HydrostaticsandBernoullisPrinciple

SlideNotes
HydrostaticsandBernoullisPrinciple
1. Fluidmechanics=sciencethatdealswiththebehavioroffluidsatrest
(hydrostatics)orinmotion(fluiddynamics),andtheinteractionoffluids
withsolidsorotherfluidsattheboundaries.
2. EN0810=corecoursegenerallytakeninjunioryearthatfocusesonthe
detailsoffluidmechanics
3. Thislectureisa1hourtutorialonthemostbasics.Mostly,wewillbe
focusedonhydraulicswhichdealswithliquidfluidflowinpipesand
openchannels.
FluidDynamicsBasicDefinitions
4. Coupleoftermsandcommonassumptionsneededforfluidanalysisas
opposedtosolidbodyanalysis:
a. FluidAsubstanceintheliquidorgasphase
b. SteadyNochangeatapointintime
i. Thisisimportantbecauseitdefinesastateofconsistencythat
allowsforbasiccalculationsundernormalparameters.
Analysisbecomesincrediblymoredifficultundervaryingor
oscillatoryfluidbehavior.
c. IncompressibleflowAfluidflowwherevariationsindensityare
negligible
i. Canalsobestatedthatchangesindensity=0.Generally,
incompressibleflowisarequiredassumption/parameterfor
systemsusingvolumetricflowandsinglevaluesofdensity.For

liquids,thisisanacceptableassumptionsomosthydraulic
problemsdisregardanyminutechangesindensity.
d. ControlVolumeProperlyselectedregioninspacethatusually
enclosesadevicethatinvolvesmassflow
i. ImportanttodefinetheCVbecauseitsetsuptheframework
foranalysis.Italsoallowsparameterstobedefinedrelativeto
asetposition.
e. IrrotationalFlowFlowthatisvoidofvorticitiesorirregularities
commoninturbulentflows
i. Commonassumptionthatallowscertainequationstoexclude
theeffectsthatresultfromvortexesandirregularfrictional
effects.
HydrostaticPressure
5. Pressure=normalforceexertedbyafluidperunitarea
6. Pressureandstressbothareforcesperunitarea.Theonlydifferenceisthat
stressisadirectedforcewhilepressureisuniversallyappliedtoabodyor
point.
7. Fourmaintypesofpressure:
a. GagePressureDifferencebetweenatmosphericandabsolute
pressure
b. VacuumPressureOccasionallyusedforanegativegagepressure
c. AtmosphericPressure=101.325kPaor14.696psi
d. AbsolutePressure=
i. GagePressure+AtmosphericPressure
OR

ii. AtmosphericPressureVacuumPressure
8. Gagepressureispressurerelativetotheatmosphericpressureandwhatis
mostlyusedforanalysisinhighpressuresituations.
a. Pgage=PabsPatm
9. Pressureofafluidatrestincreaseswithdepthasaresultoftheadded
weightfromthefluidabove.Gagepressureisplottedwithsealevelbeing
approximatelyzero(becauseatmosphericpressureisnotincluded).
[below]

Pgage

10.Basicproof/understandingofhydrostaticpressure:
a. W=mg=ghwl
i. Whereh=height,w=width,l=lengthofagivenbody.Inthis
case,thebodyisafluidelementwithinagivencontrolvolume
definedbytheheight,width,andlength.
ii. This,however,canbeputintoarelativesensebecausethereis
nopressuredifferenceinthehorizontaldirection.
iii. Asaresult,widthandlengthbecomenegligiblebecausethese
havenoimpactonthepressure.
iv. Also,theunitsworkouttobeF/Aasopposedtojustforce.

