Circuit Breaker Application & Distribution Systems - 2014

Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products
Welcome
Technical Sharing Session
ABB Group
March 12, 2014 | Slide 1
Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products, 2014
Electrical Installation
Circuit Breaker Selection
ABB Group
Protection of Transformers
As to be able to protect LV/MV transformers LV side, we must mainly

take into account:
Rated current of the protected transformer, LV side, from which
the rated current of the circuit breaker and the setting depend on
(In);
The maximum estimated short circuit current in the installation
point which defines the minimal breaking power of the protection
circuit breaker (Isc).
Switchboards with one transformer
Sn
U20
In
Isc
The rated current of the transformers LV side is defined by the

following expression
Sn x 103
In =
3 x U20
where
Sn = rated power of the transformer [kVA]
U20 = rated secondary voltage (no load) of the transformer [V]
ln = rated current of the transformer, LV side [A]
The full voltage three-phase short circuit current immediately after the LV
side of the transformer can be expressed by the following relation once we
suppose infinite power at the primary:
Isc =
In x 100
Ucc %
where
Ucc %= short circuit voltage of the transformer [%]
ln = rated current, LV side, [A]
lsc = three-phase rated short circuit current, LV side, [A]
The short circuit current is normally lesser than the deduced value if
the circuit breaker is installed at a certain distance by means of a cable
or bar connection, according to the connection impedance.
Switchboards with more than 1 transformer in Parallel
Isc2 + Isc3
I1
I2
I3
Circuit breaker A
Isc1
I5
Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3
Circuit breaker B
I4
As far as the calculation of the rated current of the transformer is
concerned, the rules beforehand indicated are completely valid.
The minimum breaking capacity of each circuit breaker LV side must be
greater than the highest of the following values: (the example refers to
machine 1 of the figure and it is valid for the three machines in parallel):
lsc 1 (short circuit current of transformer 1) in case of fault
immediately downstream circuit breaker 1;
lsc2 + lsc3 (short circuit currents of transformer 2 and 3) in case of

fault immediately upstream circuit breaker 1;
Circuit breakers l4 and l5 on the load side must have a short circuit
capacity greater than lsc1 + lsc2 + lsc3; naturally every transformer
contribution in the short circuit current calculation is to be lessened by the
connection line transformer - circuit breaker (to be defined case by case).
Protection of Cables
The choice of the circuit breakers for switching and protection of cables
means the perfect knowledge of:
rated operating line current lB
max admissable cable current lZ
presumed short circuit current in the point of installation of the circuit
breaker Icc
The correct circuit breaker must be selected to satisfy the following
conditions:
It must have a short circuit breaking capacity (lcu or eventually lcs) greater
or equal to the short circuit current lcc
It must use a protection release so that its overload setting current ln (l1)
satisfies the relation lB < ln < lZ (Oveload protection)
The let through energy (l2t) that flows through the circuit breaker must be
lesser or equal to the maximal one allowed by the cable (KS) (Shortcircuit protection)
It
Cable KS
Circuit breaker It
Icc max
Icc
As far as the verification required by IEC 60364, according to which

the overload protection must have an intervention current (lf) that
assures the operation for a value lesser than 1.45 lz (lf < 1.45 lz), we
must state that it is always verified for ABB Circuit breakers, since
according to IEC 60947-2 the required value is less than 1.3 ln.
Circuit Breaker Curves

LV protection devices
L function protection against
overload

S function protection against

delayed short-circuit

I function protection
against instantaneous
short-circuit

G function protection
against earth-fault
Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Selective Protection
The example emphasizes the need for coordination between circuit breakers A and
B, such that in case of fault in C, only circuit
breaker B trips, thus leaving complete
continuity to the rest of the plant supplied
by the circuit breaker A.
Selectivity might be Total or Partial:
Total selectivity: only the circuit breaker B

trips for every current value lesser or equal to
the max short circuit current foreseen in C;
Partial selectivity: the circuit breaker B opens
only according to fault current lower than a
certain value; values that are equal or greater
than this will give the intervention of both
circuit breakers A and B.

