MICHEL ADANSON(1727-1806)

A French botanist was first to formulate a natural system of classification.in his book families
des plant (1973) Adanson considered different characters and also affinities among various
group while arranging and classifying plants. He was poinner in identifying orders and
families.Adanson also known for his contribution in the field of numerical taxonomy and
described as the father of numerical taxonomy

ROBERT BROWN(1773-1858)
Robert Brown was an English botanis,who did not purpose a classification of his own but
demonstrated that Gymnosperm were a group discrete from dicotyledons and had naked
ovules.He also clarified the floral morphology and pollination of asclepiadaceae, morphology
of grass flower structure of cyathium in euporbiaceae and etabilished several families

WETTSTEIN(1862-1931)
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups,
according to R. Wettstein (4th edition, 1935). Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik..

I. phylum Schizophyta
1. classis Schizophyceae
2. classis Schizomycetes

II. phylum Monadophyta

III. phylum Myxophyta
IV. phylum Conjugatophyta
V. phylum Bacillariophyta
VI. phylum Conjugatae
VII. phylum Rhodophyta
1. classis Bangieae
2. classis Florideae

VIII. phylum Euthallophyta

1. classis Chlorophyceae
2. classis Fungi
A. Eumycetes
1. subclassis Phycomycetes
2. subclassis Ascomycetes
3. subclassis Basidiomycetes
B. Lichenes
1. subclassis Ascolichenes
2. subclassis Basidiolichenes

IX. phylum Cormophyta

I. divisio Archegoniatae
1. subdivisio Bryophyta
1. classis Musci
2. classis Hepaticae
2. subdivisio Pteridophyta
1. classis Psilophytinae
2. classis Lycopodiinae
3. classis Psilotinae
4. classis Articulatae
5. classis Filicinae
II. divisio Anthophyta
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae
2. classis Cycadinae
3. classis Benettitinae
4. classis Cordatinae
5. classis Ginkgoinae
6. classis Coniferae
7. classis Gnetinae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae
1. classis Dicotyledones
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamideae
B. Dialypetalae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
2. classis Monocotyledones

Gymnospermae

1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae (fossil only)
2. classis Cycadinae
1. familia Cycadaceae
2. familia Zamiaceae
3. classis Benettitinae (fossil only)
4. classis Cordatinae (fossil only)
5. classis Ginkgoinae
1. familia Ginkgoaceae
6. classis Coniferae
1. familia Taxaceae
2. familia Cupressaceae
3. familia Abietaceae
7. classis Gnetinae
1. familia Ephedraceae
2. familia Gnetaceae
3. familia Welwitschiaceae

Angiospermae

2. subdivisio Angiospermae
1. classis Dicotyledones
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamideae
1. ordo Verticillatae
familia Casuarinaceae
2. ordo Fagales
1. familia Betulaceae
2. familia Fagaceae
3. ordo Myricales
familia Myricaceae
4. ordo Leitneriales
familia Leitneriaceae
5. ordo Juglandales
1. familia Julianiaceae
2. familia Juglandaceae
6. ordo Salicales
familia Salicaceae
7. ordo Batidales
familia Batidaceae [sic, now Bataceae]
8. ordo Balanopsidales
familia Balanopsidaceae [sic, now Balanopaceae]
9. ordo Urticales
1. familia Moraceae
2. familia Cannabaceae
3. familia Ulmaceae
4. familia Eucommiaceae
5. familia Rhoipteleaceae
6. familia Urticaceae
10. ordo Piperales
familia Piperaceae
incertae sedis
familia Saururaceae
familia Chloranthaceae
familia Lacistemonaceae
11. ordo Proteales
familia Proteaceae
12. ordo Santalales
1. familia Santalaceae
2. familia Grubbiaceae
3. familia Opiliaceae
4. familia Octoknemaceae
5. familia Olacaceae
6. familia Myzodendraceae
7. familia Loranthaceae
8. familia Balanophoraceae
9. familia Cynomoriaceae
13. ordo Polygonales

familia Polygonaceae
14. ordo Centrospermae
1. familia Chenopodiaceae
2. familia Amaranthaceae
3. familia Phytolaccaceae
4. familia Thelygonaceae
5. familia Nyctaginaceae
6. familia Aizoaceae
7. familia Cactaceae
[sic]
9. familia Portulacaceae
10. familia Basellaceae
11. familia Caryophyllaceae
15. ordo Tricoccae
1. familia Euphorbiaceae
2. familia Daphniphyllaceae
3. familia Dichapetalaceae
4. familia Buxaceae
5. familia Callitrichaceae
16. ordo Hamamelidales
1. familia Hamamelidaceae
2. familia Cercidiphyllaceae
3. familia Eupteleaceae
4. familia Platanaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
[sic]
B. Dialypetalae
18. ordo Polycarpicae
1. familia Magnoliaceae
2. familia Trochodendraceae
3. familia Lactoridaceae
4. familia Himantandraceae
5. familia Eupomatiaceae
6. familia Anonaceae [sic, now: Annonaceae]
7. familia Myristicaceae
8. familia Canellaceae
9. familia Aristolochiaceae
10. familia Rafflesiaceae
11. familia Hydnoraceae
12. familia Calycanthaceae
13. familia Gomortegaceae
14. familia Monimiaceae
15. familia Lauraceae
16. familia Hernandiaceae
17. familia Menispermaceae
18. familia Lardizabalaceae
19. familia Ranunculaceae
20. familia Berberidaceae
21. familia Nymphaeaceae
22. familia Ceratophyllaceae

incertae sedis
23. familia Nepenthaceae
24. familia Cephalotaceae
25. familia Sarraceniaceae
19. ordo Rhoeadales
1. familia Papaveraceae
2. familia Tovariaceae
3. familia Capparidaceae [sic, now Capparaceae]
4. familia Cruciferae
5. familia Resedaceae
6. familia Moringaceae
20. ordo Parietales
1. familia Cistaceae
2. familia Bixaceae
3. familia Cochlospermaceae
4. familia Tamaricaceae
5. familia Fouquieriaceae
6. familia Frankeniaceae
7. familia Elatinaceae
8. familia Droseraceae
9. familia Violaceae
10. familia Flacourtiaceae
11. familia Stachyuraceae
12. familia Turneraceae
13. familia Malesherbiaceae
14. familia Passifloraceae
15. familia Achariaceae
16. familia Caricaceae
17. familia Loasaceae
18. familia Begoniaceae
19. familia Datiscaceae
20. familia Ancistrocladaceae
21. ordo Guttiferales
1. familia Dilleniaceae
2. familia Actinidiaceae
3. familia Ochnaceae
4. familia Strassburgeriaceae
5. familia Eucryphiaceae
6. familia Caryocaraceae
7. familia Marcgraviaceae
8. familia Quiinaceae
9. familia Theaceae
10. familia Guttiferae
11. familia Dipterocarpaceae
22. ordo Rosales
1. familia Crassulaceae
2. familia Saxifragaceae
3. familia Cunoniaceae
4. familia Brunelliaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae

6. familia Pittosporaceae
7. familia Byblidaceae
8. familia Roridulaceae
9. familia Bruniaceae
10. familia Podostemonaceae
11. familia Hydrostachyaceae
12. familia Rosaceae
13. familia Crossosomataceae
14. familia Chrysobalanaceae
15. familia Connaraceae
16. familia Mimosaceae
17. familia Papilionaceae
23. ordo Myrtales
1. familia Penaeaceae
2. familia Geissolomaceae
3. familia Oliniaceae
4. familia Thymelaeaceae
5. familia Elaeagnaceae
6. familia Lythraceae
7. familia Heteropyzidaceae
8. familia Sonneratiaceae
9. familia Rhizophoraceae
10. familia Alangiaceae
11. familia Nyssaceae
12. familia Lecythidaceae
13. familia Combretaceae
14. familia Myrtaceae
15. familia Punicaceae
16. familia Melastomataceae
17. familia Oenotheraceae
18. familia Halorrhagidaceae [sic: now Haloragaceae]
19. familia Gunneraceae
incertae sedis
familia Hippuridaceae
24. ordo Columniferae
1. familia Malvaceae
2. familia Bombacaceae
3. familia Tiliaceae
4. familia Sterculiaceae
5. familia Elaeocarpaceae
incertae sedis
familia Chlaenaceae
familia Gonystylaceae
familia Scytopetalaceae
25. ordo Gruinales
1. familia Linaceae
2. familia Humiriaceae
3. familia Oxalidaceae
4. familia Geraniaceae
5. familia Limnaceae

