Model Answers

MODEL ANSWERS
FOR
MAINS MOCK TEST SERIES 2014
GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-1

2014-GS-1

General Knowledge Today

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2 UP SC CIVI L SER VICES ( M AIN S) EX AMI NATION 2014

1. Answer the following Questions

[A] Bhagvad Gita is essence of Vedas, Upanishads and six systems of Hindu philosophy. Discuss (100
words)
The Bhagavad Gita, which is a part of Mahabharata, is a concise version of all important knowledge garnered
from ancient Hindu scriptures and texts. According to the text of the Gita, it is the cream of the Vedas and the
essence of Upanishads, which is in itself the essence of the Vedas. If the Upanishad was a cow, then the Gita is
the milk, and Krishna the milker. The six systems of Hindu Philosophy also draw upon the Vedas as the
authoritative text. Hence, The Vedas, Upanishads and the six systems are interconnected and the Gita is the
succinct essence of them all.

[B] The images of yakshas and yakshinis come to us from time immemorial. Discuss their importance
in Indian culture. (100 words)
Yakshas, and their female counterparts, Yakshinis, are mythological creatures / demi-gods found in Hindu, Jain
and Buddhist culture. References to yakshas have been made in the epics and Puranas, including Mahabharata
and Ramayana, and also in Kalidasas Meghadoot. In Indian mythology, Lord Kubera is a Yaksha. Yakshas are
also worshipped as local deities in some traditions. In Hindu temples, Yakshinis are depicted alongside major
deities, and are most commonly found at the entrance / railings of temples. Also, they are depicted as
associate or attendant deities of Bodhisattvas and Tirthankaras in Buddhist and Jain sculpture respectively.
Thus, they have an important component of Indian art, culture, mythology and sculpture. The most livid
examples of ancient Yakhsha images are the Didarganj Yakhsini at Patna, which belongs to Maurya era.

2. The early medieval period was marked by remarkable developments in the spheres of regional art and
architecture in India. Discuss. (200 words)
Early medieval India saw numerous land grants which led to immobility of the masses leading to development
of local arts, culture, customs, architecture and languages. The Indian subcontinent was characterized by a
large number of states. As each of these states angled for a superior position, they found new means of
establishing their supremacy. Each regional power provided its patronage to art and architecture, and
distinctive styles evolved in different regions.
While there were new developments in the style of temples in North India, South Indian temples evolved as a
distinct tradition during the early medieval period. The period witnessed some architecture inspired by the
Gupta era (especially in Orissa) and the growth of various new styles. In the Deccan, the Kakatiyas and Hoysalas
built unique temples, examples of which can now be found in the Ramappa temple at Palampet and the royal
temples at Belur and Halebid. Unique contributions to architecture made by the Rashtrakutas are visible in the
Ellora and Elephanta caves. Temples in Gujarat and the Dilwara Temple in Rajasthan (and other Jain architecture) is also a product of this period.
The later medieval period witnessed the rise and fall of multiple regional kingdoms. This fostered the construction of various temples and sculptures. Some examples of regional works are the Badami caves built by the
Chalukya Dynasty, the Khajuraho temples built by the Chandelas, Shore Temple at Mamallapuram built by the
Pallava Dynasty and the Great Living Chola Temples.
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3. Examine the contribution of Munshi Premchand in achieving excellence in Hindi Literature. (200 words)
Munshi Premchands contribution to Hindi Literature is immense, and he was one of the foremost Hindi writers
of his time. He was not only a novel writer, but also a story writer and dramatist of over a dozen novels, two
plays and around 250 short stories. He also authored several essays and translations of foreign literary works
into the Hindi language.

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One of Munshi Premchands major contributions was bringing realism () to Hindi literature, which
consisted mainly of fantasy or religious works before his writings became popular. Premchand wrote his novels
in simple language which could be read by the masses, and avoided purism in the usage of Hindi. His works
were very realistic, and were usually set in the times he lived in.
Premchand drew inspiration for his works from the social and cultural upheavals that he witnessed in Indian
society. His works discussed problems of rural and urban India and touched upon varies issues like communalism, corruption, zamindari system, debt & poverty, colonialism etc. His stories accurately captured the social
scenario of his times, making him an able social commentator. His prose was precise, and his writing was
succinct and lucid. Though he couldnt directly discuss a multitude of issues to rampant censorship, his
perceptive writing did emphasize on issues plaguing society through his well-drawn protagonists. Premchands
contribution to Hindi literature is unparalleled, and his work outstanding even when compared to other
regional works produced during his time.

