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Technology Update
BioPro Expo & Marketplace
Atlanta, GA, March 14-16, 2011
Matt Worley
Sr. Process Engineer
Harris Group Inc.
Applications
Waste gas
Hot air
Direct (flame)
Sludge
Bark/Wood chips
Sawdust
Wood Residues
Bagasse
Rotary Dryers
Features
Typical Production:
5-50+ ton/hr of dried product at ~10% MC
3-
Advantages
Greatest capacity
Lowest electrical power
Minimal steelwork for erection
Good energy efficiency: 1,500 (w/ FGR) to 1,800 Btu/lb evaporation
Feed size flexibility and can accept hottest flue gases
Low O&M costs
Rotary Dryer
Disadvantages
Greater PM emissions
Typically use cyclone or multiclone
followed by WESP
Others:
Rotary Batch
Prone to plugging
Heat sources
Applications
Material flexibility
Sludge
Residual gas
Utilization of waste heat (typical
Hot water
140-250 F limit)
Hot air
Bark
Non-destructive drying
Wood residues
Wood chips
Sawdust
Bagasse
Generated
Steam
Reboiler
PC
Cold-Hot Water
or Condensate
from anot her
process
Condensate
to Sew er
Cyclone
Drying
Loops
TC
Exhaust
Fresh
Air
Combustion
Fan
Backmix
Process Air
WET FEED
Super
Heater
M ixer
Natural Gas
Air Heater
DRY
PRODUCT
Screw
Applications
Biomass
Wood Waste
Animal Feed
Heat Treatment
Small footprint
Municipal Sludge
Ease of operation
Industrial Sludge
Tobacco
Typical Emissions
VOCs - Depends on biomass type, wood temp., res. time, & final moisture
Southern Pine
8-9 lb/dry ton (assuming drying from 50% to 10-15% at ~1,000 F)
Hardwood
1-2 lb/dry ton (same assumptions)
w/o furnace
0.5-2 lb/dry ton
BACT will most likely be triggered for VOCs (40 tpy) and PM (25 tpy)
Emissions Limits
52.21(b)(23)(i) Significant means, in reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source
to emit any of the following pollutants, a rate of emissions that would equal or exceed any of the
following rates:
POLLUTANT AND EMISSIONS RATE
Carbon monoxide: 100 tons per year (tpy)
Nitrogen oxides: 40 tpy
Sulfur dioxide: 40 tpy
Particulate matter: 25 tpy of particulate matter emissions
PM10: 15 tpy
PM2.5: 10 tpy of direct PM2.5 emissions; 40 tpy of sulfur dioxide emissions; 40 tpy of nitrogen oxide emissions
unless demonstrated not to be a PM2.5 precursor under paragraph (b)(50) of this section
Ozone: 40 tpy of volatile organic compounds or nitrogen oxides
Lead: 0.6 tpy
Fluorides: 3 tpy
Sulfuric acid mist: 7 tpy
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S): 10 tpy
Total reduced sulfur (including H2S): 10 tpy
Reduced sulfur compounds (including H2S):10 tpy
Installation Costs
Mechanical erection only (no foundations, electrical, or controls)
Dryer (18x80) at ~ $500,000, plus Furnace at ~ $1,000,000
Total System Install ~ 1.5 to 2.0 times equipment costs
Grand Total w/ engineering, indirects etc. ~ 2.0 to 3.0 times equipment
$10,000,000+
Installation Costs
Mechanical erection only (no foundations, electrical, or controls)
WESP / RTO (~160,000 ACFM capacity) $600,000
Total System Install ~ 1.5 to 2.0 times equipment costs
Grand Total w/ engineering, indirects etc. ~ 2.0 to 3.0 time equipment
$9,000,000
Dont forget
Water make-up
Defoamer
Transformer/Rectifiers (WESP)
WESP (70,000 ACFM capacity) 210 kVA or 230 HP
WESP (160,000 ACFM capacity) 315 kVA or 340 HP
NaOH
Solids Disposal @
50-60% moisture
ID fan
RTO (70,000 ACFM capacity) 400 HP
RTO (160,000 ACFM capacity) 800 HP
Total Power
Demand
860 HP to 1,480 HP
ID FAN1
DRYER
WESP
RTO
ID FAN2
Louisville Steam Tube, Direct & Indirect Fired Rotary FEECO Direct Fired Rotary
Jining Tiannong Machinery
Davenport Steam Tube Rotary
Aeroglide Rotary & Belt
Bruks Belt
Belt-O-Matic Belt
Wyssmont Tray
Cost Effectiveness
Scenarios that improve the cost effectiveness of a fuel
dryer include:
If drying reduces consumption of expensive fossil fuels
If the wet fuel creates a bottleneck that drying can eliminate
If boiler stack emissions of VOCs and particulates must be reduced
to correct permitting problems
If low temperature heat from the dryer is recovered and used in the
facility
If drying reduces disposal of materials
If green power can be sold at a premium price
If carbon offsets or Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) are sold
Thank you!
Matt Worley
Sr. Process Engineer
Harris Group, Inc.
matt.worley@harrisgroup.com
(404) 424-8889