OBJECTIVE :

To disassemble and reassemble of journal bearing for

maintenance and repair purposes

To identify parts of the journal bearing
To know the movement of something bearing when used

THEORY :

Bearings are highly engineered, precision-made components that

enable machinery to move at extremely high speeds and carry
remarkable loads with ease and efficiency.

Bearings must be able to offer high precision, reliability and

durability, as well as the ability to rotate at high speeds with
minimal noise and vibration.Bearings are found in applications
ranging from automobiles, airplanes, computers, construction
equipment, machine tools, DVD players, refrigerators and
ceiling fans. If something twists, turns or moves, it probably has
a bearing in it.

Technical Information About Bearings: Every form of antifriction

Bearing consists of four basic parts: An Inner Ring

This is the smaller of the two bearing rings and gets its
name from the position it holds. It has groove on its
outside diameter to form a path for the balls. The surface
of this path is precision finished to extremely tight
tolerances and is honed to a very smooth, mirror-like
surface finish.The inner ring is mounted on the shaft and

is usually the rotating element.

An Outer Ring
This is the larger of the two rings and, like its counterpart
the inner ring, its name is derived from the position it
holds. Conversely, there is a groove on its inside diameter
to form a pathway for the balls. This surface also has the
same high precision finish of the inner ring. The outer ring
is normally placed into a housing and is usually held

stationery.
Rolling Elements
These are the rolling elements that separate the inner and
outer ring and permit the bearing to rotate with minimal
friction. . Rolling elements can be either Balls, Cylindrical
Rollers, Spherical Rollers, Tapered Rollers and Oil in case

of Journal type of Bearings.

A Cage
The main purpose of the cage is to separate the balls,
maintaining an even and consistent spacing, to accurately
guide the balls in the paths, or raceways, during rotation,
and to prevent the balls from falling out. Cage may be of
Steel, Brass, Bronze, or Phenolic composition,
depending upon the type and application of the bearings.

Bearings are designed in such a way that they offer following

advantages: Low Friction--Particularly low starting friction.
The ability to support both radial and thrust load and high
speeds of rotation.
Accurate performance under changing load and speed.
High Load Carrying capacity

Plain bearing
There are two broad types of bearings used in machinery today:
plain and rolling element bearings. This article targets the
special lubrication requirements of plain bearings, also known
as sleeve bearings and journal bearings. The plain bearing
consists of a shaft, also called a journal, and a supporting
component, which may be a shell around the shaft called a
sleeve, a half shell that the shaft fits into, two half shells (top
and bottom parts) or a multipart shell.

Plain bearings are used for high radial loads (perpendicular to

the axis of the shaft) and low to high speeds. Typical
3

applications include turbines, large milling systems, engine

cranks, compressors, gearboxes, shaft bearing supports, etc.
Every journal bearing has some common design characteristics
as shown in
The components that are separated by the oil film in a plain
bearing are the bearing liner and the shaft. The shaft is
composed of high-quality, wear-resistant, structurally strong
steel. The bearing liner may be made of a single layer or
multiple layers, depending on the design features of the
equipment
Lubrication Regime
Under normal operating conditions, the lubrication regime will
be a hydrodynamic full-fluid film. A hydrodynamic film occurs
when there is sufficient lubricant between the lubricated
surfaces at the point of loading to form a fluid wedge that
separates the sliding surfaces. In this state, the lubricated
components do not touch each another, reducing friction and
wear.
This condition is represented by the equation ZN/P, where Z =
viscosity, N = speed (rpm) and P = load. This equation is
represented by. The curve on this graph is called the Stribeck
Curve. It is the classical representation of the relationship
between speed, load and friction.
Mixed film conditions occur when a loss of the film resulting in
momentary contact between the two surfaces is apparent. This
can occur in response to momentary variations in loading, called
shock-loading, that can collapse the film, resulting in physical
contact of opposing asperities.

Another condition that can occur is boundary film lubrication.

