Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
NAME
1.
MATRIC
NUNBER
175360
2.
174250
3.
175710
4.
174518
5.
176034
6.
170422
LIU JUNXIN
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
Table of Contents
WORK OF SCHEDULE................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1 : Type of Soil Particles................................................................................................ 4
OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................ 5
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................ 6
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS.............................................................................................................. 9
RESULT & CALCULATION........................................................................................................... 11
Table 1.................................................................................................................................... 11
Table 2.................................................................................................................................... 11
Graph 1 : Graph shows relationship betwwen dry density and moisture content...........................................14
DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................. 15
RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................. 17
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 18
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2 : Weighting the sample of compacted soil..............................................................................19
Figure 3 : Putting the sample into the oven........................................................................................ 19
Figure 4 : Compacted soil in a mould............................................................................................... 20
Figure 5 : Stir the soil with water.................................................................................................... 20
Figure 6 : Soil is compacted.......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 7 : Weighting compacted soil................................................................................................ 21
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
WORK OF SCHEDULE
ITEMS
NAME
GROUP MEMBERS
MATRIC NO.
Zaim Harith
175360
Syafiq Ikmal
Mohammad Nasrul
Huda Hanim
Oscar Chin
174518
174250
176034
175710
Liu Junxin
170422
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
INTRODUCTION
Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them (Figure
1). Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores and have a reduced rate of both water infiltration and
drainage from the compacted layer. This occurs because large pores are the most effective in moving water
through the soil when it is saturated. In addition, the exchange of gases slows down in compacted soils,
causing an increase in the likelihood of aeration-related problems. Finally, while soil compaction increases
soil strength-the ability of soil to resist being moved by an applied force-a compacted soil also means that
roots must exert greater force to penetrate the compacted layer.
Soil compaction changes pore space size, distribution, and soil strength. One way to quantify the change is
by measuring the bulk density. As the pore space is decreased within a soil, the bulk density is increased.
Soils with a higher percentage of clay and silt, which naturally have more pore space, have a lower bulk
density than sandier soils.
The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture
content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. The term
Proctor is in honor of R. R. Proctor, who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given
compactive effort depends on the amount of water the soil contains during soil compaction. His original test
is most commonly referred to as the standard Proctor compaction test; later on, his test was updated to create
the modified Proctor compaction test.
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this lab are ;
1. To determine the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and
achieve its maximum dry density.
2. To demonstrate proctor method which is learned in the class.
SOIL MECHANICS II
PROCEDURE
No
.
1.
Procedure
2.
3.
weighing machine.
210ml of water is added to the soil
sample which is about 7% from its
moisture content.
4.
5.
ECV 3303
SOIL MECHANICS II
6.
7.
8.
9.
ECV 3303
SOIL MECHANICS II
10.
11.
12.
ECV 3303
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
No
Equipment
.
1.
Cylindrical mould
Description
2.
Rammer
3.
Pallete knife
SOIL MECHANICS II
4.
Metal tray
ECV 3303
5.
Metal edge
6.
Sampling can
7.
Measuring cylinder
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
6757
6785
6861
7125
7036
5137
5137
5137
5137
5137
1620
1648
1724
1988
1899
1.62
1.65
1.72
1.99
1.90
Table 1
Container No.
63.33
66.01
59.26
66.50
73.71
60.17
60.89
53.54
57.94
62.63
14.46
14.37
13.77
14.53
14.10
45.71
46.52
39.77
43.41
48.53
3.16
5.12
5.72
8.56
11.08
11
14
19
23
1+w
1.07
1.11
1.14
1.19
1.23
1.51
1.48
1.51
1.67
1.54
Dry density,
rd
= r/
(1+w) (Mg/m)
Table 2
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
1. The weight of mould + moist soil and the weight of mould itself are taken at the soil laboratory and
from the reading, the weight of moist soil can be obtained where:
Weight of moist soil = (Weight of mould + moist soil) (Weight of mould)
2. From the value of the weight of moist soil, the bulk density can be obtained by using the formula
below:
Bulk density, = (Weight of mould + moist soil) (Weight of mould) / 1000
3. The moist soils are then being placed inside the oven for 24 hours in order to measure the water
content inside the soils. The weights of water are obtained by subtracting the weight of moist soil +
container and weight of dry soil + container.