6. familia Tropaeolaceae
7. familia Erythroxylaceae
8. familia Malpighiaceae
9. familia Zygophyllaceae
incertae sedis
familia Cneoraceae
26. ordo Terebinthales
1. familia Rutaceae
2. familia Simarubaceae [sic: now Simaroubaceae]
3. familia Burseraceae
4. familia Meliaceae
5. familia Tremandraceae
6. familia Polygalaceae
7. familia Xanthophyllaceae
8. familia Trigoniaceae
9. familia Vochysiaceae
10. familia Anacardiaceae
11. familia Sapindaceae
12. familia Akaniaceae
13. familia Aextoxicaceae
14. familia Aceraceae
15. familia Hippocastanaceae
16. familia Coriaceae
17. familia Cyrillaceae
18. familia Pentaphyllacaceae
19. familia Sabiaceae
20. familia Melianthaceae
21. familia Corynocarpaceae
22. familia Balsaminaceae
27. ordo Celastrales
1. familia Aquifoliaceae
2. familia Celastraceae
3. familia Salvadoraceae
4. familia Staphyleaceae
5. familia Hippocrateaceae
6. familia Stackhousiaceae
7. familia Icacinaceae
28. ordo Rhamnales
1. familia Rhamnaceae
2. familia Vitaceae
29. ordo Umbelliflorae
1. familia Cornaceae
2. familia Araliaceae
3. familia Umbelliferae
incertae sedis
ordo Garryales
familia Garryaceae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
1. ordo Plumbaginales
familia Plumbaginaceae

2. ordo Primulales
1. familia Theophrastaceae
2. familia Primulaceae
3. familia Myrsinaceae
3. ordo Bicornes
1. familia Clethraceae
2. familia Pirolaceae
3. familia Ericaceae
4. familia Empetraceae
5. familia Epacridaceae
6. familia Diapensiaceae
4. ordo Diospyrales
1. familia Ebenaceae
2. familia Hoplestigmataceae
3. familia Styracaceae
4. familia Symplocaceae
5. familia Sapotaceae
5. ordo Tubiflorae
1. familia Convolvulaceae
2. familia Cuscutaceae
3. familia Polemoniaceae
4. familia Hydrophyllaceae
5. familia Lennoaceae
6. familia Boraginaceae
7. familia Nolanaceae
8. familia Solanaceae
9. familia Scrophulariaceae
10. familia Lentibulariaceae
11. familia Orobranchaceae
12. familia Gesneriaceae
13. familia Bignoniaceae
14. familia Pedaliaceae
15. familia Martyniaceae
16. familia Acanthaceae
17. familia Verbenaceae
18. familia Labiatae
19. familia Tetrachondraceae
20. familia Globulariaceae
21. familia Phrymaceae
22. familia Myoporaceae
23. familia Plantaginaceae
incertae sedis
familia Columelliaceae
6. ordo Contortae
1. familia Loganiaceae
2. familia Buddleiaceae
3. familia Gentianaceae
4. familia Menyanthaceae
5. familia Apocynaceae
6. familia Asclepiadaceae

7. ordo Ligustrales
familia Oleaceae
8. ordo Rubiales
1. familia Rubiaceae
2. familia Caprifoliaceae
3. familia Adoxaceae
4. familia Valerianaceae
5. familia Dipsacaceae
6. familia Calyceraceae
9. ordo Cucurbitales
familia Cucurbitaceae
10. ordo Synandrae
1. familia Campanulaceae
2. familia Lobeliaceae
3. familia Goodeniaceae
4. familia Stylidaceae
5. familia Brunoniaceae
6. familia Compositae
II. classis Monocotyledones
1. ordo Helobiae
1. familia Alismataceae
2. familia Butomaceae
3. familia Hydrocharitaceae
4. familia Scheuchzeriaceae
5. familia Aponogetonaceae
6. familia Potamogetonaceae
7. familia Najadaceae
2. ordo Liliiflorae
1. familia Liliaceae
2. familia Stemonaceae
3. familia Cyanastraceae
4. familia Pontederiaceae
5. familia Haemodoraceae
6. familia Philydraceae
7. familia Amaryllidaceae
8. familia Velloziaceae
9. familia Iridaceae
10. familia Juncaceae
11. familia Flagellariaceae
12. familia Rapateaceae
13. familia Thurniaceae
14. familia Bromeliaceae
15. familia Dioscoreaceae
16. familia Taccaceae
17. familia Burmanniaceae
3. ordo Enantioblastae
1. familia Commelinaceae
2. familia Mayacaceae
3. familia Xyridaceae
4. familia Eriocaulaceae

5. familia Centrolepidaceae
6. familia Restionaceae
4. ordo Cyperales
familia Cyperaceae
5. ordo Glumiflorae
familia Gramineae
6. ordo Scitamineae
1. familia Musaceae
2. familia Zingiberaceae
3. familia Cannaceae
4. familia Marantaceae
7 ordo Gynandrae
familia Orchidaceae
8. ordo Spadiciflorae
1. familia Palmae
2. familia Cyclanthaceae
3. familia Araceae
4. familia Lemnaceae
9. ordo Pandanales
1. familia Pandanaceae
2. familia Sparganiaceae
3. familia Typhaceae

JOHN HUTCHINSON (1884-1972)

Hutchinson's System of Classification
John Hutchinson, a renowned British Botanist proposed 24 phyletic dicta or
principles and based on these dicta he published a phylogenetic system in 2 volume
book entitled "The Families of Flowering'Plants" (1926-1934). The volume I deals
with Dicots while the Volume I1 having Monocots. The revised and detailed
treatment of the system was published in 1959 and thc most recent revised system
appeared in 197.1.
Outline and Basis of Classification
As pointed out earlier, the system is mainly based on 24 phyletic dicta. Thus, it seems
proper to give a brief account of these phyletic dicta.
1. Evolution is both upwards and downwards, the former tending towards
preservation and the latter to their reduction and suppression (of characters).

Examples of former are towards the sympetalous condition and epigyny and of
latter towards the apetalous state of many flowers and unisexuality in flowering
plants. I
2. Evolution does hot necessarily involve all organs of the plant at the same time.
One organ or set of organs may be advancing while another set may be stationary
or retrograting.
3. Evolution has generally been consistent, and when a particular progression or
retrogression has set in, it is persisted into the end of the phylum e.g., strong
tendency to zygomorphy of the corolla coupled with the reduction in the number
of stamens in Engler's hypogynous Metachlamydeae and the vast tendency to
perigyny and epigyny in Archichlamydeae and Metachlamydeae as seen in the
families Umbelliferae and Rubiaceae respectively.
4. In certain groups, trees and shrubs are probably more primitive than herbs e.g.,
Mirnosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae (trees and shrubs) as compared with the derived
family Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) (often herbaceous).
5. Trees and shrubs are older than climbers in any one family or genus, the latter
habit being acquired through particular environment. is tor^ und Concept of Taxonomy
Hypothetical pomngioepenns
oicotyiepns ~onocot~ledons
Lignosae Hefbaceae
6. Perennials are older than biennials, and from thep annuals are derived e.g., there
are only a few annuals in the primitive family Ranunculaceae while there are
many more in the more advanced Bnd natural family Cruciferae.
7. Aquatic flowering plants are derived from terrestrial ancestors, Epiphytes,
saprophytes and parasites are more recent than plants of normal habit.
8. Dicotyledones with collateral vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder are more
primitive in origin than Monocotyledones with scattered vascular bundles,

although it does not necessarily follow than Monocots are directly derived from
Dicots.
9. The spiral arrangement of leaves on the stem and of the floral leaves is more
primitive than the opposite and whorled arrangement.
10. Simple leaves are usually more primitive than compdund leaves.
11. Unisexual flowers are more advanced than bisexual and. dioecious plants are
more recent than monoecious.
12. Solitary flowers are more primitive than those in inflorescence, the highest forms
of the latter being the umbel and capitulum (Umbelliferae and Compositae).
13. Spirally imbricate floral parts are more primitive than whorled and valvate.
Example-Magnolia and Clematis.
14. Many-parted flowers (polymerous) precede, and the type with few parts
(oligomerous) follows from it, being accompanied by progressive sterilisation of
reproductive parts. Examples-Magnolia and Cheiranthus.
15. Apetalous flowers are derived from petaliferous ones, the former condition being
as a result of reduction.
16. Polypetaly (free petals) is more primitive than gamopetaly (fused petals).
17. Actinomorphy is more primitive than zygomorphy.
18. Hypogyny is the most primitive structure and from it perigyny and epigyny have
(I I
been derived.
19. Apocarpy (free carpels) is more primitive than Syncarpy (connate carpels).
Sometimes, however, when the carpels have remained loosely united during
evolution, they may again become quite free, e.g., Asclepiadaceae.
20. Polycarpy (many carpels) precede oligocarpy (few carpels) e.g., Ranunculus and
Nigella.
21. Endospermic seeds with small embryo are older than non-endosperimic seeds

having a large embryo, e.g., Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae.

