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SWAG Injection on the Siri Field - An Optimized Injection System for Less Cost
Eileen A. Quale*, Statoil, Bndicte Crapez*, Statoil, Jan A. Stensen*, Statoil and Lars Inge Berge*, Statoil.
* SPE Member
Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE European Petroleum Conference held in
Paris, France, 2425 October 2000.
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Abstract
Simultaneous Water And Gas (SWAG) injection has been
implemented on the Siri Field on the Danish Continental Shelf
and represents the first reported full field application of its
kind in the North Sea. The associated produced gas is mixed
with injection water at the wellhead, and injected as a twophase mixture. The required total injection volume for voidage
replacement is thus achieved with a simplified injection
system, fewer wells and reduced gas recompression pressure
requirements.
Injection per well has typically been in the range
4,0008,000 Sm/day
(25,00050,000 bpd)
water
and
200,000 400,000 Sm/day (7 -14 Mscf/d) gas.
Evaluation of alternative injection schemes identified
SWAG as the optimum scenario for Siri. The choice reflects
that:
a) There is no established gas export infrastructure in the
immediate area, Siri gas volumes alone are too small
to warrant establishment of a system, and routine gas
flaring is unacceptable. Reinjection is therefore
required.
b) Reservoir simulation studies indicate improved oil
recovery (IOR) with combined gas and water injection
as compared to pure water injection, apparently related
to attic oil displacement, reduced residual oil
saturation and better sweep efficiency.
c) Continuous water injection from both injectors is
required to maintain reservoir pressure.
The SWAG concept fulfills all these requirements,
representing a safe, economic and environmentally-friendly
development solution.
Introduction
The Siri Field, discovered late 1995, is located in the Danish
Sector of the North Sea (Figure 1). Production started in
March 1999 and injection in June the same year. Plateau oil
production is 8,000 Sm/d (50,000 bpd).
The field has been developed with five producers and two
SWAG injectors (one horizontal). The injectors are placed at
the periphery of the reservoir in order to displace the oil to the
central part of the field. Original plans called for 3 injectors,
but this was reduced to 2 as the field was further delineated,
making injection regularity and successful SWAG
implementation even more critical.
Siris fairly isolated location meant that connection to an
existing gas export infrastructure was not feasible. At the same
time, the relatively small amounts of gas produced, and the
rapidly falling gas rate, made it clearly uneconomical to
develop a gas export solution for Siri alone. Gas flaring, or
reinjection to a disposal site, were not environmentally
acceptable alternatives, despite the limited volume involved.
Reinjection of the gas to provide reservoir pressure support,
better sweep and hence enhanced recovery, was the best
overall solution.
Reservoir Description
The reservoir is characterized by a relatively low relief
structure with oil zone thickness of up to 25m. The GOR is
moderate, in the region of 100 Sm/Sm (562 scf/bbl) and there
is no initial gas cap. An 80-100 m thick underlying water zone
gives some pressure support.
Expected recoverable oil reserves have been estimated at
8.1 mill. Sm3 (51 mill. bbls), representing a recovery factor in
excess of 35%.
The reservoir rocks in Siri are deposited by sediment
gravity flows in a deep marine environment. Hydrocarbons are
found in the Heimdal sandstone of Late Paleocene age at
approximately 2,070 mMSL. The formation consists of firm,
fine to very fine-grained sandstone with a high glauconite
content, cross-bedded to massive, reflecting deposition by
turbidity currents. It is interbedded with several types of nonreservoir facies, such as mud clast conglomerates with a
muddy sandstone matrix as well as thin shale and siltstone
layers.
Siri's reservoir sand has a high net-to-gross ratio, good
porosity and a fairly good permeability. The reservoir is
SPE 65165
SPE 65165
SWAG INJECTION ON THE SIRI FIELD - AN OPTIMIZED INJECTION SYSTEM FOR LESS COST
Environmental Aspects
Minimum emission to air and sea was a goal throughout the
design of the Siri Field and a condition of the field production
permits stipulated by the Danish authorities. This made
reinjection of excess gas as well as reinjection of produced
water obvious choices.
SWAGs requirement for warm water could have
represented a potential increase in emissions if seawater
heaters had been required in the period before formation water
breakthrough. The ideal solution presented itself in the form of
the hot cooling medium already in the system, a plentiful
source of warm water, heated by reservoir energy.
The cooling water lift pumps had sufficient capacity for the
injection requirements so no equipment duplication was
required.
Reinjection of a warm mixture can be expected to be
slightly more difficult than for cold seawater, due to the
absence of thermal fracturing effects. However,
implementation of SWAG does not increase this effect more
than a produced water injection system would do.
SWAG Performance
Startup problems associated with the injection systems were
mainly equipment-related, especially with respect to gas
compressors and water injection pumps, rather than directly
attributable to SWAG. Since these equipment issues were
resolved, the concept has performed as expected. Combined
injection is routinely achieved, without hydrate or injectivity
problems. A somewhat higher injection pressure than
originally planned is probably due to lower formation
permeability than expected derived from cores and logs.
The two injection wells have deviations of 72 and 90 in
the reservoir, with perforation intervals of 70m and 230m,
respectively. The downhole pressure/temperature gauges have
monitored conditions both during startup of gas and water
injection as well as SWAG, and play an important part in well
monitoring and analysis of well and reservoir performance.
Typical daily injection per well is 320,000 Sm/d gas with
6,000 Sm/d water. Maximum well injection has been in
excess of 600,000 Sm/d gas and 8,000 Sm/d water.