4. Next, the percentages of the moisture content are calculated by dividing the weight of water and
weight of dry soil and thus, the values of dry density may also be gained where;
Dry density,
rd
5. The graph of moisture content versus dry density is then plotted in order to obtain maximum dry
density and optimum moisture content.
6. The air void lines are plotted for three conditions which are 0%, 5% and 10%.
7. After getting the compaction curve as well as the air void lines, the values of maximum dry density
and the optimum moisture content may be gained.
Table below depicts the values of the air void for the conditions of 0%, 5% and 10%. The calculation
of the zero air void condition as well as 5% and 10% is getting by using the formula respectively:
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
i.
ii.
Gs=2.7
( 100a ))
1+ w .Gs
w =1000
kg
m3
w=Moisture content
a=510
0% Air Void
5% Air Void
2.27
2.16
2.04
2.08
1.98
1.87
1.96
1.86
1.76
1.78
1.75
1.61
1.67
1.58
1.5
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
2.25
2.05
1.85
1.65
0% Air Void
Dry density (Mg/m)
5% Air Void
1.45
1.25
1.05
0.85
0.65
0.45
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Moisture content (% )
Graph 1 : Graph shows relationship betwwen dry density and moisture content
Hence;
Gs: 2.7
Maximum dry density: 1.67 Mg/m
Optimum moisture content: 19%
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
DISCUSSION
In this laboratory experiment, we were exposed to practical way of determining the relationship between dry
density and moisture content for soil through soil compaction test. Firstly, data were obtained
experimentally. Then, data are calculated and result is plotted into a graph. The graphs obtained were then
compared to theoretical graph.
Initially, the bulk density obtained show an increment as water content in the soil increased until test
number 5 which show a slope downward. Meanwhile, after the dry density result is calculated and plotted on
a graph, the result fluctuates at around 11% water content . Theoretically, it was supposed to be parabolic
curve which open downward.
This can be explained as water is added to a soil at low moisture contents, it becomes easier for the particles
to move past one another during compaction. The soil were more compacted, the voids are reduced and this
causes the dry density to increase. As the water content increases, the soil particles develop larger water
films around them.
This increase in dry density continues till a stage where water starts to occupy the space that could have
been occupied by the soil grains. Thus the water at this stage hinders the closer packing of grains and
reduces the dry unit weight. The maximum dry density occurs at an optimum water content, and their values
3
can be obtained from the plot. The maximum dry density of 1.674 Mg/ m
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
RECOMMENDATION
There are several precautionary steps that can be taken in order to improve the experiment. First of all, this
experiment should be carry out inside the laboratory to avoid any effect that might occur due to the
surrounding for instance weather.
Next, compaction should be done by only one person to ensure that soil sample in each test is compacted
with the same strength. Finally, the soil must be compacted evenly throughout the surface for a maximum
compaction effect on the soil.
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, we managed to determine the air void in each percentage which is 0%, 5% and 10%.
Besides that, we also managed to determine the Optimum Moisture Content of 16.35% with the calculated
maximum dry density of 1.726Mg/m3. The compaction curve is for making the optimum density as close as
the zero-air-void as possible on 5%. So, we able to have gone through this experiment successfully.
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
REFERENCES
o Youventharan Duraisamy. 2009. Soil Mechaniccs Laboratory Manual. University Malaysia
Pahang.
o Bujang B.K Huat. Faisal Hj. Ali. 1995. Essential Soil Mechanics. Universiti Putra Malaysia
Press.
o Concrete-catalogue. Retrieved on October 21, 2011 from http://www.concretecatalog.com/soil_compaction.html
SOIL MECHANICS II
APPENDICES
ECV 3303
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303
SOIL MECHANICS II
ECV 3303