THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Evy Sulistyoningrum

Histology Department
Medical Faculty of UNSOED

Outlines
Introduction
Hypophysis
Adrenal glands
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pineal gland

The Endocrine System

Function: synthesis and secretion of hormones
Coordinate with nervous system
Integrate functions of physiologic systems
Endocrine system: a system composed of specialized
glands and group of cells which secretes hormones

Regulatory system
Nervous system
Neurotransmitters
Direct communication
via synapsis

Brief response
Transient effect
Endocrine system
Hormones
Indirect
communication via
bloodstream
Longer response
Long lasting effect

Means of cell signaling

Picture 5.jpg 00000002Mac HD ABA78158:

Endocrine Glands
Structure
Ductless x Exocrine
Ectodermal or endodermal origin
Hormones secreted directly into the vascular
system (circulation) . Glands often have
special microcirculation
Secretions absorbed from interstitium into
blood
Target cell express proper receptor

Endocrine vs Exocrine
Gland

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
. HYPOTHALAMUS . PARATHYROID GLAND

. HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY) . SUPRARENAL

(ADRENAL)

. PINEAL GLAND . PANCREAS

(EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)

. THYROID GLAND

endocrorgs

Other non-specific
endocrine glands
Stomach
Heart
Kidney
Thymus
Gonads
DNES (diffuse neuro-endocrine
system)

Hypothalamus
Control Center for internal environment
Acts via 3 mechanisms:
1.ANS centers exert nervous control on adrenal
medulla
2.ADH and oxytocin production (direct acting)
3.Regulatory hormone production (RH and IH)
controls pituitary gland directly and all other
endocrine glands indirectly

Hypothalamus
Consists of neurons arranged into nuclei
Neurons secrets many hormones in
neurosecretoric vesicles
Neurosecretoric vesicles are transported via
axon to:
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract . released .
absorbed by capilarries . transported into
hypophysis (IH or RH)
Pass hypothalamohypophyseal tract .
Neurohypophysis . released (ADH &
oxytocin)

pituitarydiag

Hypothalamic hormones/factors
TRH
CRH
SRH
GnRH
PRH
PIF
ADH
Oxytocin

The Pituitary
Hypophyses
Location: sella tursica
Was known as the major regulation of other
endocrine tissues (The Master Gland )
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Gonads
Others

2 Major area: (embryological based)

Adenohypophysis (oral ectoderm)
Neurohypophysis (neural ectoderm)

E:\Classes\Histology\Urinary system\pituitarycomp.jpg
endo43

Embryology of hypophysis
pituitary formation

Hypophysis
Adenohipofisis Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

Neurohipofisis Pars nervosa

Infundibulum
Eminentia mediana
endo43
Lobus
Anterior
Lobus
Posterior

Hypophysis endo43

G:\gambar enmet\pit.jpg
Hipofisis anterior/Adenohipofisis
Hipofisis
posterior/Neurohipofisis
Zona
Intermedia

G:\gambar enmet\pitui2.jpg
Hipofisis
anterior/Adenohipofisis
Hipofisis
posterior/Neurohipofisis
Zona Intermedia

Adenohypophysis
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
endo43

Adenohypophysis: pars distalis

Fibrous capsule
Parenchymal cells : epithelial gland cells
formed as chord
Sinusoidal capillaries +++
Fenestrated endothelial lining

Connective tissues with reticular fibers

Cells
Cell types (based on dyes affinity)
Chromophils
Acidophils (>>>)
Basophils

Chromophobes
Small cell with very little cytoplasm
don t take up stain well, not produce any
hormone
Undifferentiated stem cell
Degranulated chromophils
Phagocytic cell

Adenohypophysis: pars distalis

Adenohypophysis: pars distalis

Azan, A: Acidophil, B: basophil, C: chromophob

Adenohypophysis: pars distalis

Cells (based on secretory granules within)

Acidophils
Somatotrophs
GH (somatotropin)
Secretory granules: 300 nm in diameter
Centrally placed nucleus
Mitochondria, Golgi, RER >>
Mammotrophs
Prolactin
Secretory granules: 600-900 nm in diameter
Small, polygonal cells, individual

Cells (based on secretory granules within)

Basophils
Corticotrophs
ACTH
Secretory granules 200-500 nm in diameter
Round to ovoid cells, eccentric nucleus
Thyrotrophs
TSH
Secretory granules 60-160 nm in diameter

Gonadotrophs
FSH & LH
Secretory granules 200-400 nm in diameter
Golgi, RER >>

Cellls of adenohypophisis

Adenohypophysis : Pars intermedia

Between pars distalis and
pars nervosa
Cuboidal cells
Rathke s cysts (colloid
containing cysts)
Zona intermedia (in human)
Basophilic cells
Produce POMC
MSH
Corticotropin
-Lipotropin
-Endorphin

endo43

Pars Intermedia
Epithelial origin
Contains cells similar to
corticotrophs
(basophillic cells)
Not well defined in the
human
Often has cystic
structures contain
colloid

