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OSImodel
TCP/IP protocol Suite

Internet has become synonym of TCP/IP

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OSI cont.

OSI cont.

Application Layer: provides a means for similar or dissimilar application

processes to exchange information.
Presentation Layer: presentation of information in a way that is meaningful to
the network devices.

Network Layer: responsible for establishing, maintaining and

terminating the network connection, routing data from one
network device to another.

Session Layer: organize and synchronize a given dialog occurring between

devices and to manage the data exchange.

y responsible
p
for pproviding
g reliable data
Data Link Layer:
transmission.

Transport Layer: responsible for providing data transfer between two users at
an agreed-upon level of quality.

Physical layer: responsible for the transmission of bit streams

across a transmission channel.

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Internet

TCP/IP Network

Developed by IETF
TCP/IP protocol suite covers network and transport layers.
It is network of networks
No single owner of Internet
In internet, interoperability is must.
IP address are used for addressing of devices.
Packet size is variable

Two versions IPv4 (32 bits) and IPv6 (128 bits) are available
for addressing purpose
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Internet Evolution

Growth of the ARPANET (a)December 1969, (b)July 1970,

(c)March 1971, (d)April 1972. (e)September 1972.

1971: Four universities were interconnected

1972: First Email was sent
1973: Intercontinental connection were made in England and Norvey.
1974: TCP became Standard for internet
1993: ARPAnet was divided into Arpanet and Milnet (additional security
features for militry).
1983 TCP-IP was recognized as standard
1991 Archi search engine was developed to search FTP files, later on
Gopher search engine was developed which was advanced version of
Archi.

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The Evolution of ARPANET

Important Internet applications

Internet Management and Development

Internet Standards are maintained in form of RFC (Request For Comment)
IAB (Internet Architecture Board), In 1992 became International, public
entity.
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)
IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
Non-Profitable group of Volunteers (Researchers, Professionals and
Students)
Working Group prepare draft document and ask request for comment for
reviews and comments for 6 months online. After evaluation and
incorporation of the reviews and comments in the draft, The draft is saved
in form of standard and RFC number is assigned.
Only few RFC are implemented and become popular

Telnet: Remote login and work

FTP: File Transfer Protocol to transfer files between two
machines
Email: Widely used
Gopher:
G h Ad
Advanced
d search
h engine
i off Archi
A hi
Internet chat: person to person or in groups
Usenet News: Forum discussion
WWW: World Wide Web to access resources throughout the
world

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Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

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IAB reorganization

Formed in 1983 when ARPA reorganized and IAB evolved as

autonomous organization
IAB provides focus and coordination for development of
TCP/IP protocols
In 1992, Internet moved away from USA government and
Internet Society (ISOC) an international organization was
formed to globalize TCP-IP.

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RFC (Request For Comment)

Other important topics

Authentic RFCs available on www.ietf.org/rfcs

Important RFCs
RFC 821 (SMTP / Email)
RFC 721 (IP)
RFC 793 (TCP)
RFC 2616 (HTTP)

HTML, HTML Forms

XML (expanded capability of HTML)
Java Applets, Perl
(good for interactive string handling)
Cryptography for security
Search Engine (Google, Yahoo, Bing)
E-commerce
Proxy servers, mail Server
IP Telephony

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IEEE Communications standards*

Broadband Network

(widely used & popular)

Standard

Alsoknownas

MediumAccess

Topology/frequencyband

IEEE 802.3

LAN/Eathernet (Metcalfe /Xerox)

CSMA/CD

Star topology

IEEE 802.4

LAN (developed by General motors)

Token Bus

Bus topology

IEEE 802.5

LAN (developed by IBM)

Token Ring

Ring topology

IEEE 802.11 b/g/n

WLAN/WiFi

CSMA/CA

ISM bands 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz

IEEE 802.15.1

PAN/Bluetooth (developed by
Ericsson)
csso )
PAN/ZigBee/WSN (Wireless Sensor
Networks)

--

ISMbandat2.4GHz

--

IEEE 802.16d
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16j
IEEE 802.16m

BWA/Fixed WiMAX
BWA/Mobile WiMAX
BWA/Relay WiMAX
BWA/Very high data rate

OFDM
OFDMA
OFDMA
OFDMA

2 GHz to 66 GHz (initially 10 GHz

to 66 GHz was allocated for LOS
but to support NLoS 2 GHz to 11
GHz was allocated later)

IEEE 802.20

MBWA/Mobile-Fi ( Will support

connectivity up to 250 km/h mobile
speed)

--

Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)

IEEE 802.15.4

Provides multimedia integrated services (Transportation through

same medium)
Voice
Video
Data

ISMbands**RF&2.4GHz

Transports very high data rate signals

IEEE 802.22
WRAN
TO allow accessibility of licensed
spectrum to unlicensed users
*IEEEprovidescommunicationstandardsforPhysical&MAClayeronly
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**ZigBee operatingfrequencies868 MHzinEurope,915 MHzintheUSAandAustralia,and2.4 GHzrestoftheworld

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Broadband Network (Cont.)

Wide Area Network (WAN) (Transports signals over long
distances)
Optical fiber backbone network
Lease lines
Satellites Communication
Telecommunication networks (BS to BS or backbone network)

Access network (BS or local exchange to customer

Telecommunication Networks from BS to MS (3G networks like

UMTS/CDMA 2000)
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CBR (constant bit rate:)

VBR(Variable bit rate)
ABR (Available Bit Rate:-minimum guarantee rate)
UBR (Unspecified bit rate: Traffic is allocate to all)

Services based on type of QoS (Quality of Service)

Cable modem , DSL & ADSL

Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
LTE (Long Term Evolution)

BS=Base Station
MS= Mobile Station

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Types of Services based on data rate & delay

Broadband networks can be classified as

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UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service)

ertps (extended real time polling service)
rtps (real tile polling service)
nrtps (non real time polling service)
BE (Best Effort service)
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Eathernet LAN

QoS scheduling

Developed by Metcalfe's (Xerox company got patent)

MAC address (48 bits) is used as address of a device.
CSMA/CD is used for multiple access.
Packet size is variable

Pure Eathernet is no more in use, at present combination of Eathernet and

Internet is used in LAN.

CIF/SIFD=connectionIdentifier/Subscriberidentifier
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Motivation for Internetworking

To interconnect heterogeneous networks
TYMNET, SNA, DNA, ARPANET, ALOHAnet etc.

To make communication independent of physical network

connections (Network hardware)
Devices manufactured by IBM, DEC etc.

To accommodate wide variety of applications and computer

Operating Systems
HTTP, Data, Audio, Video.
OS, Microsoft windows, Unix

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