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Agenda
Day 2
Day 1
Introduction
Information Required
Using Log-Log Paper & TCCs
Types of Fault Current
Protective Devices & Characteristic
Curves
Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)
Effect of Fault Current Variations
Multiple Source Buses
Introduction
Protection Objectives
Personnel Safety
Protection Objectives
Equipment Protection
Protection Objectives
Service Continuity & Selective Fault Isolation
13.8 kV
Faults should be quickly
detected and cleared with a
minimum disruption of service.
13.8 kV/480 V
2.5 MVA
5.75%
480 V
Types of Protection
Distance
High Impedance Differential
Current Differential
Under/Over Frequency
Under/Over Voltage
Over Temperature
Overcurrent
Overload
Log-Log Plots
Time-Current Characteristic Curve (TCC)
1000
effectively
steady state
100
I2t withstand
curves plot as
straight lines
1 minute
Time In Seconds
10
typical motor
acceleration
0.1
typical fault
clearing
5 cycles
(interrupting)
1 cycle
(momentary)
0.01
0.5
FLC = 1 pu
Fs = 13.9 pu
10
100`
Fp = 577 pu
1000
10000
Current in Amperes
Plotting A Curve
5000 hp Motor TCC
1000
FLC = 598.9 A
13.8 kV
Time In Seconds
100
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
1
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
3593.5 LRA, 2 s start
0.1
LRA = 3593.5 A
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
10000
Current in Amperes
FLC = 598.9 A
100
Time In Seconds
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
15 kA
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
3593.5 LRA, 2 s start
0.1
15 kA
LRA = 3593.5 A
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
10000
Current in Amperes x 10 A
Voltage Scales
5000 hp Motor TCC with Fault on Transformer Primary
45 kA @ 13.8 kV
= ? @ 4.16 kV
1000
13.8 kV
= (45 x 13.8/4.16)
= 149.3 kA @ 4.16 kV
45 kA
100
Time In Seconds
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
4.16 kV
15 kA
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
3593.5 LRA, 2 s start
0.1
15 kA
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
149.3 kA
10000
Interrupting/Breaking
Momentary
Initial Symmetrical
ANSI
IEC
Momentary Symmetrical
Momentary Asymmetrical
Momentary Crest
Interrupting Symmetrical
Adjusted Interrupting Symmetrical
Momentary
Interrupting/Breaking
Initial Symmetrical
10
IFC 53
RELAY Very
Inverse Time
Time-Current
Curves
10
3
2
0.1
Time Dial
Settings
TIME IN SECONDS
10
0.01
1
10
100
11
4.16 kV
IFC
53
800/5
4.16 kV
5000 hp FLC =
598.9 A SF =
1.0
Set AT = 4
IFC 53
RELAY Very
Inverse Time TimeCurrent Curves
10
IFC
53 Setting = 4 AT, ?? TD
800/5
10 kA
15 kA
M
1.21
1
1.05
10
0.34
0.30
3
2
0.1
0.08
7
0.01
15.6
1
TIME IN SECONDS
100
23.4
4.16 kV
5000 hp
598.9 A, SF = 1
15 kA
10 kA
15000/640
= 23.4
10000/640
= 15.6
Time Dial
0.07 s
0.08 s
Time Dial 3
0.30 s
0.34 s
Time Dial 10
1.05 s
1.21 s
Multiple of Pick-up
10
100
MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING
12
Microprocessor-Based Relays
52B
2000/5
01-52B
41-SWGR-01B
13.8 kV
OCR F15B
400/5
01-F15B
Seconds
52B
OC1
ANSI-Normal Inverse
Pickup = 2.13 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.96
Inst = 20 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Delay = 0.01 s
F15B
OC1
ANSI-Extremely Inverse
Pickup = 8 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.43
Inst = 20 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Delay = 0.02 s
52B 3P
F15B 3P
30 kA @ 1 3.8 kV
13
Power CBs
PWR MCB
3200 A
LT Pickup
16-SWGR-02A
0.48 kV
PWR FCB
1600 A
LT Band
Power MCB
Seconds
Power FCB
Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series
Sensor = 1200
LT Pickup = 1 (1200 Amps)
LT Band = 2
ST Pickup = 4 (4500 Amps)
ST Band = 0.1 (I^x)t = OUT
ST Pickup
ST Band
Power MCB 3P
47.4 kA @ 0.48 kV
Power FCB 3P
90.2 kA @ 0.48 kV
Seconds
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
< Inst. Override
14
Seconds
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
> Inst. Override
Power Fuses
MCC 1
4.16 kV
Mtr Fuse
Seconds
Minimum
Melting
Total
Clearing
Mtr Fuse
15 kA @
4.16 kV
15
Main
Feeder
16
Feeder
It depends.