This is when the film that separates the surfaces undergoes
significant loss resulting in a high load of metal-to-metal
contact. This happens any time the relative motion of
component surfaces are slow and no oil film is formed.
Lubrication Needs of a Plain Bearing
Operating under proper speed, surface area, viscosity and oil
volume, a plain bearing can support very heavy loads. The
balance between these conditions is important. If the load or the
speed changes, the lubricant viscosity must be adjusted to
compensate for the change. There is no simple formula that is
used to calculate the viscosity requirements for oil lubricated
plain bearings, but the ZN/P formula demonstrates the results of
complex calculations used to arrive at the proper clearance.
Criteria to consider once you have identified the proper viscosity
grade include oxidation stability, corrosion inhibition, wear
protection, water and air separation properties, etc. Because
plain bearings can be used in a variety of applications, there is
no single set of criteria that should be used. Selection depends
on the equipment design and operating conditions.
Plain bearings are normally oil lubricated, but may be lubricated
with grease for slow-speed equipment, particularly if they are
subject to frequent starts and stops or the bearings may be
physically difficult to reach.

The type and amount of grease depends on continuous

replenishment of the body of grease that is held within the
dynamic clearances (empty spaces while the bearing is turning)
in order to maintain effective lubricant condition and
hydrodynamic lift. Equipment with poor sealing characteristics
may require a heavier body of lubricant and more frequent
replenishment cycles.
Under manual (intermittent) relubrication, the volume and the
frequency are influenced by operating conditions, grease quality
and available time for the task. Grease selection begins with
consideration of the oil to be used. Heavy oils are used to
formulate greases used to manually lubricate plain bearings in
high-duty service.
After the proper viscosity oil has been selected, then the soap
thickener, oxidation and rust characteristics, worked
consistency properties, pumpability (for automatic systems) and
load-bearing (EP/AW) properties are considered. For long
intervals and very heavy loading, solid additives such as
molybdenum disulfide or graphite may be incorporated. The
solid additives would serve to mechanically prevent metal
contact in mixed film and boundary lubrication conditions.

Wear and Failure Modes in Plain Bearings

There are several factors that can wipe or damage a plain
bearing surface. Abrasive wear is one of the most common. If
the wear is caused by a hard particle rubbing between the
lubricated surfaces, it is called three-body wear. Wear caused by
an asperity on one surface cutting the other surface is called
two-body abrasion.
Wear can also result from insufficient volume of lubricant
(starvation leading to boundary conditions), overheated
lubricant (viscosity at operating temperature cannot support the
7

load causing frictional heat and additional oil thinning), rough

surfaces (asperities on the journal cause rubbing), imbalance
(improper loading of the support element causing shock
loading), journal eccentricity (egg-shaped journal causing
rubbing on the high spots), and metal fatigue from improper
metallurgy. Journal bearing wear can be effectively monitored by
oil and ferrographic analysis.

Types of bearing

Radial deep groove ball bearings (R-, L-, RI-)

Characteristics :
The radial deep groove ball bearing is a very popular
bearing. It is able to carry both radial and axial forces.
Types :
Open, shield, and seal types
Metric and inch series

Flanged radial deep groove ball bearings (RF-, LF-,

RIF-)
Characteristics :
The flanged radial deep groove ball bearing is a radial ball
bearing with a flange featured on one side of the outer
ring surfaceThe flange makes the axis direction for
housing assembly easier to discern.
Types :
Open, shield, and seal types
Metric and inch series
* Stainless steel is the standard material.

Radial deep groove ball bearings with a snap ring

on the outer ring (RNR-, LNR-)

Characteristics :
. A radial deep groove ball bearing with a snap ring on the
outer ring is comprised of an outside containing ring on a
face of the outer ring surface, which makes axis
orientation more identifiable and construction less time
consuming.
Types :
Open and shield types
* High carbon chromium steel is the standard material.

Ultra thin radial ball bearings (A-)

Characteristics :
The bore to outer diameter ratio in ultra thin radial ball
bearings exceeds that of standard radial ball bearings.
Types :
Open and shield types
* Stainless steel is the standard material.

Plain Bearings

10

Plain bearings can be classified into two types

hydrodynamic bearings and hydrostatic bearings.
Hydrodynamic bearings attained lift between the
mating surfaces by wedging lubricant into the
contact area with a relatively high rotational speed.
The

disadvantage of this

design is the lack of lubricant on the surfaces when

the shaft begins to rotate. Thus machineries that
utilize this type of bearings should not be subjected
to a high load during startup.
Hydrostatics bearings utilize an external source to
force lubricant into the contact. They are used in
heavily loaded and slow moving machines where
the rotation speed is not great enough to form full
film lubrication. Below is a summary of the most
commonly used plain bearings; with the first three
being hydrodynamic bearings and the last one is
hydrostatic bearing.