22.. Indefinte stamens indicate greater primitiveness than an androecium with a few
stamens only (exception Malvaceae) e.g. Ranunculus and Cheiranthus. This
condition may however, be reversed within the confines of-a single family, e.g.,
papaveraceae, where bees feed on the pollen.
23. Separate stamens precede connate ones e.g., Tiliaceae and Malvaceae,
Campanulaceae and Lobeliaceae.
24. Aggregate fruits are more highly evolved than single fruits. Generally, capsule
precedes berry or drupe.
Based on these above mentioned 24 phyletic dicta, Hutchinson proposed the
phylogenetic system of classification. The outline of this system are given below:
1) Hutchinson believed in Monophyletic origin of Angiosperms from a hypothetical
groue, which he' hamed,as Proangiosperms,
2) He tracedu2 main lines development of Dicots viz.
i) Lignosae (woody)
ii) Herbaceae (herbaceous)
3) Lignosae has 54 Orders and 251 Families. The starting order is Magnoliales with
Magnoliaceae as the starting family passing through Annonales-Rosales-Malvales
Rubiales and terminating at Verbenales with Phrymaceae as the terminating
family.
4) Herbaceae has 28 Orders and 100 Families, The starting order is Ranales with
Paeoniaceae as the starting family passing through ~hoedales-Car~o~h~llalesUmbellales-Asterales and terminating at Lamiales with Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
as the ending family, 5)
The haonocots have 29 Orders and 69 Families.
As a whole, Monocots have been subdivided into 3 distinct groups based on the
nature of Perianth viz.

i) Calyciferae
ii) Corolliferae
iii) Glumiflorae
The starting order of Calyciferae is Butomales with Butomaceae as the starting
family. The climax (ending) order is Zingiberales with Marantaceae as the ending
. family.
The starting order of Corolliferae is Liliales with Liliaceae as the starting family. The
terminating order of this group is Orchidales with Orchidaceae as the ending family.
In the case of Glumiflorae the starting order is Juncales and Juncaceae as starting
family. The climax order is Graminales and Gramineae (Poacea) as the last or
terminating family.
The outline of the monocots can be represented in the form of chart as given below:
Verbenales
Rubiales
Apocynales
Malvales
Leguminales
Rosales
Annonales
Magnoliales
Lamiales Graminales
I Glumiflorae
Solanales Cyperales
Asterales Juncales
Uinbellales Orchidales Corolliferae
Liliales
Caryophyllales Zingiberales

Brassicales Alismatales
I Calycilerae
Ranales Butomales '
Merits
The merits or achievements of the system are as follows:
The standard of the family description is of high order and valuable features are
given in the keys for identification.
The systein of classification is of much practical value.
The treatment of Monocots is more adequate, logical and acceptable.
The data from Floral Anatomy and Embryology arc taken into consideration
during the classification of Monocots in particular and Dicots in
Geographical distribution of most of the genera is included in this system.
The system of classification is phylogenetic one.
Demerits
A number of shortcomings and criticism have been put forward to expose the
demerits of the system.
More stress is given on Monophyletic origin of Angiospcrln from a hypothetical
proafigiosperm.
Due to special emphasis on Herbaceae and Lignosae, some very closely related
fahilies have been put apart. For example, Ranunculaceae and Magnoliaceae
under Ranales (Herbaceae) and Magnoliaceae (Lignosae) are separated just
because of demarcation between Herbaceae and Lignosae. Similarly, the family
LamiaCeae and Asteraceae (Herbaceae) are put apart from Verbenaceae and
Rubiaceae (lignosae).
However, in the opinion of most taxonomists, Hutchinson has contributed an
excellent service by his most careful and critical appraisal of family and ordinal ,
limitations. His classification has been a greater stimulant to phyletic thinking during

the past decade or two than any other similar contribution.

ARMEN TAKHTAJAN(1910-1997)
Takhtajan's System of Classification
Another important phytogenetic system was proposed by Takhtajan, the famous
Russian Palaeobotanist working at Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad,
U.S.S.R. For the first time he proposed the system in 1942rnainly ba~ed on the
structural types of Gynoecium and placentation. Afterwards, he put foward a , History and
Concept of Taxonomy modified systeni in 1954 in Russian language and then the
translated version of
English in 1958. This modified system was mainly based on phylogenetic principles.
Soon after he made another attempt to revise the system in the light of evolutionary
trends in Angiosperms, which appeared in 1964. This, too, was not the last word but
Takhtajan again revised and updated version of his system appeared in 1980.
Before we take into account the outline of the system it seems proper to point out
the important and significant points of the system as new terms were employed by
Takhtajan in his system:
i) Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms) are regarded to be monophyletic in origin.
ii) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) are considered as a primitive group than Liliopsida
(Monocots).
Outline of Takhtajan's. System of Classification
(Takhtajan, 1980)
1) Mognoliophyta (Angiosperms) has 419 Families and is divided into 2 classes viz.
i) Magn,oliopsida (Dicots) and
ii) Liliopsida (Monocots)
2) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) is further divided into 7 subclasses, 20 super orders, 71
Orders and 342 Familes.
The 7 subclasses with some important orders and families (starting and ending)

are as follows:
Subclass
I) Magnolidae
Super order - Magnolianae
Order - Magnoliales (1)
Family - Magnoliaceae (1)
11) Ranunculidae
Order - Ranunculales
Family ,' - Ranunculaceae
111) ~amaqelididae
Order - Trochodendrale
IV) Caryophyllidae
Order - Caryophyllales
Family - Caryophyllaceae
V) ~'illeniidae
Order - Di!leniales
Family - Dilleniaceae
VI) Rosidae
Order - Rosales
Family - Rosaceae
VII) Asteridae
Order Asterales - 71st, the last or ending order
Family ~st&aceae - 342nd;the last or ending family
3) Liliopsida (Monocots) is divided into 3 subclasses, 3 super order 21 Orders and
77 Families, The 3 subclasses of Liliopsida with important orders and Families
(Starting and ending) are given below:
Subclasses

I) Alismatidae
Order
Family
11) Lilidae
Order
Family
Order
Family
Order
Familv
- Alismatales
- Butominaceae
- Triuridales
- Triuridaceae
- Orchidales
- Orchidaceae
- Poales
- Poacene 111) Arecidae
Order - Arales
Family - Arecaceae
Order - Typhales
Family - Typhaceae
Order - Arales - 21st (The last or ending order)
Family - Araceae - 77th (The last or ending family)
The outline of the system can also be represented in the form of a chart:
Magnoliophyta (Angiosperm)
Magnoliopsida (Dicots) Liliopsida (Monocots)

342 Families 77 Families

I) Magnolidae
Magnoliales (Starting Order) I) Alisrnatidae
Magnoliaceae (Starting Family) Alisrnatales (Starting Order)
11) Ranunculidae Butorninaceae (Starting Family)
Ranunculales
111) Hamamelididae 11) Lilidae
Trochodendrales Triuridales
IV) Caryophyllidae Orchidale
Caryophyllales Poales
V) Dilleniidae 111) Arecidae
Dilleniales Arales 21 Order
(The last or terminating order)
Arecaceae -77th family
(the last or ending family)
VI) Rosidae
Rosales
VII Asteridae
Asterales 71 Order
(Terminating order)
Asteraceae 342 Family
Last or ending family.
Takhtajan has accepted main divisions and sub-divisions as classes and sub-classes
almost similar to classification given by Bentham and Hooker. In the Hooker's system
the larger taxa are natural since their status is ascertained on the basis of large number
of characters. But so far as further sub-groupings like series (Thalimiflorae,
Disciflorae, and Calyciflorae etc. and several ordirs and faniilies; are concerned--one

can easily spot out that more or less only one character is chosen as basic criterion
in categorization making it more artificial. Takhtajan introduced modifications at
vch levels. A ~ritical examination of Takhtajan's classification shows that it is of
considerable merit since he has made use of maximum data available.through
morphology, cytology, Palynology, Anatomy, Embryology, Cytogenetics,
Biochemistry and Palaeobotaqy in the construction of taxa of various ranks.

