Title: Determination of the molar entropy of fusion of camphor.

Objectives:
1. To study the molar entropy of fusion of camphor.
2. To determine the molar entropy of fusion ( Sf ) of camphor.
Results:
No. of
No. of
moles of
Weight of

Freezin
Weight of

moles of

naphthalen
naphthalene (g)

X
camphor (g)

Kf

446

438

277

426

12

214

413

13

158

405

75

g point

camphor

e (mol x 10-

(K)
(mol)

0.0000

)
-

2.0008

0.0132

0.0500

3.91

2.0008

0.0132

0.028
8
0.056

0.1003

7.84

2.0008

0.0132
1
0.082

0.1508

11.81

2.0008

0.0132
1
0.106

0.2009

15.70

2.0008

0.0132
3

Calculations:
Since
f

= RTo2/ Hf Equation 1

= Hf / To Equation 2

;thus substitute Equation 2 to Equation 1

= RTo/ Sf

Sf = RT0/ f
From the graph plotted,
Lim Kf = RT0 / Sf
At X=0
RT0 / Sf = 350.00
350.00 = 8.314 * (173 + 273) / Sf
Sf = 10.5944 J K-1 mol-1
Sf = Hf / T0
Hf = 10.5944 J K-1 mol-1 * (173+273) K
= 4.725 kJ mol-1

Discussion:
In this experiment, the molar entropy, Sf of the camphor is obtained which has the
value of 10.5944 J K-1 mol-1. Before obtain the molar entropy, we have to measure the
temperatures change in each of the different amount of naphthalene added into the camphor.
After the temperature changes are obtained, the cryoscopic constant for each amount of
naphthalene added are calculated, the value of cryoscopic costant for each are shown in table
2. By using the value obtained, a graph of cryoscopic constant against mole fraction of
naphthalene in the mixture is plotted and the y-intercept represents the cryoscopic constant of
pure camphor which is 350.

According to the Thermodynamics Second Law, the entropy of a substance is the

measure of the degree of disorder in a particular system. The value of the entropy of a
distribution of atoms and molecules in a thermodynamic system is a measure of the disorder
in the arrangements of its particles. State of the substance can determine the entropy of its
substance. The degree of disorder is increase from solid state to liquid state and finally to
gaseous state. In another word, the entropy of the same substance has higher entropy when it
is in gaseous state compared with solid or liquid state. Molar entropy of fusion of camphor,
which represents the entropy increases when a pure camphor is melting.
The different amounts of naphthalene are added into camphor as the pure camphor act as the
control experiment. The pure freezing point of camphor is 173 in this experiment. After
added the naphthalene, the freezing temperature are decrease as more amount of naphthalene
is added into the same amount of camphor. The more the naphthalene added, the lower the
freezing temperature of the particular mixture. This is showed that the system of camphor is
being disturbed by naphthalene. The naphthalene molecules are rearranged with the camphor
naphthalene in order to form bond in between each other. For a substance in liquid state to
freeze, the naphthalene and camphor molecules begin to form cluster of molecules to convert
to solid state. The molecule moves in high speed are not able to form a cluster of molecule
with each other, so the molecules prefer move slower by reducing their kinetic energy. The
kinetic energy is converted into heat energy that is being released to the surrounding as the
temperature of the mixture decrease. Thus, the freezing point of the solvent with different
solute is lower than the freezing temperature of pure solvent.
Conclusion:
The molar entropy of the camphor was determined which is 10.5944 J K-1 mol-1.

References:
1. Entropy [online] Available at:
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/applychem/entropy.html
[Accessed on 19 March 2015]