Circumferential Groove Bearings

This type of bearings has an oil groove extending

circumferentially around the bearing. The oil is
maintained under pressure in the groove. The
groove divides the bearing into two shorter bearings
that tend to run at a slightly greater eccentricity.

11

This design is most commonly used in reciprocating

load main and connecting rod bearings because of
the uniformity of oil distribution.

Pressure Bearings
Pressure bearings employ a groove over the top half
of the bearing. The groove terminates at a sharp
dam about 45 beyond the vertical in the direction
of shaft rotation. Oil is pumped into this groove by
shear action from the rotation of the shaft and is
then stopped by the dam. In high speed operating,
this situation creates a high oil pressure over the
upper half of the bearing.
The pressure created in the oil groove and
surrounding upper half of the bearing increases the
load on the lower half of the bearing. This selfgenerated load increases the shaft eccentricity.
Stability under high speed and low-load condition
can be attained if the eccentricity is increased to 0.6
or greater. The primary disadvantage of this design

12

is dirt in the oil will tend to smooth out the sharp

edge of the dam and impair the effectiveness to
create high pressures.

Multiple Groove Bearings

Multiple groove bearings are sometimes used to

provide increased oil flow. The interruptions in oil
flow film also appear to give this bearing some merit
as a stable design.

13

Hydrostatic Bearings

Hydrostatic bearings are used when operating

conditions require full film lubrication that cannot be
developed hydro dynamically. The hydrostatically
lubricated bearing is supplied with lubricant under
pressure from an external source. Advantages of the
hydrostatic bearing over bearings of other type are
lower friction, higher load capacity, higher reliability,
and longer life.

14

Single-Row Ball Bearing, Non-Filling Slot

This type of ball bearing is also known as the Conrad

or Deep-groove type. It is a symmetrical unit
capable of taking combined radial and thrust loads.
This type of bearing is not self-aligning therefore
accurate alignment between shaft and housing bore
is required.

15

Cylindrical Roller

These bearings have solid or helically wound hollow

cylindrical rollers. The free ring may have a
restraining flange to provide some restraint to
endwise movement in one direction or maybe
without a flange so that the bearing rings may be
displaced axially with respect to each other.

16

Tapered Roller

Tapered roller bearings are a variation on the

cylindrical rollers. They are held in accurate
alignment by a guide flange on the inner ring. The
shape of the roller is tapered rather than straight
right cylindrical. This allows thrust loads to be
withstood in addition to the radial loads.

17

Needle Roller

Needle bearings are characterized by their relatively

small size rollers. The diameter of needle roller is
usually less than " in diameter. The length of
needle roller can range from 3 to 10 times of its
diameter. The loose-roller is the most widely used
needle roller and it has no integral races. The
needle rollers are located directly between the shaft
and the outer bearing bore. This type of bearing is
capable of high radial load capacity.

18

Bearing works
Animation of ball bearing (without a cage).The inner ring rotates
and the outer ring is stationary
There are at least 6 common principles of operation:

Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushing, journal

bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing

Rolling-element bearing such as ball bearings and roller

bearings

Jewel bearing, in which the load is carried by rolling the axle

slightly off-centre

Fluid bearing, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid

Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a magnetic

field

Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load

element which bends.

Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:

axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation

19

linear motion e.g. drawer

spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint

hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee

Friction
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to
reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and
to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing.
Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape,
by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid between
surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic
field.

By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers,

or by forming flexure bearings.

By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used.

(An example would be using plastics that have low surface
friction.)

By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a

lubricant or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts
from touching, or by reducing the normal force between them.

By fields, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic

fields, to keep solid parts from touching.

20

Loads
Bearings vary greatly over the size and directions of forces that
they can support.
Forces can be predominately radial, axial (thrust bearings) or
bending moments perpendicular to the main axis.
Speeds
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits.
Speed is typically specified as maximum relative surface
speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s. Rotational bearings typically
describe performance in terms of the product DN where D is the
mean diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and N is the
rotation rate in revolutions per minute.
Generally there is considerable speed range overlap between
bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle only lower speeds,
rolling element bearings are faster, followed by fluid bearings
and finally magnetic bearings which are limited ultimately by
centripetal force overcoming material strength.
Play
Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions
and accept only limited play or "slop" as the applied load

21

changes. One source of motion is gaps or "play" in the bearing.