ARTHUR CRONQUIST(1919-1992)
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was
developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of
Flowering Plants (1981) and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968;
2nd edition, 1988).
Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida
(dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are
grouped into subclasses.
The scheme is still widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, but some
botanists are adopting the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG III.
The system as laid out in An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981)
counts 321 families and 64 orders in class Magnoliopsida with 19 orders and 65 families in
class Liliopsida:

Class Magnoliopsida

Cronquist system diagram

1. Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
1. Order Magnoliales
1. Winteraceae
2. Degeneriaceae
3. Himantandraceae
4. Eupomatiaceae
5. Austrobaileyaceae
6. Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
7. Lactoridaceae
8. Annonaceae
9. Myristicaceae

10. Canellaceae
2. Order Laurales
1. Amborellaceae
2. Trimeniaceae
3. Monimiaceae
4. Gomortegaceae
5. Calycanthaceae
6. Idiospermaceae
7. Lauraceae (laurel family)
8. Hernandiaceae
3. Order Piperales
1. Chloranthaceae
2. Saururaceae
3. Piperaceae (pepper family)
4. Order Aristolochiales
1. Aristolochiaceae
5. Order Illiciales
1. Illiciaceae
2. Schisandraceae
6. Order Nymphaeales
1. Nelumbonaceae
2. Nymphaeaceae
3. Barclayaceae
4. Cabombaceae
5. Ceratophyllaceae
7. Order Ranunculales
1. Ranunculaceae
2. Circaeasteraceae
3. Berberidaceae
4. Sargentodoxaceae
5. Lardizabalaceae
6. Menispermaceae
7. Coriariaceae
8. Sabiaceae
8. Order Papaverales
1. Papaveraceae
2. Fumariaceae
2. Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly Hamamelididae]
1. Order Trochodendrales
1. Tetracentraceae
2. Trochodendraceae
2. Order Hamamelidales
1. Cercidiphyllaceae
2. Eupteleaceae
3. Platanaceae
4. Hamamelidaceae
5. Myrothamnaceae
3. Order Daphniphyllales
1. Daphniphyllaceae
4. Order Didymelales
1. Didymelaceae

5. Order Eucommiales
1. Eucommiaceae
6. Order Urticales
1. Barbeyaceae
2. Ulmaceae
3. Cannabaceae
4. Moraceae
5. Cecropiaceae
6. Urticaceae
7. Order Leitneriales
1. Leitneriaceae
8. Order Juglandales
1. Rhoipteleaceae
2. Juglandaceae
9. Order Myricales
1. Myricaceae
10. Order Fagales
1. Balanopaceae
2. Ticodendraceae
3. Fagaceae
4. Nothofagaceae
5. Betulaceae
11. Order Casuarinales
1. Casuarinaceae
3. Subclass Caryophyllidae
1. Order Caryophyllales
1. Phytolaccaceae
2. Achatocarpaceae
3. Nyctaginaceae
4. Aizoaceae
5. Didiereaceae
6. Cactaceae (cactus family)
7. Chenopodiaceae
8. Amaranthaceae
9. Portulacaceae
10. Basellaceae
11. Molluginaceae
12. Caryophyllaceae
2. Order Polygonales
1. Polygonaceae
3. Order Plumbaginales
1. Plumbaginaceae
4. Subclass Dilleniidae
1. Order Dilleniales
1. Dilleniaceae
2. Paeoniaceae
2. Order Theales
1. Ochnaceae
2. Sphaerosepalaceae
3. Sarcolaenaceae
4. Dipterocarpaceae

3.

4.
5.

6.

5. Caryocaraceae
6. Theaceae (tea family)
7. Actinidiaceae
8. Scytopetalaceae
9. Pentaphylacaceae
10. Tetrameristaceae
11. Pellicieraceae
12. Oncothecaceae
13. Marcgraviaceae
14. Quiinaceae
15. Elatinaceae
16. Paracryphiaceae
17. Medusagynaceae
18. Clusiaceae
Order Malvales
1. Elaeocarpaceae
2. Tiliaceae
3. Sterculiaceae
4. Bombacaceae
5. Malvaceae
Order Lecythidales
1. Lecythidaceae
Order Nepenthales
1. Sarraceniaceae
2. Nepenthaceae
3. Droseraceae
Order Violales
1. Flacourtiaceae
2. Peridiscaceae
3. Bixaceae
4. Cistaceae
5. Huaceae
6. Lacistemataceae
7. Scyphostegiaceae
8. Stachyuraceae
9. Violaceae (violet family)
10. Tamaricaceae (tamarind family)
11. Frankeniaceae
12. Dioncophyllaceae
13. Ancistrocladaceae
14. Turneraceae
15. Malesherbiaceae
16. Passifloraceae
17. Achariaceae
18. Caricaceae
19. Fouquieriaceae
20. Hoplestigmataceae
21. Cucurbitaceae
22. Datiscaceae
23. Begoniaceae
24. Loasaceae

7. Order Salicales
1. Salicaceae
8. Order Capparales
1. Tovariaceae
2. Capparaceae
3. Brassicaceae
4. Moringaceae
5. Resedaceae
9. Order Batales
1. Gyrostemonaceae
2. Bataceae
10. Order Ericales
1. Cyrillaceae
2. Clethraceae
3. Grubbiaceae
4. Empetraceae
5. Epacridaceae
6. Ericaceae
7. Pyrolaceae
8. Monotropaceae
11. Order Diapensiales
1. Diapensiaceae
12. Order Ebenales
1. Sapotaceae
2. Ebenaceae
3. Styracaceae
4. Lissocarpaceae
5. Symplocaceae
13. Order Primulales
1. Theophrastaceae
2. Myrsinaceae
3. Primulaceae
5. Subclass Rosidae
1. Order Rosales
1. Brunelliaceae
2. Connaraceae
3. Eucryphiaceae
4. Cunoniaceae
5. Davidsoniaceae
6. Dialypetalanthaceae
7. Pittosporaceae
8. Byblidaceae
9. Hydrangeaceae
10. Columelliaceae
11. Grossulariaceae
12. Greyiaceae
13. Bruniaceae
14. Anisophylleaceae
15. Alseuosmiaceae
16. Crassulaceae
17. Cephalotaceae

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

18. Saxifragaceae
19. Rosaceae (rose family)
20. Neuradaceae
21. Crossosomataceae
22. Chrysobalanaceae
23. Surianaceae
24. Rhabdodendraceae
Order Fabales
1. Mimosaceae (mimosa family)
2. Caesalpiniaceae
3. Fabaceae
Order Proteales
1. Elaeagnaceae
2. Proteaceae
Order Podostemales
1. Podostemaceae
Order Haloragales
1. Haloragaceae
2. Gunneraceae
Order Myrtales
1. Sonneratiaceae
2. Lythraceae
3. Penaeaceae
4. Crypteroniaceae
5. Thymelaeaceae
6. Trapaceae
7. Myrtaceae
8. Punicaceae
9. Onagraceae
10. Oliniaceae
11. Melastomataceae
12. Combretaceae
13. Alzateaceae
14. Memecylaceae
15. Rhyncocalycaceae
Order Rhizophorales
1. Rhizophoraceae
Order Cornales
1. Alangiaceae
2. Nyssaceae
3. Cornaceae
4. Garryaceae
Order Santalales
1. Medusandraceae
2. Dipentodontaceae
3. Olacaceae
4. Opiliaceae
5. Santalaceae
6. Misodendraceae
7. Loranthaceae
8. Viscaceae