30 kA
Main
Feeder
?s
30 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
17
Seconds
Feeder
30 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
Main
0.4 s
Feeder
Seconds
30 kA
0.3 s
Main w/ testing
Main w/o testing
Feeder
0.3 s 0.4 s
30 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
18
Hand Set
breaker 5 cycle
0.08 s
0.08 s
0.10 s
0.10 s
0.12 s
0.22 s
TOTAL
0.30 s
0.40 s
Main
Feeder
30 kA
Components
0.08 s
0.10 s
0.17 s
0.35 s
0.08 s
0.10 s
0.12 s
0.30 s
19
Disk overtravel
It depends
Main (EM)
CTI = 0.2 s
CTI = 0.3 s
Main (SS)
(because disk OT is
still in play)
Feeder (SS)
Feeder (EM)
Main (SS)
Feeder (SS)
Feeder (SS)
Main (SS)
Seconds
Main (EM)
Feeder (EM)
Feeder EM
0.3 s
0.2 s
Main (SS)
Feeder (SS)
30 kA @ 13.8 kV
Feeder (EM)
30 kA @ 13.8 kV
20
EM Relay
Power
Fuse
Power
Fuse
operating time x
CTI
0.22 s
0.12 s
0.12 s
Static Trip or
Molded Case
Breaker
Static Relay
Static Trip or
Molded Case
Breaker
0.1 s
SS-Banded
EM Relay
SS Relay
PWR MCB
PWR MCB
PWR MCB
EM Relay
SS Relay
Seconds
PWR MCB
0.22 s
25 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)
0.12 s
25 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)
21
Seconds
There is no
intentional/additional time delay
needed between two banded
devices.
All that is required is clear
space (CS).
22
Feeder
F1 = 10 kA
Seconds
Relay
Current
Main
Main
F2 = 20 kA
Feeder
0.2 s
0.06 s
F1 = 10 kA
F2 = 20 kA
23
1.2 kA
0.8 kA
1 kA
2 kA
For a typical distribution bus all feeder relays will see a slightly different
maximum fault current.
Years back, the simple approach was to use the total bus fault current as
the basis of the CTI, including main incomer.
Using the same current for the main led to a margin of conservatism.
10 kA
Using Actual
Maximum Relay
Current of 10 kA
15 kA
Feeder
Feeder
0.2 s
15 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
Seconds
Main
Main
0.8 s
10 kA
15 kA
24
Curve Shaping
Seconds
0.2 s
20 kA
15 kA
10 kA
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
25
Plot to Actual
Relay Current
18 kA
12 kA
30 kA
Seconds
1.1 s
0.2 s
12 kA
30 kA
12 kA
30 kA
26
18 kA
12 kA
30 kA
Seconds
12 kA
0.2 s
0.2 s
30 kA
30 kA
27
10 kA
Bus A
10 kA
5 kA
Bus B
15 kA (Fa)
10 kA (Fb)
Fb = 25 kA
Fa = 25 kA
Source 1
Ip1
Is1
51A
51B
Is1+Is2
Is2
Source 2
Is2
Ip2
Is2
Bus A
Bus B
Ip2
Ip1+Ip2
Feeder A
Feeder B
28
Is1
51A
51B
Is1
Is1
Source 2
0
0
Open
Is1
Bus A
Bus B
Ip1
Ip1
Feeder A
Feeder B
29
67
Bus A
67
Bus B
30
mechanical
withstand
thermal
withstand
based on
transformer Z
25 x FLC
@ 2s
31
mechanical
withstand
thermal
withstand
25 x FLC
@2s
based on
transformer Z
PWR-MCB
Seconds
13.8 kV
32
1.0
0.866
b
c
0.5
C
0.866
Assume
1:1 turns ratio
X1 = X2 = X0
3-Phase fault current = base current.