4. In many ways, the Sufi and Bhakti Movements helped to establish communal harmony and laid the foundation
of a composite Indian culture. Discuss. (200 words)
Essence of both Bhakti and Sufi movements was that they are not purists. Purism brings bigotry. Both of them
brought Hindus and Muslim closer and thus contributing in compote culture of the country.
The early Sufi saints laid great emphasis on love and had a pantheistic approach that was inherently in conflict
with orthodoxy. Some practices of Sufi saints such as penance, fasting and holding the breath are sometimes
traced to the Buddhist and Hindu yogic influences. Also, other evidence suggests that Hindu and Buddhist
rituals have been absorbed and assimilated by the Sufis. The similarities between Hinduism, Buddhism and
Sufism provided a basis for mutual toleration and understanding. The Chishti and Suharwardi orders both
helped create a climate of opinion where people belonging to different sects and religions could live in
harmony.
For its part, the Bhakti movement preached against the caste system using the local languages so that the
message reached the masses. The values preached by the Bhakti saints coincided with the Islamic ideas of
equality and brotherhood preached by Sufi saints. Together, these saints called for unity between Hindus and
Muslims. The goal of saints like Kabir and Nanak was to unite all castes and creeds. They denounced untouchability and emphasized the fundamental unity of man.

5. "The political activism and radicalism of the Ghadar movement was first and foremost directed at promoting
Indian Independence." Analyze. (200 words)
The origin of the Ghadar Movement was hidden in the immigration laws in Canada and US; but later it became
to free India by means of war. The movement included within its folds fighting for the rights of Indians who
had migrated abroad. It was especially active in USA and Canada, where the Indians who had emigrated faced
widespread discrimination. However, the main goal of the Ghadar movement was freeing India from the yolk of
British colonialism.
The Ghadar was the weekly newspaper of the Ghadar Party, and it was published from San Francisco. The
caption on the masthead of The Ghadar read Angrezi Raj ka Dushman which translates to Enemy of the
British Rule. Also, in the firstMember
issue
of The Ghadar, one of the Partys founders, Kartar Singh Sarabha, wrote
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that the gadar or rebellion begins in foreign lands, but it is a war against the British Raj. His article also stated
that the Party was dedicated to the cause of revolt in India.
The Party spread propaganda in favour of Indian sovereignty all across the world. Its member actively
fought/lobbied for Indian independence, some through their writings and others who trained to physically
fight for their country. An example of the latter is the pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army in February
1915 formulated by the Party. The Party was very active in the revolutionary activities in India and was also
associated with Bhagat Singh.
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4 UP SC CIVI L SER VICES ( M AIN S) EX AMI NATION 2014

6. Examine the economic and social factors which led to the rise of Indian nationalism in the second half of the
nineteenth century. (200 words)
Indian nationalism received an impetus around the second half of the nineteenth century due to many factors
as follows: (only points are given, you could elaborate each of them in one or two lines)
Economic
Development of Means of Communication and Transport
Economic exploitation
Industrial revolution
Peasants resentment
Social
Impact of Western Education
Socio-Religious Reform Movements
Emergence of Modern Press and Nationalist Literature
Racial arrogance of the British
Denial of Higher Jobs to deserving Indians
Revival of glory
Impact of contemporary European Movements
Reactionary Regime of Lytton and the llbert Bill Controversy

7. Discuss the various problems faced by Indian weavers in the 19th century. (200 words)
The British Rajs policy of systematic economic exploitation of India especially hurt Indian weavers and
handloom artists. Industrialization was on the rise in Britain. The British needed a steady supply of raw
materials such as cotton in high quantity to satisfy the demands of the new factories in Britain. So, Britain
imported large quantities of raw cotton. This made raw cotton a scarce commodity. Indian weavers struggled
to even procure raw cotton from the markets.
In turn, the British flooded the Indian markets with the cheaply produced cotton goods from Manchester. Since
these products were manufactured with the help of machines, the inputs costs were low, and they could be
sold at very low prices. Indian weavers were not in a position to compete with these machine-manufactured
goods.
The British effectively wrecked Indias cotton industry. Before becoming a colony of the British, India was the
largest exporter of cotton products in the world. However, after the British introduced their economic policies,
India became an importer of cotton products instead of an exporter.
Also, during the pre-colonial era, weavers received the patronage of Kings and other members of the monarchy and aristocracy. However, in the nineteenth century, weavers were supported neither by the monarchy nor
by the government.