Amperometric (Current) selectivity is obtained
by
setting
on
different
values
the
instantaneous tripping currents of the circuit
breakers chain (greater values for upstream
circuit breakers)
B
ImB
ImA
ImA is the selectivity limit

Chronometric (Time) selectivity is obtained by
introducing intentionally always greater delays in
the intervention tripping timings of the upstream
circuit breakers in the chain.
Total selectivity
Switchboard A
2500 kVA
(fault current 57,5 kA)
E4S40
with PR121
400V
E2N20
with PR121
Switchboard B
E2N20 MS (disconnector)
400V
T5H 630
with PR222

Back-up Protection
In the figure, the circuit breaker B, downstream in respect

with A, might have a short circuit breaking capacity lesser
than the presumed short circuit current in case of fault in
C if the circuit breaker A satisfies at all the two following
conditions:
It has a short circuit rating greater or equal to the

presumed short circuit current in its installation point and
obviously greater than the short circuit current in C
In case of fault in C with short circuit values greater
than the short circuit breaking capacity of circuit breaker
B, the circuit breaker A must limit the let through energy
by limiting it to a correct value than can be stood by
circuit breaker B and by the protected lines

Back-up Protection
The back-up protection is used in electric plants where operation continuity
is not a main need. This means that the up stream breaker will always trip
with or without the help from the down stream protection device. This
means the whole system including the sound parts of the installation will
be without power.
This co-ordination solution is used by those who need to contain the plant
costs by reducing the general performance in case of a fault.

Back-up Protection
Ib = 1300 A
A
Icc = 65 kA
Ib = 300 A
Icc 30 kA
U
Load
Electrical characteristics of the employed circuit breakers

Reference
Rated
current
Type
[A]
Rated
uninterrupted
current
Iu [A]
Breaking
capacity
Selectivity
limit
Back-up
limit
Icu [kA]
[kA]
[kA]
36 (T)
65
1300
SACE Emax E2L16
1600
130
300
SACE Tmax T4N 320
320
36

Back-up Protection
T4S 250
50 kA !!!
T1N 160
* T1N 160 is 36 kA only mccb

Selectivity
T6H 800 (70kA)
70 kA
T4H 250 (70kA)
Selection of Protective Devices

Main electrical parameters
Rated operational voltage Ue: the value of voltage which
determines the application and to which all the other
parameters are referred to.
Rated uninterrupted current Iu: the value of current which the
device is able to carry for an indefinite time. It defines the size
of the CB
Rated current In: the value of current which characterizes the

protection release installed. Is often related to the rated
current of the load protected
T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320
Iu
In

Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity Icu: it is the
r.m.s. value of the symmetrical component of the short-circuit
current which the circuit-breaker is able to break (test cycle Ot-CO)
Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Ics: it is the r.m.s.
value of the symmetrical component of the shortcircuit current
which the circuit-breaker is able to break (O-t-CO-t-CO)
Icu

Rated short-circuit making capacity Icm: it is the maximum
prospective peak current which the circuit-breaker must be
able to make
Icm=n x Icu
Icu 36kA Icm 75.6 kA @415V

Rated short-time withstand current Icw: it is the r.m.s. value of
the alternate current component which the circuit-breaker is
able to withstand without damages for a determined time,
preferred values being 1s and 3 s
Defined for category B only