11.THEREFORE,pressuredifferencebetweentwopointsinaconstantdensity
fluidisproportionaltotheverticaldistancez(orh)betweenthepoints
andthedensityofthefluid.
12.TheSIunitforpressureisthePascal,namedafterBlaisePascalwho
amongotherthingsprovedtheideaofavacuumanddevelopedthe
hydraulicpress.
AHydraulicPressExample
13.Pascalsprinciple=pressurewithinaclosedsystemisconstant
14.Asaresult,youcantakeadvantageofdifferentareastoproduceagreater
forcewithlessinputforce.Acarjackinmechanicsworkshopsand
smallerbottlejacksaregoodexamplesofthisapplication.
15.Theratiosoftheareasdeterminehowmuchyoucanlift.Letssay,for
example,youhadanareaofratioof10youcouldlift1000Newtonsof
forcewithamere100Newtons.However,italsotakes10timesthe
distanceforthesmallerpistontoliftthelargerpiston.Inotherwords,
althoughyouonlyneed100Newtonstolift1000Newtons,youwould
needtopushthesmallpistononemetertoraisethelargepiston10
centimeters.
VelocityforaFluid
16.Similartotherelationshipbetweentheforceofweightandhydrostatic
pressure,thevelocityforafluidisverysimilartothevelocityofafalling
particlethroughair.
a. Toassessandcalculatethevelocityofthewater,thefirststepto
analyzingtheflowrelativetoagivenheightistosetabaselevel
elevationfromwhichallrelativeheightswillbederived.
b. Afterthatscompleted,dependingontheproblem,youdetermine
whatisthepeakheightofthewaterlevelandcalculatethevelocity
usingtheequation:

c. Notethatbasedonthesimpleproofontheslide,thatthisvelocity
relationshipisthesameasthevelocityofaparticleafterithas
travelledfromastationarypositiontoacertaindistancehunder
solelygravitationalforce.
d. Inthismanner,ifyouneglectfrictionalforces,youshouldbeableto
calculatetheoutputvelocityofthewater(andanyhumansitmight
becarrying)fromawaterslidewithafixedheight.
DATWUZTHEBESTWATURSLIDEEVAR!!!
17.Nofallingasleepinlecture.
BernoullisEquation
18.EquivalenttotheConservationofEnergyprinciple.
a. P/~potentialenergyPRESSUREHEAD
b. V2/2~kineticenergyVELOCITYHEAD
c. gz~gravitationalpotentialenergyELEVATIONHEAD
19.BernoullisPrincipleshowstherelationshipbetweenpressure,velocity,
elevationinamovingfluid.
a. HigherPressure=__________Velocityor________Elevation
b. HigherVelocity=___________Pressureor________Elevation
20.BernoullisEquationAnalysis
a. Similartohydrostaticpressureexamples,abaselevelneedstobe
definedsotheelevationheadcanbedescribedbyasinglevariablez
orh.
b. Astartingpointforthefirstsideoftheequationandanendingpoint
fortheothersideoftheequationneedtobedefined.Usecommon
assumptionslikesteady,incompressible,andirrotationalflow.Then,

simplybalancetheforcestoequaleachotherbysolvingfortheone
unknown.
c. TheunitsforBernoullisEquationcanvarybasedonwherethe
constantsfordensityandgravityarelocated.Manyformsof
Bernoullisequationdivideeverythingthroughbygravitysotheunits
aremerelyunitsoflength(orhead).Thisissupposedtorepresent
theelevationwhichequalsalloftheenergiescombined.Thisvalueis
calledtheenergygradeline.Ourequationdoesnotputeverythingin
termsofhead,buttheunitsdonotchangeanythingaslongasthey
areidenticaloneithersideoftheequation.
21.Example123FundamentalsofThermalFluidSciences
Waterisflowingfromahoseattachedtoawatermainat400kPagage.Achild
placeshisthumbtocovermostofthehoseoutlet,increasingthepressure
upstreamofhisthumb,causingathinjetofhighspeedwatertoemerge.Ifthe
hoseisheldupward,whatisthemaximumheightthatthejetcouldachieve?
Solution:
Assumptions:
1. Theflowexitingintotheairissteady,incompressible,andirrotational.
2. Thewaterpressureinthehoseneartheoutletisequaltothemain
waterpressure.
3. Thesurfacetensioneffectsarenegligible.
4. Thefrictionbetweenthewaterandairisnegligible
5. Theirreversibilitiesthatmayoccurattheoutletofthehosedueto
abruptexpansionarenegligible.
Constants:
water=1000kg/m3

Calculations:
Thewaterheightwillbeatamaximumundertheassumptions.Thewater
velocityinthehoseisrelativelylow(V1=0)andwetakethehoseoutletasthe
referencelevel(z1=0).Atthetopofthewatertrajectory,thevelocityreaches
zero(V2=0)andatmosphericpressurepertains.

Therefore,thewaterjetcanriseashighas40.8mintotheskyinthiscase.
Discussion
TheresultobtainedbytheBernoulliequationrepresentstheupperlimit
andshouldbeinterpretedaccordingly.Ittellsusthatthewatercannotpossibly
risemorethan40.8m,and,inalllikelihood,therisewillbemuchlessthan40.8
mduetoirreversiblelossesthatweneglected.
LimitationsoftheBernoulliEquation
22.SteadyFlowShouldnotbeusedduringthetransientstartuporshut
downperiodsofamachineandshouldneverbeusedduringperiodsof
changeinflowconditions.