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

9. Eremolepidaceae
10. Balanophoraceae
Order Rafflesiales
1. Hydnoraceae
2. Mitrastemonaceae
3. Rafflesiaceae
Order Celastrales
1. Geissolomataceae
2. Celastraceae
3. Hippocrateaceae
4. Stackhousiaceae
5. Salvadoraceae
6. Aquifoliaceae
7. Icacinaceae
8. Aextoxicaceae
9. Cardiopteridaceae
10. Corynocarpaceae
11. Dichapetalaceae
12. Tepuianthaceae
Order Euphorbiales
1. Buxaceae
2. Simmondsiaceae
3. Pandaceae
4. Euphorbiaceae
Order Rhamnales
1. Rhamnaceae
2. Leeaceae
3. Vitaceae
Order Linales
1. Erythroxylaceae
2. Humiriaceae
3. Ixonanthaceae
4. Hugoniaceae
5. Linaceae
Order Polygalales
1. Malpighiaceae
2. Vochysiaceae
3. Trigoniaceae
4. Tremandraceae
5. Polygalaceae
6. Xanthophyllaceae
7. Krameriaceae
Order Sapindales
1. Staphyleaceae
2. Melianthaceae
3. Bretschneideraceae
4. Akaniaceae
5. Sapindaceae
6. Hippocastanaceae
7. Aceraceae
8. Burseraceae

9. Anacardiaceae
10. Julianiaceae
11. Simaroubaceae
12. Cneoraceae
13. Meliaceae
14. Rutaceae
15. Zygophyllaceae
17. Order Geraniales
1. Oxalidaceae
2. Geraniaceae
3. Limnanthaceae
4. Tropaeolaceae
5. Balsaminaceae
18. Order Apiales
1. Araliaceae
2. Apiaceae
6. Subclass Asteridae
1. Order Gentianales
1. Loganiaceae
2. Retziaceae
3. Gentianaceae
4. Saccifoliaceae
5. Apocynaceae
6. Asclepiadaceae
2. Order Solanales
1. Duckeodendraceae
2. Nolanaceae
3. Solanaceae
4. Convolvulaceae
5. Cuscutaceae
6. Menyanthaceae
7. Polemoniaceae
8. Hydrophyllaceae
9. Retziaceae
3. Order Lamiales
1. Lennoaceae
2. Boraginaceae
3. Verbenaceae
4. Lamiaceae
4. Order Callitrichales
1. Hippuridaceae
2. Callitrichaceae
3. Hydrostachyaceae
5. Order Plantaginales
1. Plantaginaceae
6. Order Scrophulariales
1. Buddlejaceae
2. Oleaceae (olive family)
3. Scrophulariaceae
4. Globulariaceae
5. Myoporaceae

7.

8.

9.

10.
11.

6. Orobanchaceae
7. Gesneriaceae
8. Acanthaceae
9. Pedaliaceae
10. Bignoniaceae
11. Mendonciaceae
12. Lentibulariaceae
Order Campanulales
1. Pentaphragmataceae
2. Sphenocleaceae
3. Campanulaceae
4. Stylidiaceae
5. Donatiaceae
6. Brunoniaceae
7. Goodeniaceae
Order Rubiales
1. Rubiaceae
2. Theligonaceae
Order Dipsacales
1. Caprifoliaceae
2. Adoxaceae
3. Valerianaceae
4. Dipsacaceae
Order Calycerales
1. Calyceraceae
Order Asterales
1. Asteraceae

Class Liliopsida
1. Subclass Alismatidae
1. Order Alismatales
1. Butomaceae
2. Limnocharitaceae
3. Alismataceae
2. Order Hydrocharitales
1. Hydrocharitaceae
3. Order Najadales
1. Aponogetonaceae
2. Scheuchzeriaceae
3. Juncaginaceae
4. Potamogetonaceae
5. Ruppiaceae
6. Najadaceae
7. Zannichelliaceae
8. Posidoniaceae
9. Cymodoceaceae
10. Zosteraceae
4. Order Triuridales
1. Petrosaviaceae
2. Triuridaceae

1. Subclass Arecidae
1. Order Arecales
1. Arecaceae (palm family)
2. Order Cyclanthales
1. Cyclanthaceae
3. Order Pandanales
1. Pandanaceae (pandan family)
4. Order Arales
1. Acoraceae
2. Araceae
3. Lemnaceae
1. Subclass Commelinidae
1. Order Commelinales
1. Rapateaceae
2. Xyridaceae
3. Mayacaceae
4. Commelinaceae
2. Order Eriocaulales
1. Eriocaulaceae
3. Order Restionales
1. Flagellariaceae
2. Joinvilleaceae
3. Restionaceae
4. Centrolepidaceae
4. Order Juncales
1. Juncaceae
2. Thurniaceae
5. Order Cyperales
1. Cyperaceae
2. Poaceae (Grass family)
6. Order Hydatellales
1. Hydatellaceae
7. Order Typhales
1. Sparganiaceae
2. Typhaceae
1. Subclass Zingiberidae
1. Order Bromeliales
1. Bromeliaceae
2. Order Zingiberales
1. Strelitziaceae
2. Heliconiaceae
3. Musaceae
4. Lowiaceae
5. Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
6. Costaceae
7. Cannaceae
8. Marantaceae
1. Subclass Liliidae

1. Order Liliales
1. Philydraceae
2. Pontederiaceae
3. Haemodoraceae
4. Cyanastraceae
5. Liliaceae (Lily family)
6. Iridaceae (Iris family)
7. Velloziaceae
8. Aloeaceae (Aloe family)
9. Agavaceae
10. Xanthorrhoeaceae
11. Hanguanaceae
12. Taccaceae
13. Stemonaceae
14. Smilacaceae
15. Dioscoreaceae
2. Order Orchidales
1. Geosiridaceae
2. Burmanniaceae
3. Corsiaceae
4. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

ROBERT THORNE(1920)
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system (1992) of plant classification was
drawn up by the botanist Robert F. Thorne (1920- ). He replaced it in 2000 with a new system.
These two systems were published in:

R.F. Thorne (1968). "Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering

plants". Aliso 6 (4): 5766.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants". Botanical
Review 58 (3): 225348. doi:10.1007/BF02858611.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants".
Aliso 13: 365389.

R.F. Thorne (2000). "The classification and geography of the flowering plants:
dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae". Botanical Review 66 (4): 441647.
doi:10.1007/BF02869011.

The system is available online at two sites. Firstly, at the Center for the Study of Digital
Libraries Texas A&M (CSDL, Texas). Secondly in the 1999 lecture notes by J.L. Reveal, at
that time a professor at the Norton Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland (1, 2, 3; with
an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the
system). According to the latter site the main groups in the system are:

class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]

subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ]
superorder Magnolianae
superorder Nymphaeanae
superorder Rafflesianae
superorder Caryophyllanae
superorder Theanae
superorder Celastranae
superorder Malvanae
superorder Violanae
superorder Santalanae
superorder Geranianae
superorder Rutanae
superorder Proteanae
superorder Rosanae
superorder Cornanae
superorder Asteranae
superorder Solananae
superorder Loasanae
superorder Myrtanae
superorder Gentiananae
subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ]
superorder Lilianae
superorder Hydatellanae
superorder Triuridanae
superorder Aranae
superorder Cyclanthanae
superorder Pandananae
superorder Arecanae
superorder Commelinanae

The Thorne system (1992) counts 440 families and 69 orders:

class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]

subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ]
superorder Magnolianae
order Magnoliales

family Winteraceae
family Illiciaceae
family Schisandraceae
family Magnoliaceae
family Degeneriaceae
family Himantandraceae
family Eupomatiaceae
family Annonaceae
family Aristolochiaceae
family Myristicaceae
family Canellaceae
family Austrobaileyaceae
family Amborellaceae
family Trimeniaceae
family Chloranthaceae
family Monimiaceae
family Gomortegaceae
family Calycanthaceae
family Lauraceae
family Hernandiaceae
family Lactoridaceae
family Saururaceae
family Piperaceae
order Ceratophyllales
family Ceratophyllaceae
order Nelumbonales
family Nelumbonaceae
order Paeoniales
family Paeoniaceae
family Glaucidiaceae
order Berberidales
family Menispermaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Berberidaceae
family Hydrastidaceae
family Ranunculaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Papaveraceae
superorder Nymphaeanae
order Nymphaeales
family Cabombaceae
family Nymphaeaceae
superorder Rafflesianae
order Rafflesiales
family Hydnoraceae
family Rafflesiaceae
superorder Caryophyllanae
order Caryophyllales
family Caryophyllaceae