Generalities about the main electrical parameters
Dont forget
Ue Un
Icu or Ics Ik
Icm Ip
Ue, Icu, Ics, Icm?
Lionel Ng, Low Voltage Products, 2014
Distribution systems
Protection against indirect contact
and earth fault
ABB Group
Agenda
Main definitions
Distribution systems and protection

against indirect contact and earth fault
ABB solutions for protection
against earth fault
Discrimination of the protections

against earth fault
Definitions
Indirect contact
Electric contact of persons with exposed-conductive-parts
which have become live under fault condiction (deterioration)
Direct contact
Electric contact of persons with live parts
Definitions
Earth fault
The loss of insulation between normally live conductors and exposedconductive-parts may generate a earth fault
Main causes of the loss of insulation:
time decay of dieletric properties
mechanical breaking
particularly aggressive environments
overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching
rodent action
Definitions
Main effects of the earth fault current

energizing of exposed-conductiveparts
localized electric arcs and consequent

overheatings
disturbances to telecommunication systems
erosion phenomena of earth electrodes
Definitions
A contact with a live part causes the flowing of current through
the human body, the danger of this current depends on its :
duration
size
Time-current zones of the effects of alternating current on the human body
1 No reaction
2
No physiological effect
Reversible pathological effects
Fibrillation risk greater than

50%
Definitions
Exposed-conductive-part
Conductive part
Can be touched
Is not normally live
Can become live when basic insulation fails
Live part
Conductor or conductive part intended to be enegized in normal operation
Including a neutral conductor
By convetion not a PEN.
Definitions
Basic insulation
Isolation of live part
Base protection against direct and indirect contact
Supplementary isolation
independent insulation applied in addition to basic insulation
Insures the protection when the basic insulation fails
Double isolation
Reinforced insulation
comprises both basic insulation and supplementary insulation
provides a degree of protection against electric shock equivalent to double

insulation (unique insulation)
Fault current
current which flows across a given point of fault resulting from an insulation
fault
Definitions
Live part
functional isolation: in an electrical device it insulates the parts at different potentials
thus enabling operations
basic insulation is the insulation of the normally live parts
supplementary insulation is applied in addition to basic insulation in case of a failure of
the last
reinforced insulation, a unique insulation which can guarantee the equivalent protection
degree which can be provided by basic insulation plus supplementary insulation
Double insulation: comprises both basic insulation and supplementary

insulation
Definitions
Reference earth
Earth electrode
part of the Earth considered as conductive, the electric potential of which is

conventionally taken as zero
conductive part, which may be embedded in a specific conductive medium,
e.g. concrete or coke, in electric contact with the Earth
Earthing resistance
resistance between the main earth collector (or node) and the Earth
Definitions
Protective conductor PE
conductor provided for purposes of safety (protection against electric shock)
it connects:
exposed-conductive-parts
main earth collector (or node)
earth electrode
earthed point of the source or artificial neutral
PEN conductor
combines the functions of both a PE conductor and a neutral conductors
Residual current:
vectorial sum of the values of the electric currents in all live conductors
Id = IL1+ IL2+ IL3+ IN
N
PE
L1
L3
L2
Classification of electrical distribution systems

Protection
Protection
against indirect contact

throught automatic disconnection :
CBs with thermomagnetic or electronic releases;
CBs with electronic releases with G function against earth fault
CBs with residual current devices integrated
Residual current circuit breaker
Residual current releases
protection without automatic disconnection:
Protection by double or reinforced insulation;
Protection by earth-free local equipotential bonding;
Protection by electrical separation for the supply of only one item

of current-using equipment
Protection by electrical separation for the supply of more than one

item of current-using equipment
The IEC 60364-3 classifies the electrical systems with the combination of two letters
The first letter indicates the relationship of the power system to earth
T direct connection to earth of one point
I all live parts isolated from earth or one point connected to earth through an
impedance
The second letter indicates the relationship of the exposed-conductiveparts of the
installation to earth
T direct connection to earth
N direct electrical connection of the exposed-conductive-parts to the earthed point of

the power system
Subsequent letters, if any, indicates the arrangement of neutral and protective

conductors
S neutral and protective functions provided by separate conductors
PE
C neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor (PEN

conductor)
PEN
TT system
the neutral and the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to

earth electrodes electrically independent
TT system
The earth fault current returns to the power supply node through the soil
TT system
The exposed-conductive-part assumes the potential UT = Ik RA
The person touching the exposed-conductive-part is subjected to the voltage UT
Ik
Condition to be fulfilled :
Ra I Dn U 0
Ra is the total resistance of the earth electrode and of the protective