Adenohypophysis
Pars tuberalis
Surrounds hypophyseal
stalk
Highly vascularized
Cuboidal or low-columnar
basophilic cells
Small dense granules
Colloid droplet
Glycogen
No spesific hormones

endo43

L2211

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY
(TROPHINS) ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PARS INTERMEDIA*) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Pigment formation

Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary
Down-growth of hypothalamus
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Axons of neurosecretory cells
extend into the posterior
hypophysis
Neurosecretory cells: paraventricular
& supraoptical nuclei
Direct acting hormone: ADH,
Oxytocin

endo43

Neurohypophysis
Non-myelinated nerve fibers (axons) from neurosecretory
cells in hypothalamus
Distentions of axon containing neurosecretory granules:
Herring bodies

Capillaries
Supportive cells: pituicytes (neuroglial cells)
lipid droplet, lipochrome pigment, intermediate
filaments
Cytoplasmic processes
25% volume
Basophillic invasion

Neurohypophysis postpit

Herring s body
pituitarybloodsupply
badan herring2
1 = neuron fibers
2 = pituicytes
3 = herring s body

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
NEURO
SECRETORY
CELLS
SUPRAOPTIC ADH
NUCLEUS
(SON)

NEURO
SECRETORY
CELLS
(hypothalamus)
PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN
NUCLEUS (PVN)
(ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
(sinusoids)
Blood
circulation
ADH/
OXY

VASOPRESSIN (ADH) SON

(OSMORECEPTOR)

COLLECTING TUBULES INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE

OF THE BLOOD (Haemoconcentration)
INCREASED REABSORPTION
OF WATER

CONCENTRATED URINE
(retain water:haemodilution)
RF/IF

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
(cords/clumps of endocrine cells) Hypothalamohypophyseal
portal system
Trophic hormone
(Trophin)
TARGET GLAND TARGET CELLS/TISSUES
HORMONE
1. STRENOUS WORK
(in a hot environment)
2. HYPOTHALAMUS
(RF/IF)

FG18_09

THE TYROID GLAND

LOCATION
ANTERIOR AND LATERAL TO THE TRACHEA AND LARYNX

BUTTERFLY-SHAPED
2 LATERAL LOBES
ISTHMUS
OUTER CAPSULE (dense connective tissue)
LOBULES
(Contain: numerous follicles,
lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium

THYROID HORMONE (THYROXIN)

BOUND TO TRACHEA BY PRETRACHEAL FASCIA
MOVES WITH LARYNX (when swallowing)

C:\Users\fatimah fitriani\Desktop\endokrin\tracheathyroidandesophagus.jpg

G:\gambar enmet\ThyrHE10.jpg

Thyroid glands
Stores large amount of
hormone
Functional unit : the follicle
simple cuboidal
epithelium
Contain colloid inactive
hormone bound to a
glycoprotein
(thyroglobulin)

FG18_10B
FG18_10C

Thyroid

Follicular cells
Endodermal origin
Squamous to columnar cell (Height of cells
proportional to activity)
Round to ovoid nucleus
Short villi projecs to lumen
Basophilic cytoplasm
RER
Apical lysosomes
Mitochondria
Pre-hormone storage as extracellular fluid in
lumen (colloid)

Thyroid follicular cells

inactive active

thycanine
C cell
Between follicular
cells
Clear cytoplasm .
clear cell
Contain small
secretoric granules
Produce calcitonin .
blood calcium
homeostasis (with
Parathormone)
Parafollicular cell

THYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND THYROXIN (T4)
2. para- 1. follicular Cell TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
follic. cell
HYPERTHYROIDISM . OVERPRODUCTION OF
OF THYROXIN
Metabolic rate increase
2. THYROCALCITONINE
(CALCITONINE) (nervous, weight loss, tremor, tachycardia, active,
intolerance to heat, sweating easily)
CONTROLLED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM . INSUFFICIENT AMOUNT
SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL OF THYROXIN
Metabolic rate decrease
(sluggish, long sleeping-16 hr/day, body weight
increase, falling hair, scaly skin, decreased heat
production and sensitivity to cold, myxedema)
2
1

PARATHYROID GLAND
Endodermal origin
2 superior + 2 inferior, at the posterior
aspect of thyroid gland
Separated by connective tissue with the
thytoid gland
5 mm in length, 4 mm wide, 2 mm
thickness
Fibrous capsule extended into septa
Clusters of epithelial cells : chief cells &
oxyphil cells
Supported by reticular fiber

18-11

parathy

G:\gambar enmet\thyroid_para_.jpg

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid
Chief cells
Major functional cell
Secrete PTH
5-8 m in diameter
Small round nuclei
Variably eosinophilic cytoplasm
Secretory granules 200 to 400 nm in diameter

Oxyphil cells
Larger cell
More lightly eosinophilic cells
Unknown function

Parathyroid

Parathyroid

Parathyroid
Function
Together with calcitonin . regulate
calcium and phosphorus levels
Primarily responds to decreased calcium
in order to raised blood calcium level
Increase absorption of calcium from
intestine
bone demineralization
Reduce calcium excretion from kidney

Adrenal Gland
Located above kidney . suprarenal gland

Functionally divided into 2 regions

Cortex
steroid hormones
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones
Medulla
neuroendocrine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Regulation
Cortex
pituitary (ACTH), Kidney (renin)
Medulla
sympathetic nervous system