23.FrictionlessFlowEveryflowinvolvessomefriction,butmanysituations
canhaveanegligibleamountoffriction.Longthinpipesorregionswhere
solidobjectscreatealotofturbulencecannotbesatisfiedwithBernoullis
equation.Anotherexampleissomethingwherewakesplayamajorroll
suchasanairplanewingorfishswimming.Alotofsituationswithsudden
expansionorcontractionsrequireextratermstomakeBernoullis
equationvalid.
24.NoshaftworkBecausetheBernoulliequationisbasedonthe
conservationofenergyinaclosedsystem,extraworkaddedtothefluid
negatesthebalanceoftheBernoulliequation.
25.IncompressibleflowIftheflowcanbecompressed,volumesdonot
remainconstantsodensitydoesnotremainconstant.TheMachnumber
characterizesthelevelofcompressibilityinresponsetopressure
variationsintheflow.Thisisoutsidethescopeofthelecture,butaMach
numberoflessthanabout0.3isconsideredincompressible.
26.NoheattransferSimilartotheshaftworkrequirement,heattransferwill
addorremoveheatfromacontrolvolumeandthusnegatesthevalidity
oftheBernoulliequation.
27.FlowalongastreamlineInotherwords,theflowneedstobeirrotational.
Irrotationalflowintroducesvorticities,whichdistortsconsistentflowand
makesBernoullisequationworthless.
AnExampleofBernoullisPrinciple
28.HowdoesBernoullisPrincipledescribethisphenomenon?
VolumetricFlowBalance
29.Withthecommonassumptionsofsteadystateflowandanincompressible
fluid,thevolumetricflowofamovingbodyoffluidisthecrosssectional
areamultipliedbythevelocity.Theunitofvolumetricflowiscubiclength
perunittime(i.e.cubicmeters/second).

30.EquatingvolumetricflowscanbedoneinasimilarmannertoBernoullis
equation.Chooseastartingandendpointwithdefinedcontrolvolumes
andfindbothcrosssectionalareasandonevelocitytofindthelast
remainingvelocity.Inpipeflowforasteadystatesystemwith
incompressibleflow,achangeinpipediameterwillresultinavelocity
proportionaltothechangeinareasmultipliedbytheinputvelocity
regardlessoftheelevationchange(seediagramonslide).Ifthislast
statementistrue,whatvariablechangestocompensatefortheenergy
transferredbytheelevationgain?
MassFlow
31.Multiplyvolumetricflowbydensitytogetamassperunitsecond.
PressureandVelocityRelationship
32.Intuitively,doesthismakesense?
33.WhyisP3lessthanP1?
MinorLosses
34.Influidmechanics,viscosityandfrictionarealwayspresent.Viscosityisthe
inabilityofafluidtoflow.RememberinthelimitationsofBernoullis
equationthatlongthinsectionsofpipeandexpansions/contractions
werenotpermitted.Inactuality,thesevaluesjustrequireanotherterm
addedtotheendoftheBernoulliequation.Thistermiscalledheadloss
becauseitisthetheoreticallosshead(orelevation)resultingfromfriction
orminorlosses.
35.Minorlossesaredeemedasfrictionaleffectsfrompipingitemslikefittings,
valves,bends,elbow,tees,etc.Eachitemhasalosscoefficient,KL,
associatedwithit.Althoughthesearegenerallyassociatedwithpiping
systems,comparableanalogiescanbemadewithmanynonpiping
systemapplicationsoffluidmechanics.
36.Forasharpedgedorificeopening,thelosscoefficient,KL,isequalto0.5.

Drag
37.Variesdramaticallywhethertheflowisturbulentorlaminar.Inordertouse
thesimpledragequation,theflowmustbeturbulentaroundtheobject.
Asidefromthatassumption,thenormalrequirementsofsteady,
incompressibleflowarealsorequired.
38.Allofthevariablesthatyouwouldexpecttobeinthedragequationare
there:frontalsurfacearea(surfaceprojectedontoaplane),velocityof
thefluid,density,andadragcoefficient.
39.Dragcoefficientsrangefromlike0.04ofastreamlinedbodytoa
semicircularshellwithadragcoefficientof2.3liketheonebelow.