family Portulacaceae
family Hectorellaceae
family Basellaceae
family Didiereaceae
family Cactaceae
family Phytolaccaceae
family Petiveriaceae
family Agdestidaceae
family Barbeuiaceae
family Achatocarpaceae
family Stegnospermataceae
family Nyctaginaceae
family Aizoaceae
family Halophytaceae
family Molluginaceae
family Chenopodiaceae
family Amaranthaceae
superorder Theanae
order Theales
family Dilleniaceae
family Actinidiaceae
family Paracryphiaceae
family Stachyuraceae
family Theaceae
family Asteropeiaceae
family Tetrameristaceae
family Pellicieraceae
family Chrysobalanaceae
family Symplocaceae
family Caryocaraceae
family Marcgraviaceae
family Oncothecaceae
family Aquifoliaceae
family Phellinaceae
family Sphenostemonaceae
family Sarraceniaceae
family Pentaphylacaceae
family Clethraceae
family Cyrillaceae
family Ochnaceae
family Quiinaceae
family Scytopetalaceae
family Medusagynaceae
family Strasburgeriaceae
family Ancistrocladaceae
family Dioncophyllaceae
family Nepenthaceae
family Bonnetiaceae
family Clusiaceae
family Elatinaceae

family Lecythidaceae
order Ericales
family Ericaceae
family Epacridaceae
family Empetraceae
order Fouquieriales
family Fouquieriaceae
order Styracales
family Ebenaceae
family Lissocarpaceae
family Sapotaceae
family Styracaceae
order Primulales
family Theophrastaceae
family Myrsinaceae
family Primulaceae
family Plumbaginaceae
order Polygonales
family Polygonaceae
superorder Celastranae
order Celastrales
family Celastraceae
family Goupiaceae
family Lophopyxidaceae
family Stackhousiaceae
family Corynocarpaceae
superorder Malvanae
order Malvales
family Sterculiaceae
family Huaceae
family Elaeocarpaceae
family Plagiopteraceae
family Tiliaceae
family Monotaceae
family Dipterocarpaceae
family Sarcolaenaceae
family Sphaerosepalaceae
family Bombacaceae
family Malvaceae
order Urticales
family Ulmaceae
family Moraceae
family Cecropiaceae
family Barbeyaceae
family Urticaceae
family Cannabaceae
order Rhamnales
family Rhamnaceae
family Elaeagnaceae
order Euphorbiales

family Euphorbiaceae
family Aextoxicaceae
family Simmondsiaceae
family Dichapetalaceae
family Gonystylaceae
family Thymelaeaceae
superorder Violanae
order Violales
family Bixaceae
family Cochlospermaceae
family Cistaceae
family Violaceae
family Flacourtiaceae
family Physenaceae
family Lacistemataceae
family Salicaceae
family Dipentodontaceae
family Peridiscaceae
family Scyphostegiaceae
family Passifloraceae
family Turneriaceae
family Malesherbiaceae
family Achariaceae
family Caricaceae
family Tamaricaceae
family Frankeniaceae
family Cucurbitaceae
family Begoniaceae
family Datiscaceae
order Brassicales
family Resedaceae
family Capparaceae
family Brassicaceae
family Salvadoraceae
family Gyrostemonaceae
order Batales
family Bataceae
superorder Santalanae
order Santalales
family Olacaceae
family Opiliaceae
family Medusandraceae
family Santalaceae
family Misodendraceae
family Loranthaceae
family Eremolepidaceae
family Viscaceae
order Balanophorales
family Balanophoraceae
family Cynomoriaceae

superorder Geranianae
order Linales
family Humiriaceae
family Ctenolophonaceae
family Hugoniaceae
family Ixonanthaceae
family Linaceae
family Erythroxylaceae
family Zygophyllaceae
family Balanitaceae
order Rhizophorales
family Rhizophoraceae
order Geraniales
family Oxalidaceae
family Geraniaceae
family Balsaminaceae
family Tropaeolaceae
family Limnanthaceae
order Polygalales
family Malpighiaceae
family Trigoniaceae
family Vochysiaceae
family Polygalaceae
family Krameriaceae
superorder Rutanae
order Rutales
family Rutaceae
family Rhabdodendraceae
family Cneoraceae
family Simaroubaceae
family Picramniaceae
family Ptaeroxylaceae
family Meliaceae
family Burseraceae
family Anacardiaceae
family Leitneriaceae
family Tepuianthaceae
family Coriariaceae
family Sapindaceae
family Sabiaceae
family Melianthaceae
family Akaniaceae
family Bretschneideraceae
family Moringaceae
family Surianaceae
family Connaraceae
family Fabaceae
superorder Proteanae
order Proteales
family Proteaceae

superorder Rosanae
order Hamamelidales
family Trochodendraceae
family Eupteleaceae
family Cercidiphyllaceae
family Platanaceae
family Hamamelidaceae
order Casuarinales
family Casuarinaceae
order Balanopales
family Buxaceae
family Didymelaceae
family Daphniphyllaceae
family Balanopaceae
order Bruniales
family Roridulaceae
family Bruniaceae
family Geissolomataceae
family Grubbiaceae
family Myrothamnaceae
family Hydrostachyaceae
order Juglandales
family Rhoipteleaceae
family Juglandaceae
family Myricaceae
order Betulales
family Ticodendraceae
family Betulaceae
family Nothofagaceae
family Fagaceae
order Rosales
family Rosaceae
family Neuradaceae
family Crossosomataceae
family Anisophylleaceae
order Saxifragales
family Tetracarpaeaceae
family Crassulaceae
family Cephalotaceae
family Penthoraceae
family Saxifragaceae
family Francoaceae
family Grossulariaceae
family Vahliaceae
family Eremosynaceae
family Lepuropetalaceae
family Parnassiaceae
family Stylidiaceae
family Droseraceae
family Greyiaceae

family Diapensiaceae
order Podostemales
family Podostemaceae
order Cunoniales
family Cunoniaceae
family Davidsoniaceae
family Staphyleaceae
superorder Cornanae
order Hydrangeales
family Hydrangeaceae
family Escalloniaceae
family Carpodetaceae
family Griseliniaceae
family Alseuosmiaceae
family Montiniaceae
family Brexiaceae
family Columelliaceae
family Desfontainiaceae
order Cornales
family Vitaceae
family Gunneraceae
family Haloragaceae
family Cornaceae
family Curtisiaceae
family Alangiaceae
family Garryaceae
family Aucubaceae
family Aralidiaceae
family Eucommiaceae
family Icacinaceae
family Metteniusaceae
family Cardiopteridaceae
family Peripterygiaceae
order Pittosporales
family Pittosporaceae
family Byblidaceae
family Tremandraceae
order Araliales
family Helwingiaceae
family Torricelliaceae
family Araliaceae
family Hydrocotylaceae
family Apiaceae
order Dipsacales
family Caprifoliaceae
family Adoxaceae
family Valerianaceae
family Triplostegiaceae
family Dipsacaceae
family Morinaceae

superorder Asteranae
order Asterales
family Calyceraceae
family Asteraceae
order Campanulales
family Menyanthaceae
family Pentaphragmataceae
family Sphenocleaceae
family Campanulaceae
family Goodeniaceae
superorder Solananae
order Solanales
family Solanaceae
family Duckeodendraceae
family Goetzeaceae
family Nolanaceae
family Convolvulaceae
family Hydrophyllaceae
family Boraginaceae
family Hoplestigmataceae
family Lennoaceae
family Tetrachondraceae
family Polemoniaceae
superorder Loasanae
order Loasales
family Loasaceae
superorder Myrtanae
order Myrtales
family Lythraceae
family Alzateaceae
family Rhynchocalycaceae
family Penaeaceae
family Oliniaceae
family Trapaceae
family Crypteroniaceae
family Melastomataceae
family Combretaceae
family Onagraceae
family Myrtaceae
superorder Gentiananae
order Gentianales
family Loganiaceae
family Rubiaceae
family Dialypetalanthaceae
family Apocynaceae
family Gentianaceae
family Saccifoliaceae
order Scrophulariales
family Oleaceae
family Buddlejaceae

family Stilbaceae
family Bignoniaceae
family Pedaliaceae
family Martyniaceae
family Myoporaceae
family Scrophulariaceae
family Gesneriaceae
family Globulariaceae
family Plantaginaceae
family Lentibulariaceae
family Acanthaceae
family Callitrichaceae
family Hippuridaceae
family Verbenaceae
family Phrymaceae
family Symphoremataceae
family Nesogenaceae
family Avicenniaceae
family Lamiaceae
subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ]
superorder Lilianae
order Liliales
family Melanthiaceae
family Campynemataceae
family Alstroemeriaceae
family Colchicaceae
family Liliaceae
family Trilliaceae
family Iridaceae
order Burmanniales
family Burmanniaceae
family Corsiaceae
order Asparagales
family Asparagaceae
family Luzuriagaceae
family Asphodelaceae
family Aphyllanthaceae
family Phormiaceae
family Tecophilaeaceae
family Lanariaceae
family Hemerocallidaceae
family Asteliaceae
family Hanguanaceae
family Agavaceae
family Hostaceae
family Blandfordiaceae
family Dasypogonaceae
family Xanthorrhoeaceae
family Ixioliriaceae
family Hyacinthaceae