8. "Creation of Pakistan did not end communalism but in many ways helped it penetrate deeper in Indian society
than ever before." Critically analyze. (200 words)
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The partition of British India
into India and Pakistan brought forth and highlighted the communal differences
amongst the people in India. The violence following partition and the rampant displacement of people further
exacerbated the animosity between persons of different communities. The British policy of Divide and Rule
saw its fruition in the partition.
The creation of Pakistan further perpetuated the misconceived notion that India was a country of Hindus.
Instead of a nationalist identification as an Indian, people were viewed on communal lines as either Hindus or
Muslims. The partition made identification on communal lines pervasive and permanent in Indian society. The

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GKTODAYS T ARGET 2014: MODE L S OLUTIO N-1 5

preeminence of communal identities brought about by the partition and the events that followed it is still
prevalent in Indian society.
The partition also witnessed large scale against people of both communities. Hundreds of people perished and
thousands of people fled from their homes. Trains carrying refugees from the other nations were in great
danger of their lives, and the people who did manage to reach alive recounted stories of great horror. This
further fomented distrust and enmity between Hindus and Muslims. Not only did this increase the level of
animosity between the two nations it also increased hatred amongst Indian Hindus and Muslims for the other
community.

9. 9. Critically examine the compulsions that led to imposition of emergency in 1970s in India. (200 words)
From the early 1970s, there was a great deal of discontent in India. There was increasing unemployment and
corruption, fall in supply of essential commodities and demonstrations against rising prices. The till then
unchallenged popularity of the Congress Party was under fire in some states. With this atmosphere prevalent
in the country, the Allahabad High Court was hearing a case against Indira Gandhi for election malpractices.
The Allahabad High Court then declared her election to the Parliament invalid on two corruption charges in the
conduct of her poll campaign. She was accused of using government resources during her poll campaigns.
Gandhi appealed against the ruling in the Supreme Court, which granted her a conditional stay whereby she
could be a Member of the Parliament but had to relinquish her Prime-Ministership. This was one of the factors
that precipitated the declaration of Emergency.
Also, the Courts verdict gave more cause to persons protesting against the government. Jayaprakash Narayan
initiated Total Revolution which involved a nationwide plan of demonstrations in every state capital. He and
various political personalities called for Indira Gandhi to step down.
These factors led Gandhi to ask the President to declare Emergency because she believed that India was
heading towards systematic failure due to social, economic and political crisis.

10. Bring out the similarities and differences between the fascist regime in Italy and the national socialist regime of
Germany. (200 words)
Though ideologically different, there are some striking similarities between Italian Fascism and German
National Socialism. Both adopt a negative view of human nature that sees the common masses as lacking
intellectual capabilities to understand political issues. Instead, it places its faith in the selected few political elite
within which an individual leader plays a dominant role. Only these few are believed the have the capabilities
required to make complex decisions for the well being of the nation as a whole. Both are also united in their
rejection of liberalism, democracy and Marxism and embrace an extreme form of Social Darwinism. Both
ideologies also had an extreme ultra-nationalist view that believed in their own nations supremacy and
justified military conquest.
As for the differences between the two, racism is more rampant in German National Socialism than Fascism.
Racial prejudice is a central theme of German National Socialism, unlike Fascism. The foreign policy objectives
of both ideologies also differ. Italian Fascisms brand of nationalism drove Italy to conquer additional territories
in the Balkans and Northern Africa. However, German foreign policy objectives were huge in scope and were
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coloured by racial motivations.