Well hydraulics behavior at several different gas fractions
(GFs) has not yet been systematically investigated, since the
emphasis has been on maintaining maximum injection to
achieve voidage replacement and halt further pressure
depletion on the field.
Furthermore as the flow regime in the horizontal and
highly deviated injectors are expected to behave differently,
comparison between the two wells might be more attributable
to the well deviation than to SWAG injection per se.
The SWAG wells have so far been regulated mainly by the
water choke alone. The gas regulating valves are not in use,
the gas distributes itself according to relative wellhead
pressures between the two wells.
SPE 65165
SWAG Injectivity
The injectivity index is a direct measure of the injector
performance. The injectivity index (II) can be defined by the
following relation7 :
II = Qt/DP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
SPE 65165
SWAG INJECTION ON THE SIRI FIELD - AN OPTIMIZED INJECTION SYSTEM FOR LESS COST
during a shut-in, pressure can be bled off and warm water can
be injected.
Conclusions
1. The SWAG concept has fulfilled expectations, despite the
reduction in the number of injectors on the field from 3 to 2.
Full voidage replacement at plateau rate could be achieved,
and at times also exceeded.
2. Full and stable reinjection of produced gas and produced
water represents an important environmental aspect of the Siri
development. Discharges to sea and air are at present minimal
and production is not curtailed by inability to reinject.
3. Flexibility with respect to distribution of the phases
between the injection wells is in principle provided, allowing
reservoir sweep pattern to be optimized.
4. By incorporating SWAG in the fields design phase,
virtually no extra equipment has been required to achieve
SWAG. Conservation of reservoir heat energy and
maximizing injection performance with less wells drilled are
important environmental attributes for the SWAG concept.
5. Day-to-day operation of the system has so far proved
simpler than anticipated. The surface facilities work well and
no unstable pressure regimes have been observed in the wells.
No special supervision of the wells is required apart from
during shutdown and startup periods.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Siri Field Operator,
Statoil, and the Siri Field Partners: Enterprise Oil, Phillips
Petroleum, DENERCO and DONG, for kind permission to
publish the details in this paper. Thanks are also due to the
offshore staff on the Siri Field for their creativity and
perseverance in the implementation of SWAG.
References
1. Dalen, V, Instefjord, R. and Kristensen, R: A WAG Injection
Pilot in the Lower Brent Formation at the Gullfaks Field, 7th
European Symposium. on IOR, Moscow, Russia, 27-29 Oct
1993.
2. Stenmark, H. and Andfossen, P.O.: Snorre WAG Pilot A Case
Study, 8th European Symposium On IOR, Vienna, Austria, 1517 May, 1995.
3. Skauge, A. and Berg, E.A.: Immiscible WAG Injection in the
Fensfjord Formation of the Brage Oil Field, 9th European
Symposium On IOR, The Hague, Netherlands, 20-22 Oct. 1997.
4. Kjonsvik, D., Stensen, J.A. and Alvestad, J.: A Detailed
Simulation Study of WAG Injection in a Heterogeneous Fluvial
Reservoir Zone, 9th European Symposium On IOR, 20-22 Oct.
1997.
5. Stoisits, R.F., Krist, G..J., Ma, T.D., Rugen, J.A., Kolpak, M.M.
and Payne, R.L.: Simultaneous Water and Gas Injection Pilot at
the Kuparuk River Field, Surface Line Impact, paper SPE
30645, SPE Annual Technical Conference, Oct. 1995.
6. Ma, T.D., Rugen, J.A., and Youngren, G. K.: Simultaneous
Water and Gas Injection Pilot at the Kuparuk River Field,
Reservoir Impact, paper SPE 30726, SPE Annual Technical
Conference, Oct. 1995.
SPE 65165
Nomenclature
II
Qt
DP
= injectivity index
= total flow rate (of gas and water)
= pressure difference between injector
and formation
GI
= gas injection
GF
= gas fraction (at reservoir conditions)
GOR
= gas oil ratio
IOR
= improved oil recovery
SCSSV = surface-controlled subsurface safety
valve
SWAG = simultaneous water and gas injection
WAG
= water alternating gas injection
SPE 65165
SWAG INJECTION ON THE SIRI FIELD - AN OPTIMIZED INJECTION SYSTEM FOR LESS COST
Oil
Production
SWAG
Injection
gas
OWC
Gravity Segregation
Water coning
water
Bottom aquifer
SPE 65165
Pressure (Bar)
0
200
400
Surface design
working pressure
400
300
Pressure (bar)
Depth m RT
ent
radi
er G
Wat
ure
ress
h P
t
Hig
Gas Gradien
High Pressure
t
Gas Gradien
t
dien
Gra
ter
Wa
1500
atic
rost
Hyd
1000
Hydrostatic
500
200
100
2000
Fracture
Pressure
Reservoir
Pressure
2500
0
0
10
15
20
Temperature ( C)
3000
Figure 4:- Hydrate formation potential curve
LT
Water Injection
Pumps
Siri SWAG
Water Injection
Header
60C
200 barg
HV
EV
Reinjection
Compressors
70C
200 barg
Gas Injection
Header
FV
FT
FT
PT
Wing valve
Injection
Well
LT
25
30
Seawater
Formation water
Seawater+MeOH(33%)
SPE 65165
SWAG INJECTION ON THE SIRI FIELD - AN OPTIMIZED INJECTION SYSTEM FOR LESS COST
80
Injectivity index (Rm3/d/bar)
100
80
WI
SWAG
model
60
40
20
0
250
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
300
350
400
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Gas fraction