family Alliaceae
family Amaryllidaceae
family Hypoxidaceae
family Velloziaceae
family Cyanastraceae
family Eriospermaceae
order Dioscoreales
family Philesiaceae
family Ripogonaceae
family Petermanniaceae
family Smilacaceae
family Dioscoreaceae
family Trichopodaceae
family Stemonaceae
family Taccaceae
order Orchidales
family Orchidaceae
superorder Hydatellanae
order Hydatellales
family Hydatellaceae
superorder Triuridanae
order Triuridales
family Triuridaceae
superorder Alismatanae
order Alismatales
family Butomaceae
family Alismataceae
family Hydrocharitaceae
order Potamogetonales
family Aponogetonaceae
family Scheuchzeriaceae
family Juncaginaceae
family Potamogetonaceae
family Posidoniaceae
family Cymodoceaceae
family Zannichelliaceae
family Zosteraceae
superorder Aranae
order Acorales
family Acoraceae
order Arales
family Araceae
family Lemnaceae
superorder Cyclanthanae
order Cyclanthales
family Cyclanthaceae
superorder Pandananae
order Pandanales
family Pandanaceae
superorder Arecanae

order Arecales
family Arecaceae
superorder Commelinanae
order Bromeliales
family Bromeliaceae
order Philydrales
family Philydraceae
family Pontederiaceae
family Haemodoraceae
order Typhales
family Typhaceae
order Zingiberales
family Musaceae
family Strelitziaceae
family Lowiaceae
family Heliconiaceae
family Zingiberaceae
family Costaceae
family Cannaceae
family Marantaceae
order Commelinales
family Rapateaceae
family Xyridaceae
family Commelinaceae
family Mayacaceae
family Eriocaulaceae
order Juncales
family Thurniaceae
family Juncaceae
family Cyperaceae
order Poales
family Flagellariaceae
family Joinvilleaceae
family Restionaceae
family Ecdeiocoleaceae
family Centrolepidaceae
family Poaceae

ROLF DALHRAGEN(1932-1987)

One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by
monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.
According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal (see 1 2 3 4, note the synonyms, both
nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system), it looks like this:

class Magnoliopsida
subclass Magnoliidae
superorder Magnolianae
order Annonales
family Annonaceae
family Myristicaceae
family Eupomatiaceae
family Canellaceae
family Austrobaileyaceae
order Aristolochiales
family Aristolochiaceae
order Rafflesiales
family Rafflesiaceae
family Hydnoraceae
order Magnoliales
family Degeneriaceae
family Himantandraceae
family Magnoliaceae
order Lactoridales
family Lactoridaceae
order Winterales
family Winteraceae
order Chloranthales
family Chloranthaceae
order Illiciales
family Illiciaceae
family Schisandraceae
order Laurales
family Amborellaceae
family Trimeniaceae
family Monimiaceae
family Gomortegaceae
family Calycanthaceae
family Lauraceae
order Nelumbonales
family Nelumbonaceae
superorder Nymphaeanae
order Piperales
family Saururaceae
family Piperaceae
order Nymphaeales
family Cabombaceae
family Nymphaeaceae

family Ceratophyllaceae
superorder Ranunculanae
order Ranunculales
family Lardizabalaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Kingdoniaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Ranunculaceae
family Hydrastidaceae
family Berberidaceae
order Papaverales
family Papaveraceae
family Fumariaceae
superorder Caryophyllanae
order Caryophyllales
family Molluginaceae
family Caryophyllaceae
family Phytolaccaceae
family Achatocarpaceae
family Agdestidaceae
family Basellaceae
family Portulacaceae
family Stegnospermataceae
family Nyctaginaceae
family Aizoaceae
family Halophytaceae
family Cactaceae
family Didiereaceae
family Hectorellaceae
family Chenopodiaceae
family Amaranthaceae
superorder Polygonanae
order Polygonales
family Polygonaceae
superorder Plumbaginanae
order Plumbaginales
family Plumbaginaceae
family Limoniaceae
superorder Malvanae
order Malvales
family Sterculiaceae
family Plagiopteraceae
family Bixaceae
family Cochlospermaceae
family Cistaceae
family Sphaerosepalaceae
family Sarcolaenaceae
family Huaceae
family Tiliaceae

family Dipterocarpaceae
family Bombacaceae
family Malvaceae
order Urticales
family Ulmaceae
family Moraceae
family Cecropiaceae
family Barbeyaceae
family Cannabaceae
family Urticaceae
order Euphorbiales
family Euphorbiaceae
family Simmondsiaceae
family Pandaceae
family Aextoxicaceae
family Dichapetalaceae
order Thymelaeales
family Gonystylaceae
family Thymelaeaceae
order Rhamnales
family Rhamnaceae
superorder Violanae
order Violales
family Flacourtiaceae
family Berberidopsidaceae
family Aphloiaceae
family Physenaceae
family Passifloraceae
family Dipentodontaceae
family Peridiscaceae
family Scyphostegiaceae
family Violaceae
family Turneraceae
family Malesherbiaceae
family Caricaceae
order Cucurbitales
family Achariaceae
family Cucurbitaceae
family Begoniaceae
family Datiscaceae
order Salicales
family Salicaceae
order Tamaricales
family Tamaricaceae
family Frankeniaceae
order Capparales
family Capparaceae
family Brassicaceae
family Tovariaceae
family Resedaceae

family Gyrostemonaceae
family Bataceae
family Moringaceae
order Tropaeolales
family Tropaeolaceae
family Limnanthaceae
order Salvadorales
family Salvadoraceae
superorder Theanae
order Dilleniales
family Dilleniaceae
order Paeoniales
family Glaucidiaceae
family Paeoniaceae
order Theales
family Stachyuraceae
family Pentaphylacaceae
family Marcgraviaceae
family Quiinaceae
family Ancistrocladaceae
family Dioncophyllaceae
family Nepenthaceae
family Medusagynaceae
family Caryocaraceae
family Strasburgeriaceae
family Ochnaceae
family Chrysobalanaceae
family Oncothecaceae
family Scytopetalaceae
family Theaceae
family Bonnetiaceae
family Clusiaceae
family Elatinaceae
order Lecythidales
family Lecythidaceae
superorder Primulanae
order Primulales
family Myrsinaceae
family Aegicerataceae
family Theophrastaceae
family Primulaceae
family Coridaceae
order Ebenales
family Sapotaceae
family Styracaceae
family Lissocarpaceae
family Ebenaceae
superorder Rosanae
order Trochodendrales
family Trochodendraceae

family Tetracentraceae
order Cercidiphyllales
family Cercidiphyllaceae
family Eupteleaceae
order Hamamelidales
family Hamamelidaceae
family Platanaceae
family Myrothamnaceae
order Balanopales
family Balanopaceae
order Fagales
family Nothofagaceae
family Fagaceae
family Corylaceae
family Betulaceae
order Juglandales
family Rhoipteleaceae
family Juglandaceae
order Myricales
family Myricaceae
order Casuarinales
family Casuarinaceae
order Buxales)
family Buxaceae
family Daphniphyllaceae
family Didymelaceae
order Geissolomatales
family Geissolomataceae
order Cunoniales
family Cunoniaceae
family Baueraceae
family Brunelliaceae
family Davidsoniaceae
family Eucryphiaceae
order Saxifragales
family Saxifragaceae
family Francoaceae
family Greyiaceae
family Brexiaceae
family Grossulariaceae
family Iteaceae
family Cephalotaceae
family Crassulaceae
family Podostemaceae
order Droserales
family Droseraceae
family Lepuropetalaceae
family Parnassiaceae
order Rosales
family Rosaceae