For example, a 10 mm shaft in a 12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As example,
a wheelbarrow wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads
may be hundreds of newtons force left or right, and it is
typically acceptable for the wheel to wobble by as much as
10 mm under the varying load. In contrast, a lathe may position
a cutting tool to 0.02 mm using a ball lead screw held by
rotating bearings. The bearings support axial loads of thousands
of newtons in either direction, and must hold the ball lead
screw to 0.002 mm across that range of loads

Stiffness
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing itself. For
example, the balls in a ball bearing are like stiff rubber, and
under load deform from round to a slightly flattened shape. The
race is also elastic and develops a slight dent where the ball
presses on it.
The stiffness of a bearing is how the distance between the parts
which are separated by the bearing varies with applied load.
With rolling element bearings this is due to the strain of the ball
and race. With fluid bearings it is due to how the pressure of the
fluid varies with the gap (when correctly loaded, fluid bearings
are typically stiffer than rolling element bearings).

Service life

22

Rolling element bearings

Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature,
maintenance, lubrication, material defects, contamination,
handling, installation and other factors. These factors can all
have a significant effect on bearing life. For example, the
service life of bearings in one application was extended
dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before
installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused
lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was its
own weight the resulting damage is often false brine ling.
Bearing life is statistical: several samples of a given bearing will
often exhibit a bell curve of service life, with a few samples
showing significantly better or worse life. Bearing life varies
because microscopic structure and contamination vary greatly
even where macroscopically they seem identical.
Plain bearings
For plain bearings some materials give much longer life than
others. Some of the John Harrison clocks still operate after
hundreds of years because of the lignum vitaewood employed
in their construction, whereas his metal clocks are seldom run
due to potential wear.
Flexure bearings
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of material. Flexure
bearings bend a piece of material repeatedly. Some materials
fail after repeated bending, even at low loads, but careful
material selection and bearing design can make flexure bearing
life indefinite.

23

Short-life bearings
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not
necessary. Tedric A. Harris describes a bearing for a rocket
motor oxygen pump that gave several hours life, far in excess of
the several tens of minutes life needed.

Advantages bearing : Even in weak soil a pile will not fail by buckling and this effect
need only be considered if part of the pile is unsupported, i.e. if it
is in either air or water.

24

 Bearing piles transfer the load through a soft soil to an underlying

firm stratum. They also distribute the load through relatively soft
soils that are not capable of supporting
concentrated loads.
Typical end-bearing piles are driven through very soft soil, such as
a loose silt-bearing stratum underlain by compressible strata. This
factor when determining the load the piles can support safely.

Disadvantages bearing : the soil surrounding the pile may adhere to the surface of the

pile and causes "Negative Skin Friction" on the pile.

the pile is unsupported if is in air or water
They require large supply of lubricating oil
Suitable only for relative low temperature and speed
Starting resistance is much greater than running resistance due to slow build up of
lubricant film around the bearing surface.

DIS-ASSAMBLE OF BEARING

25

Grease seal

grease seals close spaces between stationary and moving

components in mechanical equipment, helping prevent
lubricant escape.

Inner/outer bearing and race

race is a ring with a groove where the balls rest. The

groove is usually shaped so the ball is a slightly loose fit in
the groove. Bearing component with the inner raceway on
its OD surface.

Rotor

as enabling smooth and quiet rotation, they also perform

an important function by taking on the motor's load

Washer

a spacer, spring (belleville washer, wave washer), wear

pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to
reduce vibration. And as spread a load, and prevent
damage to the surface being fixed

Cap

26

a device designed to fit around a bearing to support or im

mobilize it.

APPARATUS/TOOLS :
1.

Adjustable
wrench set
2.

ratchet and

socket set

3.

safety glove
STEPS/PROCEDURES :
1. Initially, the bearings will be
opened using adjustable wrench set ratchet and socket set and.
2. Once opened, we will make good on the check.