11. "Decolonialization created nations that cut across ethnic divides, in many cases leading to civil war." Discuss
giving reference to Post Colonial Africa. (200 words)
All the countries in the African continent with the notable exceptions of Ethiopia and Liberia started out as
colonies. Thus, the colonial legacy and the repercussions of its aftermath are still observable in Africa.
The decolonization of Africa was marked by drawing up of arbitrary borders during Scramble of Africa with no
heed given to ethnic and cultural divisions. The straight line borders which we see today in African continent
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6 UP SC CIVI L SER VICES ( M AIN S) EX AMI NATION 2014

were one of the results of such arbitrary demarcation. The European colonizers imposed on the Africans,
borders which did not correspond to their traditional territories. This set the course for ethnic conflicts and
genocides which are still prevalent in Africa.
Till a few years back, civil wars raged in Mozambique, Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau,
Ivory Coast, Chad and Uganda. Rwanda has witnessed genocide and the International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda was constituted to prosecute the people responsible for the violence. Sudan was divided into Sudan
and South Sudan after years of violence due to religious and ethnic divide. Even after the partition, the
Sudanese border areas still face ethnic violence. The Kenyan president, Uhuru Kenyatta, faces the charge of
committing crimes against humanity before the International Criminal Court. All the above cited examples are
instances of conflicts aggravated by ethnic divides in a nation. These ethnic divides were caused by the
mindless drawing of border by the colonial powers.

12. Critically examine globalization as a challenge on threat to nation states as dominant form of polity today. Do you
think that globalization has led to an eclipse of the nation state? (200 words)
Globalization has ushered an era where domestic agenda is not the only sphere where the government has to
engage the population. It has led to a high level of interconnectedness in the world which has led to international issues and foreign policy also affecting issues that have strictly been domestic till now.
Globalization has led to increased multilateral and bilateral cooperation between nations. Also, multilateral
organizations on various issues have been constituted to oversee collaboration between nations and provide
assistance for the same. However, these alliances or organization cannot replace the nation state. They have
mildly diluted the powers of nations and have grown as another epicenter of power, but they are not set to
replace the nation states as a dominant form of polity, at least in the foreseeable future.
Though globalization has eclipsed the role of the nation to some extent by bringing forth the entrance of
international players in the power hierarchy. But still, nation is the dominant form of polity and nations are here
to stay. Wherever, no sovereign state can effectively function when in isolation from the international community. Being a part of the international community brings with it its own restriction and limitations on exercise of
sovereignty by the state.

13. Answer the following Questions:

[A] Discuss the implications of services led growth in Indian economy on the pattern of employment
in the country. (100 words)
The natural economic progression of a nations economy goes from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing
reliant economy to an economy that is heavily dependent on its services. India managed to leapfrog directly
from agrarian to a service sector oriented economy. An economy that owes a major share of its GDP to
manufacturing creates more jobs. Also, the service sector in India did not result in the creation of jobs in
proportion to its contribution to GDP. The services sector led growth in India resulted in creation of fewer jobs
thus contributing to greater unemployment. This is also known as Jobless growth.

[B] Name of Gulzarilal Nanda is firmly connected with India's labour reforms. Comment. (100
words)
Gulzarilal Nanda was an economist who specialized in labour issues. He held various posts like Labour Minister
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of the Bombay Government during 194650 (where he successfully piloted the Labor Disputes Bill in the state
assembly) , Secretary of the Hindustan Mazdoor Sevak Sangh (Indian Labor Welfare Organization), President of
the Indian National Trade Union Congress (he was instrumental in its organization also), Union Minister for
Labour, Employment and Planning in 1957 and Union Minister for Labour and Employment during 1962
1963. He was also a government delegate to the International Labor Conference in 1947 and led the Indian
delegation to the International Labor Conference in Geneva in 1959. Throughout his career in these various
position, he sought to bring about labour reforms.
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GKTODAYS T ARGET 2014: MODE L S OLUTIO N-1 7

Extra Note Nanda was the Prime Minister of India for two short periods following the deaths of Jawaharlal
Nehru in 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966.