family Neuradaceae
family Malaceae
family Amygdalaceae
family Anisophylleaceae
family Crossosomataceae
family Surianaceae
family Rhabdodendraceae
order Gunnerales
family Gunneraceae
superorder Proteanae
order Proteales
family Proteaceae
order Elaeagnales
family Elaeagnaceae
superorder Myrtanae
order Myrtales
family Psiloxylaceae
family Heteropyxidaceae
family Myrtaceae
family Onagraceae
family Trapaceae
family Lythraceae
family Combretaceae
family Melastomataceae
family Memecylaceae
family Crypteroniaceae
family Oliniaceae
family Penaeaceae
family Rhynchocalycaceae
family Alzateaceae
order Haloragales
family Haloragaceae
superorder Rutanae
order Sapindales
family Coriariaceae
family Anacardiaceae
family Leitneriaceae
family Podoaceae
family Sapindaceae
family Hippocastanaceae
family Aceraceae
family Akaniaceae
family Bretschneideraceae
family Emblingiaceae
family Staphyleaceae
family Melianthaceae
family Sabiaceae)
family Meliosmaceae
family Connaraceae
order Fabales

family Mimosaceae
family Caesalpiniaceae
family Fabaceae
order Rutales
family Rutaceae
family Ptaeroxylaceae
family Cneoraceae
family Simaroubaceae
family Tepuianthaceae
family Burseraceae
family Meliaceae
order Polygalales
family Malpighiaceae
family Trigoniaceae
family Vochysiaceae
family Polygalaceae
family Krameriaceae
order Geraniales
family Zygophyllaceae
family Peganaceae
family Nitrariaceae
family Geraniaceae
family Vivianiaceae
family Ledocarpaceae
family Biebersteiniaceae
family Dirachmaceae
family Balanitaceae
order Linales
family Linaceae
family Humiriaceae
family Ctenolophonaceae
family Ixonanthaceae
family Erythroxylaceae
family Lepidobotryaceae
family Oxalidaceae
order Celastrales
family Stackhousiaceae
family Lophopyxidaceae
family Cardiopteridaceae
family Corynocarpaceae
family Celastraceae
order Rhizophorales
family Rhizophoraceae
family Elaeocarpaceae
order Balsaminales
family Balsaminaceae
superorder Vitanae
order Vitales
family Vitaceae
superorder Santalanae

order Santalales
family Olacaceae
family Opiliaceae
family Loranthaceae
family Medusandraceae
family Misodendraceae
family Eremolepidaceae
family Santalaceae
family Viscaceae
superorder Balanophoranae
order Balanophorales
family Cynomoriaceae
family Balanophoraceae
superorder Aralianae
order Pittosporales
family Pittosporaceae
family Tremandraceae
family Byblidaceae
order Araliales
family Araliaceae
family Apiaceae
superorder Asteranae
order Campanulales
family Pentaphragmataceae
family Campanulaceae
family Lobeliaceae
order Asterales
family Asteraceae
superorder Solananae
order Solanales
family Solanaceae
family Sclerophylacaceae
family Goetzeaceae
family Convolvulaceae
family Cuscutaceae
family Cobaeaceae
family Polemoniaceae
order Boraginales
family Hydrophyllaceae
family Ehretiaceae
family Boraginaceae
family Lennoaceae
family Hoplestigmataceae
superorder Ericanae
order Bruniales
family Bruniaceae
family Grubbiaceae
order Fouquieriales
family Fouquieriaceae
order Ericales

family Actinidiaceae
family Clethraceae
family Cyrillaceae
family Ericaceae
family Empetraceae
family Monotropaceae
family Pyrolaceae
family Epacridaceae
order Stylidiales
family Stylidiaceae
order Sarraceniales
family Sarraceniaceae
superorder Cornanae
order Cornales
family Garryaceae
family Alangiaceae
family Nyssaceae
family Cornaceae
family Roridulaceae
family Davidiaceae
family Escalloniaceae
family Helwingiaceae
family Torricelliaceae
family Aucubaceae
family Aralidiaceae
family Diapensiaceae
family Phellinaceae
family Aquifoliaceae
family Paracryphiaceae
family Sphenostemonaceae
family Symplocaceae
family Icacinaceae
family Montiniaceae
family Columelliaceae
family Alseuosmiaceae
family Hydrangeaceae
family Sambucaceae
family Viburnaceae
family Menyanthaceae
family Adoxaceae
family Phyllonomaceae
family Tribelaceae
family Eremosynaceae
family Pterostemonaceae
family Tetracarpaeaceae
order Eucommiales
family Eucommiaceae
order Dipsacales
family Caprifoliaceae
family Valerianaceae

family Dipsacaceae
family Morinaceae
family Calyceraceae
superorder Loasanae
order Loasales
family Loasaceae
superorder Gentiananae
order Goodeniales
family Goodeniaceae
order Oleales
family Oleaceae
order Gentianales
family Desfontainiaceae
family Loganiaceae
family Dialypetalanthaceae
family Rubiaceae
family Theligonaceae
family Gentianaceae
family Saccifoliaceae
family Apocynaceae
family Asclepiadaceae
superorder Lamianae
order Lamiales
family Retziaceae
family Stilbaceae
family Buddlejaceae
family Scrophulariaceae
family Myoporaceae
family Globulariaceae
family Plantaginaceae
family Lentibulariaceae
family Pedaliaceae
family Trapellaceae
family Martyniaceae
family Gesneriaceae
family Bignoniaceae
family Acanthaceae
family Verbenaceae
family Lamiaceae
family Callitrichaceae
order Hydrostachyales
family Hydrostachyaceae
order Hippuridales
family Hippuridaceae
subclass Liliidae
superorder Alismatanae
order Alismatales
family Aponogetonaceae
family Butomaceae
family Hydrocharitaceae

family Limnocharitaceae
family Alismataceae
order Najadales
family Scheuchzeriaceae
family Juncaginaceae
family Najadaceae
family Potamogetonaceae
family Zosteraceae
family Posidoniaceae
family Cymodoceaceae
family Zannichelliaceae
superorder Triuridanae
order Triuridales
family Triuridaceae
superorder Aranae
order Arales
family Araceae
family Acoraceae
family Lemnaceae
superorder Lilianae
order Dioscoreales
family Trichopodaceae
family Dioscoreaceae
family Stemonaceae
family Taccaceae
family Trilliaceae
family Ripogonaceae
family Petermanniaceae
family Smilacaceae
order Asparagales
family Philesiaceae
family Luzuriagaceae
family Convallariaceae
family Dracaenaceae
family Asparagaceae
family Ruscaceae
family Herreriaceae
family Nolinaceae
family Asteliaceae
family Dasypogonaceae
family Calectasiaceae
family Blandfordiaceae
family Xanthorrhoeaceae
family Agavaceae
family Hypoxidaceae
family Tecophilaeaceae
family Lanariaceae
family Ixioliriaceae
family Cyanastraceae
family Phormiaceae

family Doryanthaceae
family Eriospermaceae
family Asphodelaceae
family Anthericaceae
family Aphyllanthaceae
family Hemerocallidaceae
family Hostaceae
family Hyacinthaceae
family Alliaceae
family Amaryllidaceae
order Liliales
family Colchicaceae
family Uvulariaceae
family Iridaceae
family Alstroemeriaceae
family Calochortaceae
family Liliaceae
order Melanthiales
family Melanthiaceae
family Campynemataceae
order Burmanniales
family Burmanniaceae
family Corsiaceae
order Orchidales
family Neuwiediaceae
family Apostasiaceae
family Cypripediaceae
family Orchidaceae
superorder Bromelianae
order Velloziales
family Velloziaceae
order Bromeliales
family Bromeliaceae
order Haemodorales
family Haemodoraceae
order Philydrales
family Philydraceae
order Pontederiales
family Pontederiaceae
order Typhales
family Typhaceae
superorder Zingiberanae
order Zingiberales
family Lowiaceae
family Musaceae
family Heliconiaceae
family Strelitziaceae
family Zingiberaceae
family Costaceae
family Cannaceae

family Marantaceae
superorder Commelinanae
order Commelinales
family Mayacaceae
family Commelinaceae
family Xyridaceae
family Rapateaceae
family Eriocaulaceae
order Hydatellales
family Hydatellaceae
order Cyperales
family Juncaceae
family Thurniaceae
family Cyperaceae
order Poales
family Flagellariaceae
family Joinvilleaceae
family Restionaceae
family Centrolepidaceae
family Poaceae
superorder Arecanae
order Hanguanales
family Hanguanaceae
order Arecales
family Arecaceae
superorder Cyclanthanae
order Cyclanthales
family Cyclanthaceae
superorder Pandananae
order Pandanales
family Pandanaceae