Adrenal Gland
Enveloped by capsule
Cortex
Mesodermal origin
Functional and
structural zones
Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

Medulla
Neural crest origin
No separate zones

G:\gambar enmet\39_01.jpg

Adrenal gland
1.Capsula
2.Zona
glomerulosa
3.Zona
fasciculata
4.Zona
reticularis
5.Medulla
6.Medullary
vein
Azan

G:\gambar enmet\adrenal.jpg
Medulla
Cortex
Reticularis
Fasciculata
Glomerulosa
Capsula
Adrenal gland

Glomerulosa
Outermost
13-15% total volume
Irregular clusters of small
collumnar cell
Little glomeruli
Surrounded by capillary
Acidophillic cytoplasm,
SER >>, mitochondria >>
Secrete
mineralocorticoids, mainly
Aldosterone
adrenalglom40x3

Glomerulosa

Fasciculata
Middle zone
Largest zone (80%)
Cords of cells arranged in
radial coloumn (fasciculus)
Polyhedral cells
Rich in lipid .
vacuolated
( spongiocytes )
Sinusoidal capllaries
Secrete glucocorticoids,
mainly cortisol &
corticosterone

Fasciculata

Reticularis
Innermost
Thinnest layer (7%)
Small cells in branching
cords make reticulum
Small dark eosinophillic
cells
Often has significant
amount of
hemosiderin/lipofuchsin
granules
Secretes androgenic
steroids
adrenalreticu2

Reticularis

Medulla
Supported by a
highly vascular
stroma
Cells:
Sympathetic
ganglion cells
Chromaffin or
phaeochrome
cells

Chromaffins of the medulla

Large epitheloid cells
Granules
Synthesize and store
catecholamines
Adrenalin
Noradrenalin
Also secrete
enchephalins
pain
control
Controlled by
sympathetic nervous
system

admed
adrnchrom
H&E stain Chrome salt fixation

SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL)
GLAND
CONSISTS OF (1) CORTEX

GLUCOCORTICOID:
cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
MINERALOCORTICOID

ACTH ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (CRF)

HYPOTHALAMUS
SUPRARENAL GLAND

GLUCOCORTICOID
sympathetic nerve
(2) MEDULLA BRAINSTEM
EPINEPHRINE/ FIGHT/FLIGHT
NOREPINEPHRINE
STRESS
(CRF: corticotrophic
releasing factor)

Pancreas
Exocrine & endocrine gland
25 cm long, 5 cm wide, 1-2 cm thick
Surrounded by fibrous capsule that
form septa
Septa subdivided glands into lobules
Exocrine : pancreatic acini
Endocrine: islets of
Langerhans/pancreatic islets

Pancreas

G:\gambar enmet\80_14.jpg

Endocrine Pancreas
Cells form clusters:
pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans

4 Types of Cells in Pancreatic Islets

Alpha cells: produce glucagon, increase blood
glucose level
Beta cells: secrete insulin, antagonist of
glucagon
Delta cells: produce peptide hormone identical
to GH-IH (somatostatin) & gastrin
F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP),
inhibiting acini to produce enzyme

Endocrine Pancreas pancislets

isletbldsuppy

Islets cells
cell
70%, scattered but concentrated in the
center of islet
Granules :300 nm in diameter
a cell
20%, islet periphery
Granules : 250 nm in diameter
d cell
1 %, scattered
Granules : 350 nm in diameter

G:\gambar enmet\Pancreas_2.jpg

betacells
alphacells
Insulin (Beta cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)

PANCREAS
PANCREAS

EXOCRINE GLAND . DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

ENDOCRINE GLAND ALPHA CELL GLUCAGON

(ISLETS OF GLUCOSE
LANGERHANS BETA CELL INSULIN
GLUCOSE

* somatostatin
F cell : secretes pancreatic polypeptide (regulates the release of
pancreatic digestive enzymes)

Pineal Gland
Epiphysis cerebri
Conical shape, 3-5 mm x 5-8 mm
Surrounded by piamater in
infiltrated to form septa
Function
photoreceptor organ
Secretes melatonin
Neuroendocrine transducer
Regulates circadian
rhythms
Onset of puberty
Seasonal reproduction in
animals

modpinhypopit

Pineal gland

Pineal Gland/pineal body

Stromal tissue with blood
vessels
Cells
Pineal (chief) cells
Neurons
Modified
photoreceptors
Contain melatonin and
serotonin
Neuroglial cells/interstitial
cells
Pineal sand
metaplastic
calcification
pineal

Epiphysis cerebri

Epiphysis cerebri

MOOD

PINEAL GLAND SEROTONIN

PINEALOCYTES &
(EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)
MELATONIN

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
&
REPRODUCTION

Thank you

..

Quizz
G:\gambar enmet\histo_all.jpg

Quizz
G:\gambar enmet\Pancreas1.jpg

Quizz
G:\gambar enmet\adrenal gland2.preview.jpg

L2206
Quizz

Quizz
G:\gambar enmet\normal_thyroid3.jpg