27

3. We will identify problems that occur on the bearings. among

the problems that were identified:
- rust
- scratches
- cracking
4. After that, we make a repair by
making maintenance repair and preventive
maintenance.
5 After that, we reinstall the bearing with an update after
the maintenance is complete

DATA / ANALYSIS :

28

Rust and Scratch

Wear and Cracking

FAILUR

COUSES
- fretting, water

RUST
-

and humidity
defective

SOLVING
- prevent bearing
from the wet

29

rust on inner on

washing oil and

surfacing area

and outer ring

lubricant, water,

and use the

humidity
sliding abrasion,

anti-rust

WEAR
-

bearing of
on inner and

insufficient

outer ring

hardness,

Use the proper

bearing to get
the efficient of
bearing motion.

contamination
by foregn
matter, shorter
of lubricant,
improper
SCRATCHES
-

Scratches on

element caused

raceway surface

by centrifugal

on thrust

force during

bearing

rotation
Improper

CRACKING
-

lubricant.
Sliding of rolling

lubricant, high

Crack on case

speed

and rear main

operation,

bearing seal

vibration impact
too strong,

Do not put
overload on the
bearing

Use the proper

lubricant and
make the
alignments to
the bearing

advanced stage
of wear

30

DISCUSSION :
Major Parts
The four major parts of this type of bearing are the shaft
journal the removable bearing shell halves, usually steel
with a soft alloy lining the bearing shell support halves
and the oil that actually makes up the bearing action.
Since most crankshafts are either cast or forged, they
tend to be all one piece, and the bearing journals are
machined into the rough shape that comes from the
casting or forging process. The shells and supports are
split exactly in half at the bottom of the engine block to
allow the crankshaft to be inserted into top half-rounds in
the block. The caps that make up the bottom half rounds
of each bearing are then bolted into place under the
crankshaft so that each crankshaft main bearing and
connecting rod journal is completely surrounded by a
bearing surface that conforms tightly.
The resulting bearing clearances are ideally in the realm
of ten thousandths to thousandths of an inch (thousandths

31

to hundredths of a millimetre) and the journals are

virtually perfectly round. Holes and grooves in each main
bearing shell allow pressurized motor oil coming from the
oil galleys in the engine block to flood each bearing with
oil, which continually runs out the side of the bearings and
returns to the oil pan. Besides providing a thin slippery
film that prevents metal-to-metal contact, the oil performs
several other functions, too. First, it hydraulically fills the
bearing clearance, providing a viscous damping effect. It
also cools the metal bearing surfaces as it circulates

Importance of Regular Lubrication

That oil doesnt just get into the bearing on its own,
though it has to be maintained. Engine owners usually
have to regularly check the fluid levels to be sure that the
parts have all they need to maintain proper levels of
lubrication. The shaft takes oil from the reservoir and
distributes it along its length.
Automotive professionals typically consider journal
bearings to be sliding bearings as opposed to rolling
bearings, such as ball bearings. Despite this
categorization, a shaft spinning within a journal bearing is
actually separated from the bearings metal facing by an
extremely thin film of continuously supplied motor oil that

32

prevents metal-to-metal contact. As such, it allows the

crankshaft to normally be contacted only by oil, which
explains the long life of engines that get regular oil
changes.

CONCLUSION
Bearings is a critical component that is essential in
a machine. Bearings in rotating movements only.
To obtain use of bearing in a long time, the bearings need to be
maintained properly managed. Between maintenance involved
on bearing is preventive maintenance. Bearing lubricant will be
placed to avoid rupture. In addition, the bearings have been
damaged will be replaced with new bearings.
New bearings fittedto a machine stuck onbearings,will do align
ment for bearings not to any vibration .problems
that frequently occur the bearing is broken, cracks, wear

33

and corrosion. by
making maintenance well, bearings can hold with a longer life
span.

REFERENCES
http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/
ArticleID/130/Bearings.aspx#
http://www.americanbearings.org/?
page=what_are_bearings
http://www.schaeffler.com/remotemedien/media/_shared_
media/08_media_library/01_publications/barden/brochure_
2/downloads_24/barden_bearing_failures_us_en.pdf
Bearings. Bearing Kits; Engine Bearings; Metric/Standard Bearings;
(BOOKS)

APPENDIX

34

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

35

JJ615

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY OF JOURNAL BEARING

(GROUP 5)

STUDENT NAME:
NAME

NO. MATRIX

LECTURE NAME:
EN MUTIMAN BIN MAT

CONTENTS
36

TITLE
OBJECTIVE
THEORY

PAGE
1
1-24

APPARATUS

25

WORK PROCEDURE

26

RESULT
DISCUSION

27-28
29-30

CONCULISION

31

REFERENCES

31

APPENDIX

32

37