14. Enumerate the drivers of internal migration and its impacts on India's economic and social life. (200 words)
According to statistics, about two out of ten Indians are internal migrants who have moved across district or
state lines. The highest number of migrants hail from underdeveloped states where scope for employment is
less, suggesting that this is a major contributing factor. Employment opportunities, marriage of girls and
impoverish conditions are the major reasons that drive internal migration in India.
Seasonal or circular migration tends to occur mostly in search of employment opportunities. In such scenarios,
the persons dont tend to stay in a particular location for more than six month. Providing them with access to
social services during this duration poses a challenge to the administrative authorities. The poorest of the poor
constitute a major portion of seasonal migrants; and their migration results in their being left out of the
governments schemes that could potentially provide them with subsidized food, insurance and other social
security. The migrants face issues of documentation and identity, lack of housing, limited access to formal
financial services and political exclusion. The migrants also face exploitation at every stage. They face discrimination and abuse in some states where there is a perception that the migrants take away the jobs from the
locals. Internal migration, though an inevitability in many cases, poses challenges to both the government and
the migrants.

15. Present a critical overview of the legislative framework against Dowry in India. (200 words)
Dowry is defined as any direct or indirect demand made by the groom/his family before/during/after the
wedding asking for cash, valuable security, property or any other favours.
Dowry was first deemed illegal, through a statute, by the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961.
Prior to the enactment of specific provisions relating to dowry, section 406 of the IPC (Indian Penal
Code, which states the punishment for criminal breach of trust, was usually applied in cases of investigation pertaining to recovery of dowry from the husband and his family. Under this section, the offence
is non-bailable and cognizable.
Section 498A of the IPC was inserted through an amendment in 1983. It punishes the husband/his
relatives for subjecting a women to cruelty with imprisonment of up till 3 years and fine. However, this
provision has been subject to debate because of its mis-use by wife or her kin.
Section 304B of the IPC was inserted through an amendment in 1986. It prescribes the punishment for
dowry death as a minimum of 7 years imprisonment, which may extend to life imprisonment.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 defines dowry as any physical or mental
harm caused by an unlawful demand for dowry as domestic violence within the ambit of the legislation.

16. Critically examine the effect of globalization on children in India. (200 words)
Globalization affects children in a multitude of ways. Globalization has had an effect on migration and family
patterns. Though on the surface it may seem a remote concern to children, it affects the lives and prospects of
children, especially poor and disadvantaged ones, in varied ways.
Economic globalization has led
toName:
increased
foreign
private
sector investment
and the privatization of basic
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services in many countries. This has resulted in an increased level of involvement of private sector in childrens
lives. This raises concerns with respect to childrens rights. In many instances, the impact of multination
corporations on children has been profoundly negatives. Privatization of basic services in western countries
has raised concerns regarding equity, quality and capabilities of services which have been deemed responsible
for delivering childrens most basic of rights. The overarching emphasis on economic gains has trickled down,
and had an adverse effect on children.

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8 UP SC CIVI L SER VICES ( M AIN S) EX AMI NATION 2014

With the advent of globalization, some developing countries have emerged as export hubs. International and
domestic labour laws are rampantly breached in many of these countries. The sweatshops in these countries
employ children in flagrant non-compliance of various statutes and treaties. However, though globalization has
had an adverse effect on children, it is not yet irreversible.
At the same time, there are some positive impacts also. Globalization has been able to decrease child labour to
some extent. It has also led to improved status of women, who are better educated and aware. This has
resulted in better upbringing of the children.

17. The establishment of the European Union has a number of geographic implications. Discuss. (200 words)
The formation of the European Union (EU) and the consequent integration of economies has facilitated the
movement of goods, services and people alike. In terms of sheer size, the small European nation states have
evolved into one entity that together is large and possesses immense political and economic clout. This
provides an advantage to businesses with expansionary interests. An enterprise that was limited only to, say
Germany, can now expand all across Europe. With new nations still aligning themselves with the European
Union, and more states wishing to be a part of the Union, there is only scope for further growth and expansion.
The establishment of the EU has also irrevocably changed the economic geography of the region. This has not
only affected businesses and their strategies but also people. The open borders facilitate migration. The
number of persons migrating for purposes of employment has increased multi-fold since the establishment of
the EU.
Another repercussion of the integration of the largely West European powers has in effect isolated the East
European powers that are not a part of the EU. These relatively smaller East European powers have been left
with no option but to align themselves with either the EU or Russia and its Soviet-era allies so as to preserve
and protect their economic interests.

