Communication Skills Assignment

Name: SAAD QUDRAT

Class: BS-3rd year
Department of Physics, University of Karachi.

CODE SWITCHING
Mixing or changing one language with any other language is known as
code switching. Its a phenomenon found in multilingual cultures
specially the developing countries like Pakistan.
The code switching has deep connections with the psychology of speakers
and the environment. Code switching is not appropriate for a good
speaker and for a language because it interferes with a languages
evolution.
Code switching is practiced at three levels, Lexical, Phrasal and
Sentential.

SENTENTIAL LEVEL
The sentential level code switching comprises of code switching spanning
complete sentences of the foreign language. Speaking a sentence of
English while talking in Urdu is an example of sentential code switching.
PHARASAL LEVEL CODE SWITCHING
A phrase is an incomplete sentence which does not reveal its meaning
unless used in a sentence and when a phrase of donor language is used
in the recipient language , this is called phrasal code switching.
LEXICAL CODE SWITCHING
The word lexical means related to words, so lexical code switching is the
type of code switching in which only a word is taken from a foreign
language used with the native language. This is a very common in the
places where multilingual skills are wide spread.
The different types of code switching at Lexical level are:

Loan Blend
Loan Shift
Core Borrowing
Transliteration

LOAN BLEND
Loan means to borrow and blend means to mix. When a word from donor
language is taken and then mixed with recipient language, the hybrid
word is known as loan blend. Loan blends are pretty common in most of
the languages in the world.
LOAN SHIFT
In loan shift, a loan word taken from a donor language undergoes a shift
in meaning and pronunciation. This can happen due to a lot of reasons,
but especially because the adapting culture does not have expertise of
the donor language at mass level and to keep things going on, the word
may undergo loan shift.
CORE BORROWING
When items are borrowed from another culture, the consequence is that
the recipient culture does not have a word for that item, therefore a new
word also comes along with the borrowed item and that is why it may also
be called as cultural borrowing.
TRANSLITERATION
Transliteration is a type of Romanization, in which words from one
language are translated phonetically into other using the letters of the
latter language. The result is that a new word is introduces in recipient
language. A transliterated word may or may not suffer a shift in
pronunciation; it all depends on situations and the complexity of the
word.