conductor of the exposed-conductive-parts
IDn is the rated residual operating current of the residual current circuitbreaker
the time defined in the following table for the terminal circuits with a
rated current In<32A
within 1 sec for distribution circuits or terminal circuits with a rated

current In>32A
Thanks to a more sensitive residual current device, from a pratical point of view it
will be easier to realize an earthing system coordinated with the characteristics of
the device itself. This table shows the maximum values of earth resistance which
can be obtained with residual current devices and making reference to a common
environment (50V)
How an RCD works
trip coil
main contact
test button
electronic circuit
(if any)
resistance
toroid
How an RCD works
How the RCD works
TEST
Z s Ia U0
Zs is the total impedance of the loop;
Ia is the disconnection current in these time:
rated current In<32A

current In>32A
Conclusion about TT system
Domestic installations and similar, small industries with LV power supply
Typical value of earth fault currents 10 ~ 100A
The standards allow the use of:

CBs
with inverse time tripping characteristics
CBs
with instantaneus tripping characteristics
Residual
current devices
If automatic disconnection cannot be obtained in compliance with the

disconnection times of the table or within the conventional time, it shall be
necessary to provide supplementary equipotential bonding connnected to
earth, however the use of supplementary protective bonding does not exclude
the need to disconnect the supply for other reasons, for example protection
against fire, thermal stresses in equipment
TN-S system
the neutral and the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to the same

earthing arrangement
the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to the earth electrode by

means of the PE
PE
TN-C system
the neutral and the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to the same

earthing arrangement
the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to the earth electrode by

means of the PEN
PEN
TN system
the earth fault current returns to the power supply node without practically
affecting the earth electrode
the current is limited by the impedance of the fault loop
TN system
It is necessary to interrupt the fault because person touching the exposedconductive-part is subjected to the voltage UT
Z S Ia U0
Zs is the impedance of the fault loop
U0 is the nominal voltage to earth
Ia is the diconnection time in ampere of the protective devices within:
rated current In<32

current In>32A
TN system: example
Un = 400 V (U0=230V)
This system supplies a terminal circuit with In>32A
Earth fault = 3 kA
Conclusion about TN system:
Industries and big installations with MV power supply
Fault current values similar to those of the single-phase fault
The standard allow the use of:
Automaic devices against overcurrents
RCD or CBs with G function
In the TN-C systems disconnection of the neutral and use of the residual
current devices or devices with similar operating principle (function G against
earth fault) is not possible
if automatic disconnection cannot be obtained in compliance with the

disconnection times of the table or within the conventional time, it shall be
necessary to provide supplementary equipotential bonding connected to
earth, however the use of supplementary protective bonding do not exclude
the need to disconnect the supply for other reasons, for the example
protection against fire, thermal stresses in equipment
Why in TN-C system it is not possible to use RCD or

function G against earth fault?
TN-S
TN-C
IT system
has no active parts directly earthed
may have live parts connected to earth through high value impedance
the exposed-conductive-parts are connected to an independent earth

electrode
IT system
The earth fault current returns to the power supply through the earthing
arrangement of the exposed-conductive-parts and the capacities to earth of
the line conductors
the fault current value depends on the size of the installation
Plate
Dieletric
insulator+air
Plate area
Electric field
capacities to earth of the line conductors
capacitor
electric field
plate area
plate area
dielectric
cable
plate area
electric field
dielectric
insulator+air
plate area
IT system
the automatic disconnection of the circuit is not necessary
condition to be fulfilled:
RE I d 50V
RE is the sum of the resistance, in ohms, of the earth electrode and

protective conductor for exposed-conductive-parts;
Id
is the fault current, in amperes, of the first fault of negligible

impedance between a line conductor and an exposed-conductive-part;
such value takes account of the leakage currents and of the total earthing
impedance of the electrical installation
an insulation monitoring device shall be provided to indicate the presence of

fault.
IT system
the occurrence of a first earth fault modifies the distribution system
two situations may occur in the event of a fault to earth
IT system
the occurrence of a first earth fault modifies the distribution system
two situations may occur in the event of a fault to earth
IT system
in the event of a second fault, the supply shall be disconnected
according to TT system
IT system
in the event of a second fault, the supply shall be disconnected
according to TN system

