller is used to control the stepper motor with the help of microcontroller to
give the angular movements to the headlights i.e up and down
This board allows you to control one stepper motor, as well as receive input from two
limit switches. It is based around the L297/L298 stepper driver combo. The L298
takes the signals from your microprocessor and translates them into stepping signals
to send to the L298 which actually drives your stepper motor. The L298 is capable of
driving up to 2A per coil. One interesting feature of the L297 is its current sensing and
'chopping' abilities. The L297 will sense the amount of current flowing through the
coils, and will 'chop' the signal to the L298 so that the average current flowing is the
desired amount. You can configure this current by setting the trimpot on the board and
measuring the voltage on the test point.
Accelerometer
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1-Entrance
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Methodology/Design/Fabrication/Tests
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The above figures showing the chassis of the project having a very simple
construction.
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The above figures showing the steering connected to pinion to transmit the motion to
rack
The above figure showing the type of wheel used for the movement of
vehicle
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The above two figures showing the rack and linkages construction. This shows how
a linear movement of rack is transmitted to angular motion of headlights using the
linkages.
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The below are the sketches showing what is the differerence between the
conventional headlights and adaptive headlights
`
ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHTS
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CONVENTIONAL HEADLIGHTS
This above figure showing that headlights becomes adaptive , the visibility
towards road will be much better than normal during cornering or while
vehicle taking a turn.
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