2/6/2015

What is an internet ?
TCP/IP protocol suite -> TCP/IP -> Internet
A set of interconnected networks
The Networks can be completely different
Ethernet, ATM, WiFi etc.
TCP/IP protocols provide the syntatic and semantic rules for
communication.

OPM

Internet Protocol Architecture

OSI and Protocol Stack

OSI Model

TCP/IP Hierarchy

Protocols

7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer

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Ping

FTP

Application Layer

TELNET

SMTP

HTTP

DNS

RTP

BGP

SNMP
RIP

5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer

Transport Layer

3rd
Network Layer

Network Layer

OSPF

IP (IPv4, IPv6), IPSec (Encryption)

2nd
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer

UDP

TCP

ICMP

Link Layer

LANs

Link Layer
: includes device driver and network interface card
Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
OPMparticular application
Application Layer : handles the details of the

ATM

10/100BaseT
3

FR

Dedicated B/W:
DSx, SONET, ...

PPP
Circuit-Switched B/W:
ISDN, ...

OPM

Short forms

Corresponding full form

Short forms

Corresponding full form

NDP

Neighbor Detection Protocol

DNS

Domain Name System

NAP

Network Address Protection

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

POP

Post Office Protocol

HTTP

Hyper Text Type Protocol

ISP

Internet Service Provider

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

IMP

Internet Message Processor

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol

TIP

Terminal IMP

VoIP

Voice over IP

FR

Frame Relay

NAT

Network Address Translation

PPP

Point to Point Protocol

VPN

Virtual Private Network

CDPD

Cellular digital Packet data

VPI

Virtual Path Identifier

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

VCI

Virtual Channel/Connection Identifier

RIP

Routing Information Protocol

ATM

Asynchronous Transmission Mode

RTP

Real time Transport Protocol

IGMP

Internet Group Management Protocol

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

STCP

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

IP

Internet Protocol

RSVP

Resource Reservation Protocol

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

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OPM

CDPD

Wireless
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Packet Encapsulation

Link Layer

The data is sent down the protocol stack at transmitter

Each layer adds header to SDU passed from upper layer
At receivers the headers are removed in reverse order

It includes (PHY) guided transmission lines (parallel wires,

coaxial cable, wave guide, optical fiber etc.) and wireless
channels.
Line coding, Channel coding & Modulation techniques
Multiple Medium access like TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA,
CSMS/CD, CSMS/CA, Aloha, Slotted Aloha
T1, T2, E1 etc. carrier systems (Frame formation for multiplexing)

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

ARP, RARP, InRP, NDP, OSPF, Tunnels (L2TP), PP, Media access
(Eathernet, DSL, ISDN, FDDI etc.)

4Bytes

46 OPM
to 1500 Bytes

OPM

Transport layer

Internet layer

Fragmentation of bit stream (packet formation)

Responsible addressing of end to end devices
Sends data in individual packets
Routs packets towards destination node (routing)

Traffic flow control in network

In-order and out of order packet transmission (TCP/ UDP)

Maximum size of packet is determined by the networks

Fragmented if too large from upper layer
Aggregation / Concatenation if too small packets from upper layer
(used during tunnelling to reduce overhead size)

Ensure reliable data transmission between Source and

destination nodes

Ex. Protocols are IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IPSec etc.

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Ex. Protocols are TCP, UDP, RSVP etc.

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Application Layer
Application specific protocols like
IP address allocation:- Static and dynamic (DHCP) scheme
DNS, FTP, HTTP(Web), SMTP, SNMP, Telnet (remote
login) etc.
Voice and video over IP
Gateway, Mobile IP, NAT, VPN

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