Neutral distribuited:
U
Zs
2 Ia
Neutral not distribuited:
U0
Z
2 Ia
'
s
U0= is the nominal voltage between line conductor and

neutral conductor
U = is the nominal voltage between line conductor
Zs = is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the line
conductor and the protective conductor of the circuit
Zs= is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the neutral
conductor and the protective conductor of the circuit
Ia = is the current causing the operation of protective device
within the time required for TN system
Conclusion about IT system:
chemical and petrochemical industries, i.e. plants for

which service continuity is fundamental
fault currents A ~ 2A dependent on the size of the

installation
system suitable for the cases in which service continuity

must be assured
The presence of a first fault does not cause high current

and/or currents dangerous for the people
Protection Solution
A reliable and safe protection is realized by combining:
The protection functions against overcurrent with those against

earth faults
An effective earthing arrangement
This choice allows to obtain:
Protection against indrect contact
A timely protection against earth falts of small value where

prevention from fire risks is absolutely necessary
Protection Solution
For an adequate protection against earth faults

ABB has designed the following product
categories:
Miniature circuit breaker
Residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral

overcurrent protection DS201 & DS202;

overcurrent protection DS200;

overcurrent protection DS800
Residual current blocks DDA200
Residual current blocks DDA 60, DDA 70, DDA 90 (S290)
Residual current blocks DDA 800
Residual current circuit breaker F200
Protection Solution
Miniature circuit-breaker

Protection Solution

Protection Solution
Residual current operated circuit-breakers with

integral overcurrent protection DS200
Protection Solution
Residual block DDA200
Protection Solution
Residual block DDA 60, DDA 70, DDA 90
Protection Solution
Residual block DDA 800
Protection Solution
Residual current circuit breaker F200
Protection Solution

ABB SACE has designed the following product
categories:
Moulded case circuit breaker
RC221 residual current devices
RC222 residual caurrent devices
RC223 residual current devices
Electronic release LSIG: PR222, PR223
Electronic release LSIG: PR331, PR332
Electronic release LSIRc: PR332
Description
Protection Solution
Residual current devices RC221, RC222, RC223
Protection Solution
Electronic releases LSIG:
PR222: T2, T4, T5, T6
PR223: T4, T5, T6
PR331, PR332: T7
G function setting
I4= 0.2..1 x In
t4= 0.1.0.8 x In con I2t=k o t=k
(depending by the type of

release)
Protection Solution
G function:
currently used in MV/LV transformer substations to protect

both transformers as well as distribution lines
guarantees selectivity with regard to the residual current

releases located on the load side
can be used for protection against indirect contact, when

allowed by the installation conditions
improve protection against earth faults with regard to the

normal phase protections
Protection Solution
Electronic release PR332 LSIRc for T7
Protection Solution
Summary table
Protection Solution

categories:
Air circuit breakers
Electronic releases LSIG: PR331, PR332, PR333
Electronic release LSIG: PR121, PR122, PR123
Description
Protection Solution

categories:
Air circuit breakers
G function setting
I4= 0.2..1 x In
t4= 0.1.0.8 x In con I2t=k o t=k
(depending by the releases)
Protection Solution

categories:
Air circuit breaker
Electronic releases LSIRc: PR332
Electronic releases LSIRc: PR122
Protection Solution

categories
Residual current relay with external trasformer
SACE RCQ switchboard electronic residual current relay
Residual current relay for DIN rail: RD2 & RD3
Protection Solution

categories
Residual current relay with external trasformer
SACE RCQ switchboard electronic residual current relay
Protection Solution

categories
Residual current relay for DIN rail: RD2
Protection Solution

categories
Residual current relay for DIN rail: RD3
Protection Solution

categories
Front panel residual current relay: ELR
Discrimination of the protections against earth fault
Two types of residual current discrimination
horizontal residual current discrimination
vertical residual current discrimination
To ensure discrimination
for residual current CBs type S located on the supply side