18. Natural resources are distributed unevenly throughout the world. What are the consequences of uneven resource
distribution? Discuss. (200 words)
There have been multiple consequences of uneven distribution of natural resources like:a. Uneven distribution has been a determining factor in human settlement and distribution of
populations. Regions with greater resources tend to be prosperous and offer more scope for
employment, thus, it sees a greater number of settlers and has high population.
b. For the reasons mentioned above, lots of people migrate to regions with higher natural resources in search of better living conditions and economic opportunities.
c. Uneven distribution of resources has also led to trade between far-flung areas of the world.
When a region does not possess the resources its population it requires, it has to engage in
trade with another region which has such resources, thus providing an impetus to international
trade. Increased trade also leads to other aspects such as increased cooperation, cultural exchanges etc
d. Conquest, conflict and war Conquerors since the ancient ages have been drawn towards regions/countries that have been endowed with immense natural resources. Even in todays world,
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countries have invaded other regions with the reason of gaining control over their resources,
even if the publicly stated and purported reason is different
e. Wealth and quality of life Resource-rich regions of the world tend to be more wealthy and
prosperous. The exploitation of the resources leads to the wealth and prosperity. This, in turn,
provides the people there with a higher standard of living and better quality of life.

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19. Discuss the strategic, economic, political and religious significance of West Asia and North Africa (WANA) for
the world. (200 words)
The West Asia North Africa (WANA) region, with Morocco in the west, Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east,
Turkey in the north, and Ethiopia and Sudan in the south, is characterized by high population growth, low and
erratic rainfall, limited arable land, and severely limited water resources. It is the center of East and West and a
centre of Crude Oil Production. It touches important supply lines and is gateway to central and south Asia. It is
also birthplace of Islam and cradle of various ancient cultures
This religion is also a virtual landmine because it has gone relatively unexploited due to limitations arising out
of regional conflicts. There is great disparity in this region, with some very rich oil-producing nations and some
underdeveloped nations. A major share of the population of this region is adherents of the Islam faith. The
region derives most its economic importance due to the minerals, fossil fuels and oil it holds. Its strategic
importance is derived from its proximity to Asia and the fact that this region effectively controls a lions share
of energy resources of the world. Many of the areas in this region are mired in unending ethnic and sectarian
conflicts which are stopping them from realizing their true potential. Apart from being rich in natural resources,
the region is also rich in human resources. There is a large quantum of labour workforce in this region which is
being underutilized.

20. The industrial revolution changed England in character & culture. Discuss. (200 words)
The Industrial Revolution changed England and its character and culture irrevocably. Industrialization led to
rapid urbanization. This led to deplorable living conditions, dense and cramped housing. People abandoned
agriculture in favour of steady and stable work in factories. The new city and factory culture affect family
patterns and other familial dynamics. During the Industrial Revolution, there were no laws governing child
labour and setting standards. Children were employed in factories. The working conditions for adult and child
alike were terrible. The lack of safety precautions took a toll on public health. There was also large scale
pollution which adversely affected the environment around the factories. The Thames was destroyed and used
as a sewage, and took decades to clean up later. These ill effects of the industrial revolution also gave rise to
groups that were anti-technology like the Luddites.
The industrial revolution, though it endangered the health of its people, also provided employment to scores
of people and provided opportunities to enterprising entrepreneurs. New and quicker transport networks
using canals and railways were established, facilitating the movement of people and goods alike. The Banking
sector grew, and the productivity of almost all sectors of industry improved. Though it had its critics, the
industrial revolution brought about revolutionary changes in all aspects of life of the British.

21. Answer the following questions:

[A] Differentiate between Frontogenesis and Frontolysis. (100 words)
Frontogenesis is the formation or intenstification of a meterological front. The front is formed or developed
through the meeting of air or water masses from different origins. This is caused by an increase in the
horizontal thermal gradient meaning the difference in temperature of adjacent air masses has increased.
However, if the difference in temperature of adjacent air masses decrease, the front dissipates of weakens, and
this is called frontolysis.
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[B] Differentiate between cold front and warm front (100 words)

Fronts may be defined as boundaries between air masses of different temperatures. If warm air moves toward
cold air, it is called a warm front. However, if cold air is moving toward warm air, then it is called a cold front. A
cold front is generally associated with a warm front, with a low pressure center connecting/separating them.

