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Multiplication of the "dozen teens" group of numbers -(i.e. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) by ANY of the numbers within the group:
solve 14 x 17
4 x 7 = 28; remember 8, carry 2
14 + 7 = 21
add 21 to whats is carried (2)
giving the result 23
form the answer by combinig 23 to what is remembered (8)
giving the answer 238
Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with difference of 10
45 x 35
first term = [(4 + 1) x 3] = 15; (4 is the first digit of 45 and 3 is the first digit of 35 --> add 1 to
the higher first digit which is 4 in this case, then multiply the result by 3, giving 15)
last term = 75
combining the first term and last term,
= 1575
75 x 85
first term = (8 + 1) x 7 = 63
last term = 75
combining first and last terms,
= 6375
15 x 25
= 375
Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with the same first terms (square of a number)
25 x 25
first term = (2 + 1) x 2 = 6
last term = 25
answer = 625 ---> square of 25
75 x 75
first term = (7 + 1) x 7 = 56
last term = 25
answer = 5625 ---> 75 squared
DIVISION:
Division by parts ---> imagine dividing $874 between two persons
874/2
= 800/2 + 74/2
= 400 + 37
= 437
Division using the factors of the divisor: "double division"
70/14
= (70/7)/2 ---> 7 and 2 are the factors of 14
= 10/2
=5
Division by using fractions:
132/2
= (100/2 + 32/2) ---> break down into two fractions
= (50 + 16)
= 66
Division by 5 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 20
1400/5
= (1400/100) x 20
= 14 x 20
= 280
Division by 10 ---> move the decimal point one place to the left
0.5/10
= 0.05 ---> 5% is 50% divided by ten
Division by 50 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 2
2100/50
= (2100/100) x 2
= 21 x 2
= 42
700/50
= (700/100) x 2
=7x2
= 14
Division by 100 ---> move the decimal point two places to the left
25/100
= 0.25
ADDITION:
Addition of numbers close to multiples of ten (e.g. 19, 29, 89, 99 etc.)
116 + 39
= 116 + (40 - 1)
= 116 + 40 - 1 ---> add 40 then subtract 1
= 156 - 1
= 155
116 + 97
= 116 + (100 - 3)
= 116 + 100 - 3 ---> add 100 then subtract 3
= 216 - 3
= 213
Addition of decimals
12.5 + 6.25
= (12 + 0.5) + (6 + 0.25)
= 12 + 6 + 0.5 + 0.25 ---> add the integers then the decimals
= 18 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 18.75
SUBTRACTION:
Subtraction by numbers close to 100, 200, 300, 400, etc.
250 - 96
= 250 - (100 - 4)
= 250 - 100 + 4 ---> subtract 100 then add 4
= 150 + 4
= 154
250 - 196
= 250 - (200 - 4)
= 250 - 200 + 4 ---> subtract 200 then add 4
= 50 + 4
= 54
216 - 61
= 216 - (100 - 39)
= 216 - 100 + 39
= 116 + (40 - 1) ---> now the operation is addition, which is much easier
= 156 - 1
= 155
Subtraction of decimals
47 - 9.9
= 47 - (9 + 0.9) ---> "double subtraction"
= 47 - 9 - 0.9 ---> subtract the integer first then the decimal
= 38 - 0.9
= 37.1
18.3 - 0.8
= 18 + 0.3 - 0.8
= (18 - 0.8) + 0.3 ---> subtract 0.8 from 18 first
= 17.2 + 0.3
= 17.5
WORKING ON PERCENTAGES:
30% of 120
= 10% x 3 x 120 ---> it is much easier working with tens (10%)
= 10% x 120 x 3
= 12 x 3
= 36
DECIMALS:
To convert or express percentages as decimals, divide by 100 or simply just move the
decimal point by two places to the left of the given number, thus:
1% = 1/100 = 0.01
2% = 2/100 = 0.02 = 1/50
3% = 3/100 = 0.03
4% = 4/100 = 0.04 = 1/25
5% = 5/100 = 0.05 = 1/20
6.25% = 6.25/100 = 0.0625 = 1/16
7% = 7/100 = 0.07
7.5% = 7.5/100 = 0.075
10% = 10/100 = 0.1 = 1/10
12.5% = 12.5/100 = 0.125 = 1/8
20% = 0.2 = 1/5
21% = 0.21
25% = 0.25 = 1/4
30% = 0.3 = 3/10
33.33% = 33.33/100 = 0.3333 = 1/3
37.5% = 0.375 = 3/8
40% = 0.4 = 2/5
50% = 0.5 = 1/2
60% = 0.6 = 3/5
62.5% = 0.625 = 5/8
66.66% = 66.66/100 = 2/3
75% = 0.75 = 3/4
80% = 0.8 = 4/5
87.5% = 0.875 = 7/8
100% = 1
125% = 1.25 = 1 1/4
150% = 1.5 = 1 1/2
200% = 2
FRACTIONS:
What is three quarters of 80?
= 3/4 x 80
= (80/4) x 3 ---> divide by 4 then multiply by 3
= 20 x 3
= 60
How many quarters in two and a half?
2.5/.25
= 10 ---> there are 10 quarters in $2.50
Improper fractions:
3/2 = 1 1/2 = 1.5 = 150%
4/3 = 1 1/3 = 1.3333 = 133.33% ---> useful number for volume of sphere, etc.
9/5 = 1 4/5 = 1.8 = 180% ---> conversion factor for Celsius/Fahrenheit temperatures
V = 4/3 pi * r^3
where:
V = volume of sphere
r = radius of sphere
F = (1.8 C) + 32
where:
F = temperature in Fahrenheit
C = temperature in Celsius