Phase-phase fault current is typically
0.866 per unit.
This current transforms to 0.5
(0.866/3) per unit on the delta phase
winding and adds up to 1.0 per unit on
the line-side.
0.577
0.577
0
b
0.577
Assume
1:1 turns ratio
X1 = X2 = X0
3-Phase fault current = base current.
The 1 per unit phase-ground fault
current transforms to 0.577 (1/3) per
unit on the delta phase.
The transformer damage curve is
shifted to the left to ensure protection.
33
PWR-MCB
Seconds
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
Withstand
curve shifted
left due to
-Y xfmr.
More difficult
to provide
protection.
PWR-MCB
480 V
Seconds
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
8-12 x FLC
(typical)
PWR-MCB
480 V
34
Seconds
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
8-12 x FLC
(typical)
PWR-MCB
480 V
35
36
GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
Curve Multiplier = 3
Bussmann
JCL Size 9R
Hot
Seconds
1000 hp
4.16 kV
650% LRC
M
Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16)
Bussmann
JCL Size 9R
Contactor
6 kA Int.
M
Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16)
37
GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
Curve Multiplier = 3
1000 hp
4.16 kV
650% LRC
Hot
Seconds
3 kA @ 4.16 kV
38
40
Seconds
41
42
Fg
19500 kVA
903 A
Xd = 280%
1200/5
51V
12.47 kV
< 322.5 A
= 1.13
= 1.15 x 1200 A = 1380 A
= 25% of 1380 A
= 345 A (> 322.5 A, not good)
43
Seconds
15% x Pickup
Pickup = 1.15 x
CT-Sec
GTG-101A
No Load
Constant Excitation
Total Fault Current
Limited guidance on
overcurrent protection
(C37.102 Section 4.1.1)
with respect to time delay.
Want to avoid nuisance
tripping, especially on
islanded systems, so
higher TDs are better.
30 kA
Coordinating a System
44
Coordinating a System
TCCs show both
protection & coordination.
Most OC settings should
be shown/confirmed on
TCCs.
Showing too much on a
single TCC can make it
impossible to read.
Coordinating a System
Showing a
vertical slice of
the system can
reduce
crowding, but
still be hard to
read.
Upstream
equipment is
shown on
multiple and
redundant
TCCs.
45
TCC-6
TCC-3
TCC-2
TCC-5
TCC-1
TCC-Comp
TCC-4
TCC-307J
TCC-101J
TCC-212J
46
47
48
49
TCC-G1
TCC-G2
50
OCR
Main
SWGR-1
400/5
OCR
600/5
TR-FDR1
OCR
TR-FDR2
0.301 s
0.3 s
OCR
Main-1
SWGR-3
400/5
OCR
600/5
FDR-1
OCR
FDR-2
0.615 s
0.304 s
51
0.472 s
0.325 s
52
Crossing of feeder
characteristics is no problem.
0.021 s
0.03 s
53
0.302 s
Coordination Software
Computer-aided coordination software programs
originated in the late 1980s.
The accuracy of the device characteristic curves was
often highly questionable.
There are numerous, much more powerful programs
available today, many of which are very mature.
Even still, the accuracy of the protective devices
functions and characteristics is still extremely critical.
54
Coordination Software
For many years clients maintained separate impedance
models for power studies and protective device models
for coordination studies.
Integrated models are now the norm and are required to
support arc-flash studies.
Information Required
55
Equipment Ratings
drive short-circuit
calculations
affect asymmetrical
currents
56
Equipment Ratings
drives short-circuit
calculations
affects transformer
through-fault protection
inrush affects settings
Equipment Ratings
57
Equipment Ratings
Equipment Ratings
adds to short-circuit
LRC, acceleration time, & hot/
cold stall times affect time
curve selection
58
Protective Devices
Make & model
CT Ratio
Tap & time dial
settings (old days)
setting files (today)
Trip device type
LT, ST, Inst settings
References
59
Selected References
120
60