(in compliance with Standards IEC 61008-1 and IEC 61009)
downstream non-selective residual current CBs having

In three times lower
for residual current electronic releases (RC 221/222/223,

RCQ and RD2)
tripping times and currents of the device on the supply

side are immediately higher than those of the device
on the load side
Example
E1N
1250 PR121/P-LSIG In=1250A 4p
T5N
400 PR222DS/P-LSI In =400A con

RC222
T1B
160 TMD In=160A con RC221
Example
Application of RCD
Domestic Installation (TT)
Id
RCCB
MCB
Load
MCB
Load
Application of RCD
Industrial installation (TN-S)
long cables
CB+RC
Id
Application of RCD
Protection function G or residual current protection?
the choice can be done taking in consideration:
the distribution system
the value of the fault current
particularly suitable for protection of people
absolutely necessary
RCD:
in TT systems (small fault current to earth)
earthing of the exposed-conductive-parts is deficient
normal protections are not sufficient to provide

protection that falls within the limits set by the Standards
dangerous environmental conditions (e.g. excessive

humidity)
Application of RCD
G function:
currently used in MV/LV transformer substations to protect

both transformers as well as distribution lines
guarantees selectivity with regard to the residual current

releases located on the load side
can be used for protection against indirect contact, when

allowed by the installation conditions
improve protection against earth faults with regard to the

normal phase protections
Application of RCD
Typical application:
all types of construction sites (building, naval, etc.)
mobile equipment or plants
hospital environments and operating rooms
excavations and mines
campground electric installations
pools, saunas, canteens and, generally, environments with

high humidity levels
aquarium and fountain lighting
agricultural premises
school laboratories

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Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products

Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products, 2014

As to be able to protect LV/MV transformers LV side, we must mainly

The rated current of the transformers LV side is defined by the

lsc2 + lsc3 (short circuit currents of transformer 2 and 3) in case of

As far as the verification required by IEC 60364, according to which

Circuit Breaker Curves

Circuit Breaker Curves

S function protection against

Circuit Breaker Curves

Circuit Breaker Curves

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Total selectivity: only the circuit breaker B

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

ImA is the selectivity limit

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

In the figure, the circuit breaker B, downstream in respect

It has a short circuit rating greater or equal to the

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Electrical characteristics of the employed circuit breakers

SACE Emax E2L16

SACE Tmax T4N 320

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

Protection of Primary & Secondary Distribution

T6H 800 (70kA)

T4H 250 (70kA)

Selection of Protective Devices

Rated current In: the value of current which characterizes the

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Selection of Protective Devices

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Selection of Protective Devices

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Icu 36kA Icm 75.6 kA @415V

Selection of Protective Devices

Selection of Protective Devices

Selection of Protective Devices

Ue, Icu, Ics, Icm?

Lionel Ng, Low Voltage Products, 2014

Distribution systems and protection

ABB solutions for protection

against earth fault

Discrimination of the protections

time decay of dieletric properties

particularly aggressive environments

overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching

Main effects of the earth fault current

localized electric arcs and consequent

disturbances to telecommunication systems

erosion phenomena of earth electrodes

Reversible pathological effects

Fibrillation risk greater than

Is not normally live

Can become live when basic insulation fails

Conductor or conductive part intended to be enegized in normal operation

Including a neutral conductor

By convetion not a PEN.

Isolation of live part

Base protection against direct and indirect contact

Circuit Breaker Application & Distribution Systems - 2014

Circuit Breaker Application & Distribution Systems - 2014