Analysis and Discussion

Chemical Kinetics and reactor design are at the heart of producing almost all
industrial chemicals. The selection of a reaction system that operates in the
safety and most efficient manner can be the key to economic success of a failure
of chemical plant. For an example if a reaction system produce a large amount of
desirable product, subsequent purification and separation of the desired product
could make the entire process economically unfeasible. The kinetic rate law is
the functional of properties of reacting materials, temperature, pressure, and
catalyst. The sizing of chemical reactors to achieve production goals is an
important segment. How material behave within reactors both chemically and
physically are the significant to the designer of a chemical process, as is how the
data from chemical reactors should be recorded, process and interpreted. In
chemical reaction, it is necessary to account for the varies chemical spices
entering and leaving a reaction system. The accounting process is achieved
through overall mole balances of individual spices in the reacting system. In this
subject, we concerned most of the commercial industrial reactors: batch,
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and plug flow reactor (PFR). A chemical
species is said to have reacted when it has lost its chemical identity. The identity
is determined by the kind, number, and configuration of the species atom.
Furthermore 50 litre of Et (Ac) with o.1 M was prepared. This experiment was
carried out to compare the performances of several reactors, three stages CSTR
and PFR. The experiment start with selecting the reactor for the first stage.PFR
was chosen to conduct the experiment, then followed by single CSTR, and three
stage CSTR. The flow rate used in this experiment is 150 ml/min which was
adjusted very carefully. Once the experiment started the chemical start to flow
throughout the reactors, the time has started and both conductivity values and
flow rates has been recorded when it reaches steady state. For every five
minutes the inlet and outlet conductivity and flow rate of the reactor has been
recorded.
Based on the graph, PFR has achieved higher conversion followed by single
CSTR, and lastly three stage CSTR.PFR usually has higher conversion per unit
volume. This is due to the difference in residence time distribution between the
reactors. In CSTR, they mix instantaneously the reactant which subjected to
undergo conversion and leave quickly but in PFR the reactant takes longer time
and causes higher conversion. Residence time is the average amount of time
that a particle spends in a particular system. The measurement varies directly
with the amount if substance that is present in the system. In the case of PFR, all
the molecules have spent moreover same time inside the reactor compared to
CSTR. In CSTR when the reaction time increases residence time change
drastically. In CSTR when the molecules start to collide each other and the wall of
the CSTR, they mixed spontaneously and some of the molecules leave the
reactor, thus it will spend less time in the reactor. For this case, the CSTR reactor
can be added in series rather than increasing the volume of the reactor to
maximize the conversion of the product. Increasing the number of the CSTR
could give almost the same conversion as PFR due to high residence time
distribution in three stages reactor in series. In addition, the conversion of
desired product varies as time increase due to the error in adjusting the initial
flow rate of reactant.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, PFR gives higher conversion which is 89.36% with the small
volume compare with the other reactor. It has a spatial variation. As a
recommendation, digital flow rate controller must be installed in future. So that,
the initial flow rate can be adjust automatically, this to ensure the reactant
enters the reactor simultaneously.