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10 UPSC CIVI L SE RVICE S (M AIN S) EX AMI N ATIO N 201 4

22. The countries in Asia have many reasons to become significant players in the field of Geothermal Energy.
Discuss. (200 words)

Geothermal energy has been in use in Asia since the 3rd century BC. Today, conventional geothermal power
exploits naturally occurring pockets of steam or hot water close to the Earths surface in order to generate
electricity. Such conditions are rare, therefore the majority of todays geothermal power projects are located in
areas where such anomalies are most likely to be present. Most of these projects are located in USA, Philippines and Indonesia which are the top three countries in installed geothermal power production capacity
globally. Although North America has the largest number of projects in the pipeline, the Asia Pacific region has
the most reported capacity under development. The island nations of Indonesia and the Philippines account
for 63% of reported projects across the Asia Pacific region due to their location in areas of high seismic and
volcanic activity. The high demand for energy and the availability of volcanic areas with naturally occurring
water and rock porosity in proximity to high temperatures make Asia Pacific the future of geothermal energy.
Most of the nations in these regions are attempting to diversify their energy sources, and it is predicted that
there will be a push in favour of geothermal energy.

23. While enumerating the important fishing grounds, discuss the favorable conditions that make some of the most
famous fishing grounds around the world. (200 words)
There are five major fishing grounds in the world, which are as follows:
1. The North West Pacific Region extending from the outer Aleutian Island to the north of the Philippine
Islands, including Japan
2. The North East Atlantic and adjacent waters of the Arctic extending from Iceland to the Mediterranean
Sea, including the North Sea, and covering European countries like UK, Norway, Denmark and Spain
3. North - East Pacific extending from Alaska to California along the western shores of North America
4. South East Pacific lying off the coast of South America
5. West Central Pacific extending from the Philippines and Indonesia southward to the Australian coast
6. North West Atlantic including Grand Bank and the Georges Bank area of the Northwest Atlantic
The major commercial fishing ground of the world is located at the meeting points of cold and warm current
and across the cool waters of the Northern hemisphere in comparatively high latitudes. Commercial fishing is
not developed in the Tropical areas and the Southern hemisphere. The most important fishing grounds are
found on and along continental shelves within less than 200 nautical miles of the shores, where plankton are
plentiful in supply.

24. Answer the following questions:

[A] Some of the North East States in India such as Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have low percentage of net sown area. Why? (100 words)
Net sown area refers to the total amount of land sown in a year. The net sown area in northeastern states such
as Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram is low mainly due to hilly and rocky terrain in these areas which is not
conducive for agricultural purposes. Further, practicing of Jhum / shifting cultivation is common. Moreover,
these states have large tracts of land under dense forest cover. This reduces the quantum of land available for
agricultural purposes, and in effect decreases the net sown area.
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[B] Fertilizer industry
in India is widespread in almost entire country. Why? (100 words)

Fertilizer serves as one of the key ingredients for the food security of India, by increasing the production or
output and the productivity of the soil. The Indian economy is still largely agrarian in nature. Agriculture and
allied activities is the largest employer in the country. The fertilizer industry manufactures a very critical raw
material that is required to carry on agricultural activities, hence, it is widespread in the country. In the present
scenario, there are more than 57 large and 64 medium and small fertilizer production units in India.

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25. Answer the following questions:

[A] What are Jet streams? How they affect Indian climate? (100 words)
Jet stream consists of streams of very strong winds that are found 9-16 km above the surface of the Earth, just
below the tropopause, and can reach speeds of 200 mph. They are fairly narrow, have a winding path covering
a wide latitude.
These winds have considerable impact on surface weather conditions. In India, the western cyclonic disturbances experiences in the north and northwestern parts of India are caused by the jet streams that blow south
of the Himalayas throughout the year except in summer. They also influence the origin and development of
monsoons.

[B] Chennai has more rainfall in October and November. Why? (100 words)
Between the periods of October to December, Tamilnadu witnesses the Northeast monsoon. Cyclones and
depressions also occur frequently during this season. During this period, Chennai receives 65% of its annual
rainfall. The Northeast of Retreating monsoon is caused by cold wind sweeping down from the Himalayas and
Indo-Gangetic plains towards the Deccan peninsula and south of the Indian Ocean. While heading towards the
Indian Ocean, this dry cold wind gathers moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over parts of peninsular
India like Chennai etc. and parts of Sri Lanka.

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